Introduction
Specializationreferstotheprocessbywhichanordinaryprofessionalgroupgraduallymeetsprofessionalstandards,becomesaprofessionalprofession,andobtainscorrespondingprofessionalstatuswithinacertainperiodoftime.
AccordingtothedefinitionofLieberman's"specialization"standardwidelyusedinmoderntimes,theso-called"professional"shouldmeetthefollowingbasicconditions:First,ithasaclearscopeandmonopolizesworkthatisindispensabletosociety.;Thesecondistheuseofhigh-levelintellectualskills;thethirdistheneedforlong-termprofessionaleducation;thefourthisthatthepractitionershaveextensiveself-disciplinebothindividuallyandcollectively;thefifthisthattheyaredirectlyresponsibleformakingjudgmentsandtakingactionswithinthescopeofprofessionalself-discipline;Thesixthisnon-profit,motivatedbyservice;theseventhisatheoreticalprogramwithconcreteapplicationmethods.
Relatedconcepts
Specializationofagriculturalproduction
Itreferstotheproductionandcultivationofacertainagriculturalproduct,thecultivation,breeding,processingprocessandproduction,supply,andmarketingAseriesofprofessionalproductionandoperationthatintegrateslinksintoone,sothatthespecializationofeachlinkiscombinedwithintegratedcoordination,sothateverykindofagriculturalproductswillberawmaterials,primaryproductsIntermediateproductsaremadeintothefinalproducttoenterthemarket,whichwillhelpimprovetheoverallefficiencyandeconomicbenefitsoftheindustrialchain.
Industrialproductionspecialization
Theprocessofgradualseparationofvariousenterprisesanddepartmentswithintheindustry,formingindependententerprisesandnewdepartments,isalsoaprocessofsimilarproductsshiftingfromdecentralizedproductiontocentralizedproduction.Theseenterprisesanddepartmentshavetheirownprofessionaldirections,specializingintheproductionofcertainfinishedproductsorparts,orcompletingcertaintechnologicaloperationsintheproductionprocessoffinishedproducts.Theyhavespecializedmachineryandequipment,adoptspecifictechnologicalprocesses,andareequippedwithcorrespondingproductionworkers,techniciansandmanagementcadres.
Specializationhasundergoneadevelopmentprocessfromlow-leveltohigh-level.Intheearlystagesofindustrialization,itstartedwithdepartmentalspecializationandproductspecialization,anditslevelwasrelativelylow.Inthemiddleandlatestagesofindustrialization,ithasdevelopedintopartsandcomponentsspecialization,processspecialization,etc.,notonlyinvariousforms,butalsoatagreatlyimprovedlevel.InsomeWesterncountries,aftertheindustrialrevolutioninthe18thcentury,withthewidespreaduseoflargemachines,thedivisionoflaborhasbecomemoreandmoredetailed,andspecializationhasalsodeveloped.Bythe1860s,withthecontinuousadvancementofscienceandtechnology,productionbecameincreasinglyconcentrated,andvariousmonopolyorganizationssuchassyndicatesandtrustsemerged,whichfurtheracceleratedthedevelopmentofspecializationinthesecountries.IntheUnitedStatesatthebeginningofthe20thcentury,specializedenterprisesfortractors,automobiles,andmachinetoolsappeared.Sincetheendofthe1920s,thespecializedproductfactoryhasbeentransformedintoamainenginefactoryoranassemblyfactory,thatis,afactorymainlyonlyundertakestheassemblyofthisproductandcompletesasmallamountofprocessprocessingandthemanufactureofkeycomponents.OntheeveoftheSecondWorldWar,thespecializationofpartsandtechnologywasbasicallyfinalized.
