Concept
TheproblemoftherelationshipbetweensocialexistenceandsocialconsciousnessisthebasicproblemofthehistoricalmaterialismofMarxistphilosophy.Theproblemoftherelationshipbetweensocialexistenceandsocialconsciousness,asthebasicproblemofMarxistphilosophy'shistoricalmaterialism,andtheproblemoftherelationshipbetweenthinkingandexistence,asthebasicproblemofphilosophy,areinthesameline.Theproblemoftherelationshipbetweensocialexistenceandsocialconsciousnessisthebasicbasisfordividingthetwofundamentallyopposedviewsofhistoricalmaterialismandhistoricalidealism.Marxistphilosophyinsiststhatsocialexistencedeterminessocialconsciousness,insiststhatthedecisivefactorinsocialhistoryisthedevelopmentofproductiveforces,andinsiststhatthepeoplemakehistory.ThisviewofMarxistphilosophyputsanendtotheidealismintheviewofhistoryandinsistsontruedialecticalandthoroughmaterialism.
Socialawarenessisthespiritualaspectofsociallifeandtheoverallreflectionofsocialexistence.Itincludespeople'sideologyandcustoms,socialpsychologyandsoon.Theconsciousnessstructureofthesocietyisbasedontheeconomicstructureofthesocietyandisrestrictedbythepoliticalstructureofthesociety.Socialconsciousnesshasitsownstructure,characteristicsandfunctions.
Features
Dependenceonsocialexistence
⒈Connotationandextensionofsocialconsciousness.
Fromtheconnotationpointofview,socialconsciousnessistheconceptualreflectionoftheprocessandconditionsofsociallife.Inthefinalanalysis,itistheconceptualreflectionofthesocialmateriallifeprocessanditsconditions,mainlythewayofmaterialproduction.Reflection.Fromtheperspectiveofextension,socialconsciousnessisaphilosophicalcategorythatencompassesalltheconsciousnesselementsandideologiesofanimals,aswellasallthespiritualphenomenaandprocessesinsociety.Inabroadsense,socialconsciousnessalsoincludesthe"materialappendages"ofsystems,facilities,andorganizationsestablishedonthebasisofcertainsocialthoughts.
⒉Thedifferencebetweensocialconsciousnessandconsciousness.
Consciousnesscanonlyoccurandexistinthemindsofindividuals,whilesocialconsciousnessmustbeformedafterconsciousnesstakesadvantageofthespiritualcommunicationbetweenindividuals.Inotherwords,thecategoryofconsciousnessislargerinextensionthanthecategoryofsocialconsciousness.Itincludestheconsciousnessafterspiritualcommunicationandtheconsciousnessbeforespiritualcommunication.Socialconsciousnessisonlyoneofthecomponentsofconsciousness.Tounderstandthisproblem,wemustbecarefulnottoconfusethesocialityofconsciousnesswithsocialconsciousness.Thesocialityofconsciousnessmeansthatthegenerationofconsciousnesscannotbeseparatedfromcertainsocialconditionsandfoundations.Itissocialconsciousness.Spiritualcommunicationisonlyoneofthepurposesofconsciousnessgeneration;Socialconsciousnessmustbebasedonspiritualcommunication.
⒊Thedependenceofsocialconsciousnessonsocialexistence.
Thedependenceofsocialconsciousnessonsocialexistenceisoneofthegeneralcharacteristicsofsocialconsciousness.Thespecificmanifestationofthisdependenceisasfollows:First,thecontentofsocialconsciousnesscomesfromsocialexistence,whichisareflectionofsocialmateriallifeanditsprocess."Consciousnesscanonlybearealizedexistenceatanytime,andtheexistenceofanimalsistheirreallifeprocess."Second,inaclasssociety,socialconsciousnessthatreflectsclassrelationsmusthaveaclassnature.Inaclasssociety,thereisnounifiedsocialideologybeyondclass.Third,socialconsciousnesschangeswithchangesinsocialexistence.Whensocialexistencehaschanged,socialconsciousnesswillinevitablyundergocorrespondingchangessoonerorlater;thereasonforthechangeofideology,inthefinalanalysis,mustbefoundinthechangeofmaterialproductionmethods.
Relativeindependence
⒈Themeaningandperformanceofrelativeindependenceofsocialconsciousness.
