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history

According to the "History of the Song" contains, namely Western Gaochang Uighur (so called Gaochang Uighur). Its title as king of the Han Ah Lan servant, called Translation Division (lion) sub-king.

to open up its territory to the west of Kucha (now Xinjiang Kuqa) west of Aksu, Wushi area, and Kala Khanate bordering the northwest sector of the Tianshan, Junggar Basin, including the north, south across the Tarim Basin and in Tian is adjacent to the east and west of Dunhuang Western Xia straight boundary, southeast to Altun and yellow head Uighur (Habitat Al Jin Shannan, northern Qinghai) border.

Song Jianlong three years (962 years), Conduit three years (965 years) and Pacific country for six years (981 years) and 983, Gaochang Uighur all parties were offered emissary to Song. When the 981 years of its letter to the king Taizong, self-proclaimed "Western exogenous (nephew)."

"A servant Lan Han", "History of the Liao" translated Asi Al Salam or lazy. Gaochang Uighur initially very close relationship with the Liao Dynasty, has 24 times tribute to Liao. Liao days like three years (924 years) in October, Khitan "sending troops over quicksand, pulling Budo city, do take the West rustic tribes." Budo city that is the North Court, in Gaochang Uighur territory. Since then, the Gaochang Uighur become Khitan (Liao) "vassal state." Liao Chung Hee-two years (1053) in February, "Uighur Al Salam (Gaochang) as neighbors invasion, sent for help" in the Liao. "Liao Shi Baiguan" lists "Gao National Palace." "Samurai Zhi Liao Shi Jun vassal state" listed "Gao", "Uighur state", are all within the meaning of Gaochang Uighur, a historian of the different names of the same country repeated inclusion.

981 in May, Taizong Zhao Kuang Yi sent Gongfeng Guan Wang Yande, before the house white Hoon Cheng Zhi Gao ambassador.

Song Yong Xi first year (984 years) in April, Wang Yande and so returned to Beijing after a report about the situation at the time of the Gaochang Uighur Song. Although sub-division Wang Gao as the capital, but in summer "North ting" (ie North Court) as the summer capital, to the summer. Illinois (now Xinjiang Hami City) states the surname Chen, "its first since the Tang Dynasty Kaiyuan two years (714 years) lead the state, where dozens of the world, still Tang imperial reform." West of Illinois, is the Gaochang Uighur territory under its jurisdiction. Its south across the Taklimakan Desert today and Khotan (now the city of Hotan, Xinjiang) across the north of this Junggar Basin Gurbantünggüt Desert, west including Kucha (now Kuqa County of Xinjiang) to today Xinjiang Baicheng County west of the Gobi and black Khan dynasty for the sector. Its residents have dominion "South Turks, Turks North, Volkswagen iron (Chung Yun), a small minority ironing, yagma, cut Lu (Geluolu), Xia Jia Division, quite late, Georgia duo family, pre Dragon", etc. tribes, say they are mostly ancient Turkic peoples.

Song, Uighur Kucha is part of Gaochang Uighur, so the locals also claimed Uighur Western states, called for Western states Kucha. Kucha Huihu often alone tribute to the Song and Liao. (1023-1031) years from the day holy, to Edwin four years (1037) so far, Kucha Song tribute to five times. The last time, a Tibetan Buddhist scriptures give back to the Song Dynasty (classic general term). Later in the New Theory for four years (1071), 1072, Shaosheng three years (1096), has also sent envoys to pay tribute to the song.

The day will be eight years (1130), Khitan royal Yelü Dashi expedition in the way, had received great help complete Lege of Gaochang Uighur king.