Thebasicformsofindustrialproductionspecializationare:①Departmentandindustryspecialization.Theformerisaformofspecializationwithalowlevelintheearlystagesofindustrialization.Withitsfurtherdevelopment,industryspecializationhasemerged.②Productspecialization.Itscharacteristicisthattheproductistheobject.Anenterpriseonlyproducesandassemblesafewproductsofthesamevarietyorsimilartechnology.③Specializationofpartsandcomponents.Itisthecontinuationanddevelopmentofproductspecialization.Itscharacteristicistotargetthepartsoftheproduct.Anenterpriseonlyproducesoneorseveralpartsoftheentireproduct.④Processspecialization.Itistocentralizethesimilarprocessesintheproductspecializedfactoryandthepartsspecializedfactory,organizespecializedproduction,andanenterpriseonlycompletespartoftheprocessandcertainproceduresoftheproduct.⑤Specializationofauxiliaryandserviceproduction.Alsocalledtechnicalrearspecialization.Itistodifferentiatecertainauxiliaryproductionandserviceproductionintospecializedchemicalfactories.
Specializationisanadvancedorganizationalformofindustry,andithasagoodeconomiceffect.Productionspecializationconcentratesonsimilarproducts,organizesmassproduction,canadoptadvancedspecialequipmentandtechnology,workers,engineeringtechniciansandmanagementpersonnelhavetheirownexpertise,whichisconducivetoimprovinglaborproductivityandmanagementlevel,andisconducivetothefasterdevelopmentofnewproducts,Improvequalityandreducecosts.
Regionaleconomicspecialization
Undertheconditionofhighlydevelopedcommodityeconomy,theformofsocialproductiondivisionoflabor.Thedevelopmentofthecommodityeconomyhasmadeproductionincreasinglysocialized,andtheproductionprocessofproductionenterprisesinvariousregionscannotbecarriedoutwithoutthemarket.Inthecompetition,variousregionshaveformedanumberofspecializedproductiondepartmentswiththeirowncharacteristicsbyrelyingontheiradvantagesinnaturalresources,laborresources,orsocialandeconomicfoundations.Thesesectorsconstitutethemainbodyoftheregionaleconomyanddeterminethestatusandroleofthisregionintheentirenationaleconomy.Regionallyspecializedproductsaresuppliedinlargequantitiestootherregionsinthecountryandmeettheneedsoftheinternationalmarket.
Regionaleconomicspecializationisformedbyaseriesofenterprisespecialization.Thepurposeofbothistosavesociallaborandincreaselaborproductivitybygivingplaytotheadvantagesofdivisionoflaborandcooperation.However,enterprisespecializationistoacceleratethedevelopmentofproductionthroughthedivisionoflaborwithintheproductionfieldtoachieveproductspecialization,partsproductionspecialization,processspecialization,andrepairservicespecialization;regionaleconomicspecializationmainlydependsonthenaturalnatureofeachregion.Theadvantagesofconditions,socio-economicconditionsandgeographicallocationcanachievethepurposeofincreasinglaborproductivityandpromotingtherapideconomicdevelopmentoftheentireregion.Insomecountrieswithvastareasandsignificantdifferencesineconomicdevelopmentconditionsacrossregions,suchastheSovietUnionandChina,implementingreasonableregionaleconomicspecializationisofgreatsignificancetodevelopingthenationaleconomyaccordingtolocalconditionsandimprovingmacroeconomicbenefits.
Themainindicatorstomeasurethedegreeofregionaleconomicspecializationaretheproduct’sregionalcommodityrateandinterregionalcommodityrate.Thecommodityrateintheregionreferstotheproportionoftheoutputoftheregion’sproductsinthetotalproductionofsimilarproductsintheregion.Theinter-regionalcommodityratereferstotheproportionoftheoutputoftheregion'sproductsinthetotaloutputofsimilarproductsinallregionsofthecountry.Combiningthesetwotypesofindicators,wecanseethedegreeofeconomicspecializationintheareaanditsroleinthedivisionoflaborinthecountry'sproductionregions.Thelevelofdevelopmentofacountry'sregionaleconomicspecializationisconsistentwiththedegreeofdevelopmentofitscommodityeconomy.