Introduction
TheUSDepartmentofEducation(USDepartmentofEducation)wasestablishedin1867andwasupgradedtotheCabinet-levelMinistryofEducationin1980.TheU.S.DepartmentofEducationcurrentlyhasmorethan4,500employees,mostofwhomareinthecapital,Washington.
TheresponsibilityoftheMinistryofEducationistoensurethateveryoneinthefederalgovernmenthasequalaccesstoeducation.Thecommitmenttoeducationisrealized;theimplementationoffederaleducationprogramsiscontinuouslyimproved,sothatthequalityofeducationiscontinuouslyimproved;thepublic,parents,andstudentsareencouragedtoactivelyparticipateinthefederalgovernment.Educationalprogramsimplementedbythegovernment;promotetheimprovementofeducationqualityandeffectivenessthrougheducationalresearch,evaluation,andinformationreleasesupportedbythefederalgovernment;strengthenthecoordinationandmanagementoffederaleducationprograms.
History
ThepredecessoroftheU.S.FederalDepartmentofEducationwastheDepartmentofEducation(DepartmentofEducation),whichwasestablishedin1867andhasahistoryof130years.Atthattime,theEducationBureauwasanindependentgovernmentagencythatwasnotamemberofthecabinet.ItsresponsibilitiesareverydifferentfromthecurrentMinistryofEducation.Itislimitedtocollectingandsortingoutinformationaboutschoolinstitutions,management,systems,andteachingacrossthecountry,andthenprovidingtheinformationandresultsobtainedtogovernmentagenciesandthepublicforFurtherpromotethedevelopmentofnationaleducation.Atthattime,theEducationOfficewasverysmall,withonly3staffexcepttheCommissioner,andthefundingwaslimited,about$13,000peryear.
Atthebeginningofitsestablishment,theFederalBureauofEducationmainlyusedinformationreportstoreflecttheprosandconsofeachstate’seducation,andintroducedtheachievementsandinnovativeexamplesoflocaleducationalpractices.Itbasicallydidnothavethefunctionofadministrativecommand.AfterthepassageoftheSecondMorrillActin1890,itsfunctionswereexpandedtomanagethenewlyestablishedland-grantcollegesystem.
However,sincetheestablishmentoftheFederalBureauofEducation,itsfunctionshavebeencontroversial.InordertopreventtheFederalBureauofEducationfrominterferingtoomuchintheaffairsofschoolsinvariousstates,itspowerhasbeengreatlyrestricted.Before1869,theEducationBureauwasanindependentgovernmentagency.Since1869,theBureauofEducationwaschangedtoanofficeunderotherfederalgovernmentdepartments:from1869to1939,theagencywasunderthejurisdictionoftheUSDepartmentofInterior,firstrenamedtheOfficeofEducation(OfficeofEducation)ItwassoonchangedtotheBureauofEducation(BureauofEducation)andreturnedtotheOfficeofEducationin1929;from1939to1953itwasunderthejurisdictionoftheFederalSecurityAgency(FederalSecurityAgency),calledtheOfficeofEducation;andfrom1953to1980ItisalsounderthejurisdictionoftheUSDepartmentofHealth,EducationandWelfare(USDepartmentofHealth,EducationandWelfare),calledtheOfficeofEducation;in1972,theFederalMinistryofHealth,EducationandWelfareestablishedtheNationalInstituteofEducation(NationalInstituteofEducation)TheofficeandtheNationalInstituteofEducationarejointlyledbyanassistantminister.
AsamemberoftheCabinet,theFederalMinistryofEducationwasestablishedduringPresidentCarter'stenure.Atthattime,CongressbelievedthatthereweresomeeducationalaffairsintheUnitedStatesthatlocalgovernmentsandschooldistrictscouldnotcompletealone,andrequirednationwidecoordinationandcoordination,suchaseducationforthementallyhandicapped,educationforthedisabled,literacyeducation,educationloans,andscienceandtechnologyeducation.ItisnecessarytoestablishaMinistryofEducationatthecabinetlevel.TheMinistryofEducationforfreshmenformallystartedworkonMay4,1980.
In1981,Reaganwaselectedpresident.Atthistime,theFederalMinistryofEducationhasexistedforlessthanayear.ReaganbelievedthattherewasnoneedtoestablishaDepartmentofEducationintheU.S.federalgovernment.Therefore,heproposedtoCongresstoabolishtheMinistryofEducation,reducethethen7,700employeesoftheMinistryofEducationto1,000,terminateabatchofeducationprojectsandtransfersomeoftheeducationprojectstootherministriestoundertake.However,Reagan'sproposalwasnotacceptedbyCongress.ThisiswhytheMinistryofEducationcancontinuetoexist.Nevertheless,duetoReagan'sattitudetowardstheMinistryofEducation,theworkoftheMinistryofEducationwasstillaffectedtoacertainextent:employeeswerecutbymorethanone-third,andprojectsandfundingwererelativelyreduced.
