Introduction
Theso-calledtotalityreferstothewholeofmanyindividualthingscombinedonthebasisofthesamenature.Thisconceptcanbeunderstoodfromthefollowingaspects:First,thestatisticaltotalityisawhole,notanindividual;secondly,thereshouldnotbeonlyoneindividualthing(individual)thatconstitutesthewhole,butthereshouldbe"many"ones;again,"manyindividual"Things"mustformawhole,providedthattheseindividualthingshavethesamenature.Here,wecanhavetwoquestions:First,whycan'tanindividualthingbecalledatotality?Second,sincemanyindividualthingsthatmakeupthewholehavecommonproperties,istherestillaneedforustostudyit?Inresponsetothesetwoquestions,weattributethe"many"and"samenature"intheconcepttotwocharacteristicsofthestatisticalpopulation:largenessandhomogeneity.Then,thesetwoquestionscanbeboileddowntooneanswer:ifthereisonlyoneindividualthing,thenthereisnoneedforstatistics.
Atthesametime,ifmanyindividualthingscan’tfindcommonproperties,thereisalsonostatistics.Necessary.Asaresult,anewquestionwillberaised:Ifmanyindividualthingshavethesameproperties,istherestillaneedforstatisticalresearch?Forexample:Tounderstandthesituationofthewholeclass,assumingthatthegender,age,height,weight,grades,etc.ofthewholeclassarethesame,isitnecessaryforustoconductstatistics?Theanswerisofcourseno,thereisnoneedtoconductstatistics.Atthesametime,wewilldrawanotherfeatureofthestatisticalpopulation:difference.Thereisnocontradictionbetweenhomogeneityanddifference.Manyindividualthingsinastatisticalpopulationmusthaveatleastonecommonpropertyandmanydifferentproperties.Underthepremiseofspecieshomogeneity,studytheirmanydifferences.
Classification
1.Accordingtowhethertheoverallcapacitycanbemeasured,thestatisticalpopulationisdividedintoafinitepopulationandaninfinitepopulation.
Totalcapacityreferstothetotalnumberofunitscontainedinastatisticalpopulation.Theoverallcapacitycanbeunlimitedorlimited.Accordingtothisdistinction,thestatisticalpopulationcanbedividedintoafinitepopulation(FinitePopulation)andaninfinitepopulation(InfmitePopulation).Thefinitepopulationmeansthatthenumberofunitscontainedinthepopulationisfinite,canbemeasuredandexhausted,andcanberepresentedbyexactnumericalvalues.Forexample,thetotalpopulationofthecountry,thetotalnumberofindustrialenterprises,etc.,regardlessoftheirnumber,arelimited,measurable,andhaveanexactnumber.Infinitepopulationreferstotheinfinitenumberofunitscontainedinthepopulation,whichcanbemeasuredbutnotexhausted.Forexample,theoutputofmass-producedproductsinindustrycanbemeasured,butnotexhausted.Insocialeconomicphenomena,mostarefinitetotals,andinfinitetotalsareonlyafew.Whetherthestatisticalpopulationislimitedisveryimportantforthedeterminationofthestatisticalinvestigationmethod.Obviously,thecomprehensiveinvestigationmethodcannotbeusedfortheinfinitepopulation,andthecomprehensiveinvestigationmethodcanbeusedforthelimitedpopulation,orthenon-comprehensiveinvestigationmethodcanbeused.Ofcourse,evenifitisalimitedpopulation,statisticalinvestigationmethodsshouldbedeterminedaccordingtoactualneedsandpossibilities,aslongasthereareenoughoverallunitsunderinvestigation.
2.Accordingtothescopeoftheresearch,dividethestatisticalpopulationintoalargepopulationandasmallpopulation.
Thebigpopulationandthesmallpopulationarerelativelyspeaking.Forexample,thepopulationofthecountryandthepopulationofHenanProvincearebothtotals,butthepopulationofthewholecountryisalargepopulationrelativetothepopulationofHenanProvince,andthepopulationofHenanProvinceisasmallpopulation.Theoverallunitofthetwototalsiseachperson.Whenstudyingpracticalproblems,don'ttreatthesmallpopulationastheoverallunit.
3.Accordingtowhetherthestatisticalpopulationcanbeadded,thestatisticalpopulationisdividedintoanadditivepopulationandanon-additivepopulation.
Additivepopulationmeansthattheoverallunitsineachstatisticalpopulationcanbeadded.Aftertheaddition,thescopeoftheoverallisexpandedandthenumberofoverallunitsincreases,andthesmalloverallbecomesalargeoverall.Forexample,thepopulation,landarea,andGDPofacertainareaarealladditabletotals.Thetotalpopulation,landarea,andGDPofeachprovince,autonomousregion,andmunicipalityinthecountryareaddedtogethertogetthepopulationandlandareaofthecountry.Andgrossdomesticproduct.Non-additivepopulationmeansthatthenumberofoverallunitsineachpopulationcannotbeadded.Forexample,theoutputofindustrialenterprises;becausedifferentindustrialenterprisesproducedifferentproductvarieties,differentusevalues,anddifferentmeasurementunits,theoutputofindustrialproductsofdifferententerprisescannotbeadded.