The day will be ten years (1132), Yelü Dashi establish Liao dynasty after the Kingdom as close to the client. Liao send less supervision and monitoring national policy based in Gao, the collection of tribute. Later, in a semi-independent state Gaochang Uighur. Its monarch's title to "all care is also" a historical records found. Liao Dynasty, the Gaochang Uighur territory roughly as "the system do not lose Bali (now Xinjiang Jimsar County, North broken Chengzi) of land to the north A technique River (now the northern part of Xinjiang Acha fruit gol), south of Jiuquan (now Jiuquan City, Gansu Province), east Wu Dun A stone Ha (now Xinjiang Hami City East Wunageshen Lake), west Passionflower (refer to the Tianshan road land). "

economic

Livestock

Uighur engaged in nomadic, moved westward in Mobei later when livestock is still developed. Most ranch in the grasslands north of the Tianshan Mountains, mainly horses. Gao king, the queen and Prince Edward, etc. have their own horses, grazing in the plains, have been around as long as 100 years to coat clustering, an unknown number. Good horse for a positive value of silk. Poor horses for meat used, the value of each piece of silk is only ten feet. Eat horse meat nobility, civilians eat sheep and ducks, geese and so on.

Gaochang Uighur migrated to the area after agricultural areas, many civilians, particularly the poor herdsmen, turning farming. Gao area basically it does not rain, snow, summer heat, people "through hole for" summer. Hot weather favorable for crops and fruit growing. Especially from the shed Jinling (now Bogda Mountains) on abundant water provides good conditions for the development of agriculture. Ring Uighur water, garden irrigation, rotation mill. Except buckwheat crop, other grains are present and produced white (cotton). White cloth (cotton) is an important commodity for Mainland.

Zhou Dynasty, after the first year (1951) of the rear peripheral Gao sent Huihu "tribute", the section 1329 there are white.

hunting is an important sideline of Gaochang Uighurs. Wild animals, wild birds is one of the people's source of meat. Animal skins for clothing. Especially mink as a "tribute", a large number sent to the Central Plains and the Liao Dynasty.

951 in a tribute to the Zhou Dynasty "White Paper two thousand six hundred thirty-two marten, marten black leather two hundred fifty, five hundred and thirty green leather marten, marten old Aozai four "One of four old marten Aozai clearly not a gift tribute to the emperor, but for merchandise trade.

handicraft

Gao Uighurs "of Gongqiao, good metallurgical silver and copper and iron as an attack jade." Jade carving and smelting industry was already a certain level. The rear peripheral to "tribute" in the "white Yuhuan promoter, a respective rings Jasper, iron Microscope, with hinge sixty-nine jade, a jade, Yu et saddle bridle" in 1951. The initial development of the mining industry there. "North Ting Kitayama out Ammoniac." The NAO sand a lot of Gaochang Uighur enter the mainland, used as a medicine. It is between 924 to 1077 years to incomplete statistics, around 18 times the Uighur drugs and spices shipped to the Later Tang Dynasty, Later Jin, Later Han, Later Zhou Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty, 12 of them, including Ammoniac account. Amber was also mined, as 951 years back weeks tribute "Bi nine pounds of amber", "big amber" thirty, 1071 tribute to the Northern Song Dynasty amber. Woven cloth, paper flower embroidered cloth, leather tanning and other cottage industries are also quite common. Textiles have "pocket Luo, cotton wool, marmosets, Jin, injection silk, damask cooked, brown oblique" and many other species.

business

Gaochang Uighur trade is relatively prosperous, of which a considerable portion is in the form of "tribute" of. In addition to the Central Plains frequent trade and tribute outside the country to Gao Liao Dynasty "triennial tribute, contribution jade, pearl, frankincense, oblique co Lippi, in brown silk, etc. are also frontier." Liao Dynasty reward money to count enormously. Uighur businessman Kucha most active, according to incomplete statistics, from 1001 to 1096 years, Kucha tribute party objects to the song 15 times, including a tribute to horses, Dromedary Camel, Tai Mei Aries, knife room, wrought iron swords, bows and arrows, the ax armor, glass, Yu Shi, Yu stone bottles, NAO sand, jade, jade Buddha, jade saddle Le, jade bridle, jade, jade, amber, ivory, jade, pearl, picrorhiza, incense medicine, frankincense (at most once to 124.5 kg), flower cloth, places damask, brown, and other debris. Another monk offered Kucha Vatican clip, India Bodhi leaf, rosaries, relics, pagoda and so on. Kucha hub of the Silk Road is one of the local Uighur businessman actually done a lot of work transit East-West trade. They sometimes and Brahman (now Indian) people, Persia (now Iran) who went to the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty tribute.