Statusandrole
AlthoughtheFederalDepartmentofEducationhasexistedformorethantenyears,theUSConstitutiononlygrantstherighttomanageeducationtothestategovernment,anddoesnotstipulatethefederalgovernment’sobligationtoeducation.ThisaffectstheroleoftheFederalMinistryofEducationtoaconsiderableextent.MosteducationpoliciesintheUnitedStatesarenotformulatedbythefederalgovernmentbutbythestateandlocalgovernments.ThespecificimplementationistheresponsibilityofthestateeducationdepartmentsandtheBoardofEducationinabout15,000localschooldistricts.
IntheAmericaneducationsystem,theimportantroleofstatesandlocalitiescanalsobefullyreflectedineducationexpenditures.In2000/2001,thetotalnationaleducationexpenditurewasUS$650billion(approximately7.3%oftheUSGDP),ofwhichmorethan91%camefromstate,localandprivatedonations,andthefederalgovernmentonlyaccountedfor9%,approximatelyUS$60billion.Thefederalgovernment'seducationfundsaredividedintothecontroloftheMinistryofEducation,theMinistryofHealth,andtheMinistryofAgriculture.TheMinistryofEducationhasabout42billionUSdollarsinfunding,whichisonly6%ofthetotaleducationfunding.
MissionandResponsibilities
MissionandResponsibilities
AccordingtotheapprovaloftheU.S.CongresswhentheMinistryofEducationwasestablishedin1980The"InstitutionActoftheMinistryofEducation"stipulatesthattheUnitedStatesFederal
MainTasks
(1)Thepromiseofensuringthateveryoneinthefederalgovernmenthasequalaccesstoeducationisfulfilled;
(2)Takesupplementarymeasurestocontinuouslyimprovethequalityofeducationbasedontheeffortsofstates,localschoolsystems,publicandprivatenon-profiteducationalinstitutions,community-basedorganizations,parentsandstudentstorunschoolsorparticipateineducation;/p>
(3)Encouragethepublic,parentsandstudentstoactivelyparticipateineducationalprogramsimplementedbythefederalgovernment;
(4)Promotethequalityofeducationthrougheducationalresearch,evaluation,andinformationdisseminationsupportedbythefederalgovernmentAndbenefitimprovement;
(5)Strengthenthecoordinationoffederaleducationprojects;
(6)Strengthenthemanagementoffederaleducationaffairs;
(7))ResponsibletothePresident,Congressandthepublic,andcontinuouslyimprovetheaccountabilityoffederaleducationprograms;
Responsibilities
(1)ProvideguidanceandcooperationonmajorissuesinAmericaneducation.
(2)Asanationaleducationalthoughtandinformationexchangeagency,itcollectsanddisseminatesexcellenteducationalthoughtsandthelatesteducationalresearchresults.
(3)Providescholarshipsandloanstofamiliesinneedsothattheirchildrencanreceivehighereducation.
(4)Helplocalcommunitiesandschoolssolvethemostpressingproblemsfacedbystudents.Suchasenhancingtheabilityofstudentstomeetthestandards,improvingschoolsecurity,encouragingfamilyparticipation,improvingthequalityofteachers,helpingstatesandschooldistrictstomeetotherspecialneedsofschoolsandstudents,andsoon.
(5)Accordingtothechangesintheeconomicsituation,helpstudentsprepareforemployment.
(6)Ensurethatallcitizenshaveequalrightstothefederaleducationfund,regardlessofrace,color,nationality,gender,disabilityorage.
Internalagencies
InadditiontotheOfficeoftheSecretaryandtheOfficeoftheDeputySecretary,theU.S.DepartmentofEducationhas16offices(allinEnglishareOffice,whichisactuallyequivalenttoourdepartmentalandbureau-levelunitManyofitsprincipalsareassistantministers),anditsofficeisinthecapital,Washington.Inaddition,thereare10regionaloffices.
TheinstitutionalsettingoftheFederalMinistryofEducationconsistsofthreecomponents:theleadingorganization,thebusinessorganization,andtheadministrativedepartment.
Leadingagency
(1)Minister’sOffice:
Advisersonpolicies,projectsandothereducationalactivities.
MainstaffintheMinister’sOffice:
ChiefofStaff
CounselortotheSecretary
SeniorAdvisor
SpecialAdvisoronTeaching
SchedulingandpiefingStaffDirector
p>ExecutiveSecretariatDirector(ExecutiveSecretariatDirector)
(2)OfficeoftheDeputyMinister:
TheDeputyMinisteractuallyexercisesthechiefadministrationThedutyofthechiefisresponsiblefortheinternalmanagementanddailyworkoftheMinistryofEducation,andistheminister'smostimportantpolicyadviser.