Therelativeindependenceofsocialconsciousnessisanothergeneralcharacteristicofsocialconsciousness.Itreferstotheinitiativeofsocialconsciousnesstoreflectsocialexistence,itsownuniqueregularity,anditsreactiontosocialexistence.Therelativeindependenceofsocialconsciousnessisembodiedinthefollowingaspects:First,thedevelopmentandchangeofsocialconsciousnessandsocialexistencearenotcompletelysynchronized.Socialconsciousnessoftenlagsbehindsocialexistence,andoftensurpassessocialexistence.Second,theimbalancebetweenthedevelopmentofsocialconsciousnessandthelevelofsocialandeconomicdevelopment.Third,thedevelopmentofsocialconsciousnesshashistoricalinheritance.Asfarastheformationofspecificsocialconsciousnessineacheraisconcerned,therearetwosources:oneisthecurrentsocialexistence;theotheristhespiritualandculturalachievementsinhistory.Fourth,theinteractionandmutualinfluenceamongvariousformsofsocialconsciousness.Fifth,thereactionofsocialconsciousnesstothedynamicsofsocialexistence.Thisisthemostprominentmanifestationoftherelativeindependenceofsocialconsciousness.AsLeninsaid:"Withoutrevolutionarytheory,therecanbenorevolutionarymovement."Advancedsocialconsciousnesspromotesthedevelopmentofsocialexistence,whilebackwardsocialconsciousnesshindersthedevelopmentofsocialexistence.Thespecialwaythatsocialconsciousnessreactstosocietyis:throughideologicalstruggle,advancedconsciousnesscanovercomebackwardconsciousness.
⒉Thelawofdevelopmentofsocialconsciousnessanditssignificance.
Solvingcontradictionsthroughideologicalstruggleandreasoningisauniquedevelopmentlawofsocialconsciousness.Thepolicyof"lettingahundredflowersblossomandahundredschoolsofthoughtcontend"isamanifestationoftheconsciousapplicationofthislaw,anditisthecorrectpolicyforcarryingoutideologicalscientificresearchandideologicalstruggleundersocialistconditionsandprosperingmycountry'ssocialistscienceandculture.
⒊Socialawarenessandsocialspiritualcivilization.
Socialconsciousnessandsocialspiritualcivilizationbelongtotheaspectofideology,althoughthetwoaredifferent:socialconsciousness,asareflectionofsocialexistence,includestwoparts,theessenceandthedross,andbothreflecttheobjectivelawofworlddevelopment,Thesocialconsciousnessthatpromotestheadvancementofsocialexistence,andthedecadentsocialconsciousnessthathinderssocialdevelopment;whilethesocialspiritualcivilizationisonlythepositiveandquintessentialpartofsocialconsciousness,excludingthenegativeanddrosspart.Butbotharerelativelyindependentandhaveahugecounter-effecttosocialexistence.Theuniquecontentofsocialspiritualcivilizationdeterminesthatitwillinevitablypromotetheexistenceofsociety.Therefore,strengtheningtheconstructionofspiritualcivilizationisnotonlynecessarybutalsoimportant.
Theessenceandfunctionofculture
⒈Theessenceofculture.
Cultureinanarrowsensereferstotheconceptualsystemwithsocialideologyasthemaincontent.Itisthespiritualwealthcreatedbysocietyandbelongstothecategoryofsocialconsciousness.Cultureinabroadsensereferstothespeciesization,whichisthedegree,methodandresultachievedbythematerialandspiritualpowerofthespeciesinthecourseofhistoricaldevelopment.Culturehasthreemaincharacteristics:First,itbelongstothespecies,thatis,itisdifferentfromnatureandisbasedonnature;second,itissocialorgroup,thatis,itisbred,generatedinacertaingroupandadaptedtoThisgroupneedstheformofnativespecies;third,diversity,thatis,uniqueandrelativelyisolatedgroupswillformdifferentculturalformsinauniqueenvironment.Inabroadsense,culturehasthreebasicforms:materialculture,institutionalculture,andspiritualculture.
⒉Thefunctionofculture.
Asanarrowsenseofsocialconsciousness,cultureisrelativelyindependent,anditwillcounteractsocialexistence.Advancedculturepromotessocialdevelopment,whilebackwardculturehinderssocialdevelopment.