Gaochang Uighur influence both their own unique culture, is also popular traditional Chinese culture Gao region

Culture

records relating to this area a lot of Chinese culture, such as Gaochang was still "with Kaiyuan seven years (719) calendar to March 9 as the Cold Food, more than two club (Haruyashiro, autumn Society) winter solstice versa "; local" more than fifty Buddhist temple area, all thanks to the amount of the Tang Dynasty, the temple has a "Tripitaka", "Tang Yun", "jade articles", "sound and" other ";" there Chi Shu floor Tibetan Emperor Ming Huang Yuzha imperial reform "; North ting there" should be shipped Titanoreine of the Temple, Zhenguan fourteen years (640) made. "

calendar

In addition to the Tang Dynasty Kaiyuan calendar calendar as prescribed by the State, in the ruins of the ancient city of Gao, have been unearthed Sogdian calendar Gaochang Uighur period pieces prepared by the then Manichaean including China and the five elements of Heavenly Qiyao day, Sogdian and twelve animal names (rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, etc.). Twelve calendar animal names, former Turks used to. This calendar is Chinese, Turks, Sogdian three cultures fusion crystal.

text

8 century, Uighurs started to remember the Uighur language Sogdian alphabet Uighur Scripts. After Uighur westward, continue to use such language in the territory of Gao to the 17th century, Uighur Scripts far-reaching, when Liao Dynasty, there was a Uighur ambassador to Khitan, the third brother, Baoji Yelv Diego stabbing him to learn Uighur Scripts, which create a "Khitan small print." Mongolian Uighur Scripts initial letter is also credited Mongolian language and Formation. Nurhachu men, but also on the basis of the Mongolian alphabet, created a non-punctuate "old Manchu." Visible Khitan small print, Mongolian, Manchu origin of all ages Uighur Discovered some extent.

In the ancient city of Gaochang area, has unearthed many printed from the beginning of the 13th century Uighur Scripts, Chinese, Sanskrit, Tangut, Tibetan, Mongolian woodcut prints, which dominated the previous three languages. Dunhuang also found in about 1300 made in Uighur Scripts wood type. This type is made of imitation of Chinese language type. Gaochang Uighur in China played a role in the westward printing.

Religion

before and after the change of Gaochang Uighur religious beliefs. Previous westward Uighur Manichaean belief, this belief they will be brought to Gao. Gao was originally popular on Buddhism, the later move into Gaochang Uighur region, gradually turn to Buddhism from Manichaeism.

Song Conduit three years (965 years) in November, "West states Uighur Khan sent Monk Yuan Xian tooth, glass, a light amber" in the song. This indicates that the time has Gaochang Uighur Buddhist faith-based. West of the main Gaochang Uighur Muslims.

Song Jiading fourteen years (1221) Evergreen live Journey to "Hui-chang eight stab city" (now Xinjiang Changji City), the local "Uighur Monk," and told him: "Cover this east past Don genus, it is no monk went to the West. "this means that Chang had eight stab the prevalence of Buddhism Gaochang Uighur areas further west there is no longer monks and priests, but other religions of the region. In addition, Uighur originally Shamanism in Mobei faith, there are still a number of effects on the Gaochang Uighur; in Gao also there are a few Nestorians exist.

Art

In the ancient city of Gaochang and Bash Lectra discovered frescoes Gaochang Uighur period, mostly belonging to the Buddhist portraits, murals have Manichaeism. The portrait painted the portrait of Hans, Uighurs, the Indians and the white race. Mural style with Chinese style and Greece - a mix of both Qiantuo Luo style dominated India, there is a tendency apparent blend of Eastern and Western cultures. Gaochang Uighur favorite music, "good travel tours, who must hold the line instruments." When Gao Wang Song dinner envoy Wang Yande, etc., "Zhang Yue banquets for excellent play"; when boating lake, "as a pool surrounded by drums." Kucha music was still Kucha and Gao.