TherearetwocommitteesundertheOfficeoftheDeputyMinister:
OneistheExecutiveManagementCommittee(ExecutiveManagementCommittee),whichmeetsweeklytodiscussanddiscusseducationThedailymanagementandreformmeasuresoftheMinistryneedtomakedecisions,andmakerecommendationstotheDeputyMinister.TheappointmentofitsmembersneedstobeconfirmedbytheSenate.TheirmainresponsibilityisthemanagementoftheMinistryofEducation.
TheotheristheDevelopmentCoordinationCouncil(ReinventionCoordinationCouncil),whichisacoordinatingbodythatadvisestheDeputyMinisteronthedevelopmentoftheMinistryofEducationandtheimprovementofthequalityofeducation.
MainstaffintheOfficeoftheDeputyMinister:
ChiefofStaff
DirectorofEducationTechnology
(3)OfficeoftheDeputyMinister:
TheDeputyMinisterismainlyresponsibleforoverseeingpolicydevelopment,educationbudget,planningandevaluation.
TherearetwodepartmentsundertheDeputyMinister’sOffice:
OneistheBudgetService,whichplansandmanagesthebudgetandpoliciesofallprojectsoftheMinistryofEducationAndlegislativeprocedures.
TheotheristhePlanningandEvaluationService(PlanningandEvaluationService),whichcoordinatespoliciesandlong-termplanning,andconductsanalysisandresearchontheimpactofcurrentandplannededucationpoliciesontheeconomy,society,andinstitutions.
MainstaffintheOfficeoftheDeputyMinister:
DeputyAssistantSecretaryandDirector/BudgetService
PlanningandEvaluationDepartmentDirector(Director/PlanningandEvaluationService)
Businessorganization
ThesupportoftheU.S.DepartmentofEducationforeducationisintheformofprojects.TheDepartmentofEducationmanagesmorethan200projects,involvingAllaspectsandlevelsofeducation.TheMinistryofEducation'selementaryandsecondaryeducationprogramprovidesservicesto50millionprimaryandsecondaryschoolstudentsin15,000schooldistrictsacrossthecountry,andprovidesscholarships,loans,andwork-studysubsidiesto8millionstudentsreceivingpost-highschooleducationacrossthecountry.TheMinistryofEducationcurrentlyhas8businessorganizations.Theyare:
1)OfficeofBilingualEducationandMinorityLanguagesAffairs:responsibleforsupportingchildrenwhosemothertongueisnotEnglishWhiletheyarelearningEnglish,theyalsoreceiveacertaindegreeoftutoringintheirnativelanguage.
2)OfficeofCivilRights(OfficeofCivilRights):responsibleforimplementingfederallawstoensurethatpeopleofdifferentraces,colors,nationalities,gender,age,anddisabilitieshavethesameopportunitiestoreceivefederaleducationFunding.
3)OfficeofEducationalResearchandImprovement(OfficeofEducationalResearchandImprovement):Responsibleforprovidingfundingandprojectstocollegesanduniversities,educationalresearchinstitutions,educationalresearchcentersacrossthecountry,andeducationallibrarysystems.Funds,encouragethemtocarryouteducationalresearchandprovidetheresearchresultstoeducatorsandeducationalinstitutions,therebyimprovingschoolteaching.
4)OfficeofElementaryandSecondaryEducation(OfficeofElementaryandSecondaryEducation):Responsibleforprovidingfinancialassistancetostateandlocaleducationalinstitutionstomaintainandimprovepublicandprivatepre-schooleducationandprimaryandsecondaryeducation.Theoffice’slargesteducationalprojectiscalledthe"TitleIProgram",whichaimstofundchildrenandadultsfromeconomicallypoorandeducationallybackwardfamilies.
5)OfficeofPostsecondaryEducation(OfficeofPostsecondaryEducation):formulate,coordinateandrecommendpoliciestoguideprojectsthatprovidefinancialassistancetoeligiblestudents;improvepost-secondaryeducationfacilitiesandprojects;recruitandCultivatedisadvantagedstudentstoreceivepost-highschooleducation;promotedomesticforeignlanguageandinternationalaffairslearning,researchandexchangeactivities.
6)OfficeofSpecialEducationandRehabilitationServices(OfficeofSpecialEducationandRehabilitationServices):responsibleforfundingtheeducationofchildrenwithphysicaldisabilities,providingvocationaleducationandrehabilitationeducationservicefacilitiesfordisabledadults,Andconductresearchonhowtoimprovethelivesofdisabledpeople.