IncontemporaryChina,advancedcultureissocialistculturewithChinesecharacteristics.Theoverallfunctionandroleofadvancedsocialistcultureistoshapenewsocialistpeopleandpromotetheall-rounddevelopmentofindividuals.Theadvancedsocialistculturealsohasthefunctionsandeffectsofpromotingandcultivatingthenationalspirit,improvingtheideologicalandmoralqualityofthepeople,regulatingtherelationshipbetweenindividualsandsociety,maintainingsocialstability,andensuringthedevelopmentofsocialisteconomyandpolitics.Theadvancedsocialistculturehasbeencontinuouslydevelopedintheprocessofinheritingandcarryingforwardalltheexcellentculturalachievementscreatedbythisspecies,continuousculturalinnovation,andmeetingtheneedsofthepeople'sspiritualandculturallife.TheCommunistPartyofChinamustalwaysrepresentthedirectionofadvancementofChina'sadvancedcultureandvigorouslypromotethedevelopmentofadvancedsocialistculture.Science,technology,cultureandsocialsciencesplayanextremelyimportantroleinsocialdevelopment.
Structure
Individualconsciousnessandgroupconsciousness
⒈Themeaningandcompositionofindividualconsciousnessandgroupconsciousness.
Fromtheperspectiveofthesubjectofsocialconsciousness,socialconsciousnessincludesindividualconsciousnessandgroupconsciousness.Individualconsciousnessisasocialconsciousnessinwhichthesubjectisanindividual.Itisareflectionofanindividual'suniquesocialexperienceandsocialstatus,andistheproductofanindividual'suniquesocialpractice.Individualawarenessincludes:self-awareness,environmentalawareness,awarenessoftherelationshipbetweentheindividualandtheenvironment,etc.Groupconsciousnessisthesocialconsciousnessinwhichthesubjectisagroup.Itisthecommonconsciousnessofasocialcommunityformedbyacertaingroup.Itservestoadapttothepracticalneedsofacertaingroupandmaintainthecertainsocialrelationsandinterestsofthegroup.Itiscommontothegroup.Thereflectionofsocialexperience,socialstatusandsocialconditionsistheproductofcollectivepractice.Groupconsciousnessincludes:familyconsciousness,tribalandtribalconsciousness,collectiveconsciousness,groupconsciousness,industryconsciousness,classconsciousness,classconsciousness,nationalconsciousness,nationalconsciousnessandsocialoverallconsciousness,etc.
⒉Therelationshipbetweenindividualconsciousnessandgroupconsciousness.
Individualconsciousnessandgroupconsciousnessarenotonlydifferentfromeachotherbutalsointerdependent,interactingandtransformingeachother.First,individualconsciousnessandgroupconsciousnessareinterdependent.Toacertainextent(notexactly)thetwoaretherelationshipbetweenpartandwhole,individualandgeneral.Secondly,individualconsciousnessandgroupconsciousnessinteractandinfluenceeachother.Third,individualconsciousnessandgroupconsciousnesstransformintoeachotherundercertainconditions.
Socialpsychologyandsocialconsciousnessform
⒈Themeaningandcompositionofsocialpsychologyandsocialconsciousnessform.
Fromtheperspectiveofthelevelofsocialconsciousnessreflectingsocialexistence,socialconsciousnessiscomposedofsocialpsychologyandsocialconsciousness.Socialpsychologyisalow-level,low-levelsocialconsciousness,whichisaspontaneous,unsystematic,andindeterminatesocialconsciousnessthatisformedspontaneouslyindailylifeandcommunication.Itmanifestsas:feelings,customs,habits,prejudices,spontaneoustendenciesandbeliefs,desires,aesthetictastesandsoon.Itsmaincomponentsare:classpsychology,nationalpsychology,industrypsychology,contemporarypsychology,etc.Theformofsocialconsciousnessisahigh-level,high-levelsocialconsciousness.Itisasystematicandtheoreticalsocialconsciousnesswithacleardivisionoflaborandarelativelystableformthatpeopleconsciouslysummarizeandextractfromsociallife.Mainlymanifestedas:philosophy,religion,art,morality,politicalandlegalthoughtsandnaturalsciences.