Basicfeatures
Thedeterminationoftheoverallandoverallscopedependsonthepurposeandrequirementsofstatisticalresearch.
Thenecessaryconditionsfortheformationofthewhole,thatis,thethreecharacteristicsthatthewholemusthave:
1.Mass.Thetotalityiscomposedofmanyindividualunitsthatexistinreality,andonlyindividualorafewunitscannotformthetotality.Thisisbecausethepurposeofstatisticalresearchistorevealtheregularityofphenomena,andthisregularitycanonlybemanifestedintheuniversalconnectionofalargenumberofthings.Sincethecharacteristicsofindividualunitsarediverse,theintegrationoftheoverallcharacteristicsofeachunitcanexplaintheresultoftheobjectivelawactingundercertainconditions,andcanreflecttheinternalconnectionofthephenomenon.
2.Homogeneity.Theso-calledhomogeneityofthestatisticalpopulationmeansthatallunitsofthesamepopulationmusthaveacertaincommonproperty.Overallhomogeneityisthemostimportantprerequisiteforallstatisticalresearch.Itmeansthattheunitsinthestatisticalpopulationmusthaveacertaincommonpropertytocombinethem,otherwisetheintegrationoftheindicatorsoftheoverallunitswillbemeaningless,anditwillevenconfusecontradictionsanddistortthetruthofthephenomenon.Forexample,ifwewanttostudythenationalindustrialenterprises,allindustrialenterprisesformawhole.Theeconomicfunctionsoftheseindustrialenterprisesaretocarryoutindustrialproductionactivitiesandhavethesamenature.
3.Variability.Thecharacteristicsoftheunitsthatmakeupthestatisticalpopulationarethesameinoneaspect,buttherearedifferencesinotheraspects.Thatistosay,eachunithasacertaincommonsymbolperformanceastheobjectivebasisforthemtoformastatisticalpopulation,butthecharacteristicsoftheotheroverallunitstobestudiedcannotbeallthesame.Forexample,allemployeesofanindustrialenterpriseareapopulation,andtheemployeesinthepopulationareallemployeesofthisunit.Thisisacommonfeature,buttherearedifferencesinwagelevels,gender,age,andmanyotheraspects.Overallhomogeneityandunitdifferencearerelative,andtheyarebothprerequisitesforstatisticalaccounting.
Statisticalunit
Statisticalpopulationisabbreviatedaspopulation,whichisatermborrowedfrommathematicalstatistics,andisalsocalledmatrixinmathematicalstatistics.Correspondstothesample.Thestatisticaltotalityexistsobjectively,andisthewholeofmanyindividualthingscombinedonthebasisofthesamenature.Forexample,ifwewanttostudythelivingstandardsofurbanhouseholds,allurbanhouseholdsconstitutethestatisticalpopulation.Anotherexampleistostudythescaleofindustrialenterprises,thenallindustrialenterprisesconstitutethestatisticalpopulation.Correspondingly,theindividualthingsintheoverallarecalledoverallunitsorindividuals,whicharetheoriginalbearersofvariousstatisticalcharacteristics.Forexample,eachofthetowns,householdsandindustrialenterprisesmentionedaboveisanoverallunit,andtheyaregatheredtogethertoformthetwototalitiesofallurbanhouseholdsandnationalindustrialenterprises.Anotherexampleistoconductageneralsurveyofindustrialproductionequipment,eachpieceofindustrialproductionequipmentistheoverallunit.
Relationshipwiththesubject
(1)Theoverallandoverallunitaretherelationshipbetweenthewholeandthepart.Thewholeisthewhole,andtheunitofthewholeistheindividual.Thecharacteristicsofthewholeareembodiedbytheinductionandsynthesisofthewholeunit.
(2)Thedivisionofpopulationandoverallunitisnotabsolute,butrelativetothepurposeofstatisticalresearch.Asthepurposeofstatisticalresearchchanges,theoverallandoverallunitswillalsochangeaccordingly.Theoriginalminingisthetotality,anditmaybetransformedintothetotalunit,andtheoriginaltotalunitmayalsobecomethetotalundercertainconditions.Buttheoverallandoverallunitcannotbetransformedintoeachother.
(3)Theconditionthattheoverallandoverallunitaremutuallydependent.Thetotalityandthetotalunitareinterdependent.Withoutthetotalunit,thereisnototal;withoutthetotal,thetotalunitnolongerexists.