7)OfficeofVocationalandAdultEducation(OfficeofVocationalandAdultEducation):managesvocationalandtechnicaleducation,adulteducationandliteracyeducationfunds,contracts,scientificresearchandtechnicalfunding,theofficehascooperationwiththeMinistryofLaborRelationshipandco-managethe"SchooltoJobOpportunityProgram",whichaimstohelpstatesandlocalitiesdesignandestablishcreativeprogramstoprepareyoungpeopleforcollegeandemployment.
8)OfficeofStudentFinancialAssistantProgram:ResponsibleformanagingallstudentfinancialassistanceprogramsoftheMinistryofEducation.
AdministrativeDepartment
1)OfficeoftheChiefFinancialOfficer(OfficeoftheChiefFinancialOfficer):ThisinstitutionisthefinancialadvisortotheMinisterofEducation,responsibleformajorprojectsandinternalfinancialmanagementandfinancialcontrolAndaccountingwork.
2)OfficeoftheChiefInformationOfficer(OfficeoftheChiefInformationOfficer):ThisisanewlyestablishedorganizationresponsibleforprovidinginformationtechnologyinformationtotheMinisterofEducationandseniorofficials,ensuringtheapplicationandapplicationofinformationtechnology.ThemanagementofinformationmaterialsmeetstherequirementsoftheInformationTechnologyManagementReformRegulationsenactedin1996.
3)OfficeoftheGeneralCounsel:ResponsibleforprovidinglegaladvicetorelevantpersonneloftheMinistryofEducation.Whenitcomestoeducation-relatedlegislation,ithastheobligationtoguide,coordinateandrecommendcountermeasuresandprovidelegaldocuments.
4)OfficeofInspectorGeneral(OfficeofInspectorGeneral):ResponsibleforauditingtheoperationofprojectsmanagedbytheMinistryofEducationtoimproveefficiencyandefficiency,detectandeliminatefraud,wasteandabuse,andpassjudicialprocedures,Torecovermisusedfederaleducationfunds.Atthesametime,itiscooperatingwiththeMinistryofJusticetoprosecutethosewhocommitcrimes.
5)OfficeofIntergovernmentalandInteragencyAffairs:ThisofficeisthecontactagencybetweentheMinistryofEducationandotheragenciesofthefederalgovernment,stategovernmentsandlocalgovernments.ThepurposeistocommunicatewithfamiliesEstablishpartnershipswithallsectorsofsocietytoensurethatthemeasuresoftheMinistryofEducationareimplemented.
6)OfficeofLegislationandCongressionalAffairs(OfficeofLegislationandCongressionalAffairs):ThisofficeactsaslegalcounseltotheSecretaryofEducationwhenCongresslegislatesoneducationandotherissues;atthesametime,CongressneedstoknowabouteducationissuesAtthattime,heservedastheliaisonbetweentheMinistryofEducationandCongress.
7)OfficeofManagement:ResponsiblefortheinternalmanagementoftheMinistryofEducation,suchaspersonnel,institutions,budgets,financesandcontracts.
8)OfficeofPublicAffairs:responsibleformanagingandcoordinatingthepublicaffairsoftheMinistryofEducation.TheheadofthisofficeisalsothespokespersonoftheMinistryofEducation.
Inaddition,theU.S.DepartmentofEducationalsohasaNationalCenterforEducationStatistics(NationalCenterforEducationStatistics),whichisdirectlyledbytheEducationResearchandDevelopmentOfficeoftheDepartmentofEducation.
RegionalOffices
TheMinistryofEducationhas10regionalofficesacrossthecountry.TheheadoftheofficeisaRegionalRepresentativeappointedbytheSecretaryofEducationwhoisresponsibleforcontactingtheUnitedStatesState,local,andprivateeducationalinstitutionspayspecialattentiontothefinancialaidforstudents,implementationofcivilrights,andreemploymentservicesforthedisabled,andactivelyadvocatetheimplementationofvariouspoliciesoftheMinistryofEducation.
Exchanges
Therearefewhigh-levelofficialexchangesbetweentheU.S.DepartmentofEducationandtheMinistryofEducationofmycountry(formerlytheNationalEducationCommission).
InJune1987,HeDongchang,theformerdeputydirectoroftheStateEducationCommission,wasinvitedtovisittheUnitedStates;inSeptemberofthesameyear,theAssistantSecretaryoftheUSFederalMinistryofEducationJinBerlinvisitedChina;
June1998,theoriginalViceMinisterofEducationLuFuyuanvisitedtheUnitedStatesandmetwithMinisterReilly;
InMarch2000,USFederalMinisterofEducationReillyvisitedBeijingandsignedaneducationalexchangeandcooperationagreementbetweenthetwocountrieswithMinisterChenZhili;November2000,ChineseMinisterofEducationChenZhilivisitedtheUnitedStatesandmetwithSecretaryReilly.
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