⒉Therelationshipbetweensocialpsychologyandsocialconsciousnessform.
Althoughsocialpsychologyandsocialconsciousnessaredifferentfromlow-levelandhigh-level,directandindirect,andperceptualandrational,theyareinterconnectedandinteractedwitheachother.Firstofall,theformofsocialconsciousnessisbasedonsocialpsychology,andsocialpsychologyprovidesmaterialsandnutritionfortheestablishmentanddevelopmentofthesocialconsciousnessform.Second,theformofsocialconsciousnessinfluencesandguidessocialpsychology.Third,thereactionofsocialconsciousnessformstosocialexistencecanonlyberealizedthroughsocialpsychology.
Ideologyandnon-ideology
Fromtheperspectiveoftherelationshipbetweensocialconsciousnessandeconomicfoundation,socialconsciousnesscanbedividedintoideologyandnon-ideology.Ideologyreferstothesocialconsciousnessthatreflectsandservestheeconomicfoundation,andbelongstothesocialconsciousnessofthesuperstructure.Specifically,itincludespoliticalandlegalthought,morality,art,religion,philosophy,andmostsocialsciences.Inaclasssociety,ithasadistinctclasscharacter.Non-ideologyreferstotheformofsocialconsciousnessthatreflectsnaturalphenomenaandcertainsocialphenomena(mainlyproductivity)thatdonotbelongtoaspecificeconomicbasis.Itisasocialconsciousnessofnon-superstructure.Itmainlyincludesnaturalsciences,somesocialsciencesandthinkingsciences,suchaslinguistics,logic,psychology,etc.Itisnotclassy.
Form
Features
⒈Art.
Artisuniquetohumanbeings.Itisaformofsocialconsciousnessthatgraspstheworldandreflectssociallifebyshapingconcreteandvividimages.Thegreatestfeatureofartisthevividnessofitslanguage.
⒉Moral.
Moralisuniquetohumanbeings,anditisthesumofbehavioralnormsthatadjusttherelationshipbetweenpeopleandbetweenindividualsandsociety.Relyingonthepowerofnon-compulsorypublicopinionandpeople'sinnerbeliefsisthebasicfeatureofmoralideology.
⒊Politicsandlegalthoughts.
Politicalthinkingisthesumoftheviewsandtheoriesofanimalsaboutsocialandpoliticalsystems,politicallife,politicalorganizations,hierarchiesorsocialgroupsandtheirinterrelationships.Legalthoughtisuniquetohumanbeings,anditisthesumofpeople'sviewsandtheoriesontherelationship,norms,systems,andfacilitiesoflaw.Theirbasiccharacteristicisthattheyhaveastrongclasscharacter.
⒋Religion.
Religionisuniquetohumans.Itisanimaginaryandinvertedreflectionofthenaturalandsocialforcesthatgovernpeopleinpeople’sminds.Itisakindofbeliefandworshipofsupernaturalentitiesthataregodsthatdominatepeople’sdestiny.Socialconsciousnessform.Beliefandworshipofgodsandidolsarethebasiccharacteristicsofallreligions.
⒌Philosophy.
Relations
Theformsofsocialideologyarebothdifferentandconnected.Themaindifferencesareasfollows:thecontentsandmethodsofreflectionaredifferent;thedegreeofclosenesswiththesocialandeconomicfoundationisdifferent;theroleofsocialexistenceisdifferent;theprocessandfutureofhistoricaldevelopmentaredifferent.Theinterrelationshipscanbesummarizedasfollows:First,theyareallreflectionsofaunifiedsociallife,andtheyareconnectedasawholeincontent.Second,theycomplementandpermeateeachotherincontent,intersecteachotherinform,andserveeachother.Third,thehistoricalprocessoftheirdevelopmentandchangeinfluencesandrestrictseachother.Fourth,theirroleinsociallifeisachievedthroughmutualunionandmutualassistance.
Composition
Socialconsciousnesshasacomplexandsubtlestructure,composedofmanylevelsandfactors.Fromtheperspectiveofreflectingthedegreeandcharacteristicsofsocialexistence,socialconsciousnessincludestwolevels:socialpsychologyandideologicalsystem;fromtheperspectiveofthesubjectofsocialconsciousness,itcanbedividedintoindividualconsciousnessandgroupconsciousness.