ScientificThinking
Scientificthinkingistheprimaryprerequisiteforusingscientificmethodstostudythenatureandlawsofthings.Generallyspeaking,scientificthinkinginpsychologyhasthefollowingcharacteristics:
(1)Determinism
Determinismmeansthatanyeventhasitscause.Forpsychologicalresearch,determinismmeansthattherearereasonsbehindallhumanbehavior.Forexample,behindthebehaviorofchildrenlying,therearereasonsfromthechildrenthemselves,theirfamilies,andtheschoolenvironment.
(2)Discoverability
Discoverabilityreferstotheuseofscientificmethodstorevealthecauseofanevent.Forpsychologyresearch.,Whichmeansthattheregularityofhumanbehaviorcanberevealedthroughscientificmethods.Afterfindingthecauseofbehavior,psychologistscanpredicthumanbehavior.
(3)Objectivity
Objectivitymeansthattheresearchresultsarenotaffectedbytheresearcher.Inseparablefromobjectivityisrepeatability,whichmeansthatotherscanrepeatresearchresultsunderthesameexperimentalconditions.
(4)Datadriven
Datadrivenmeansthatresearchershopethattheirresearchconclusionscanbesupportedbyobjectivedata,andthesedataarebasedonsystematicproceduresCollected.
(5)Theproblemofempiricism
Empiricismreferstotheprocessofobtainingknowledgethroughdirectobservationorexperience.Itisdifferentfromtheprocessofobtainingknowledgethroughdirectobservationorexperience.Thinkrationally.
Characteristicsofthescientificmethod
Thescientificmethodisamoreadvancedandmorecomplexmethodamongallthecognitivemethodsofmankind.Ithasthefollowingcharacteristics:
(1)Brightsubjectivity,scientificmethodembodiestheinitiative,creativityandobviouspurposeofthesubjectofscientificunderstanding;
(2)SufficientThescientificknowledgeisprogrammedaccordingtotheregularityofthetheory;
(3)Highfidelity,theresearchobjectisquantitativelymeasuredbyobservationandexperiment,aswellastheirorganiccombinationwithmathematicalmethodsInvestigatetoensuretheobjectivityandreliabilityoftheexperimentalfactsobtained.
(4)Systematicobservationandexperience
Levelsofscientificmethod
Scientificmethodisasystemofrulesandmeansusedbypeopletogainscientificunderstanding.Itistheresultandnecessaryconditionofscientificunderstanding.Itcanbedividedintothreelevels:(1)Single-disciplinarymethod,alsocalledspecializedscientificmethod;
(2)Multi-disciplinarymethod,Alsoknownasthegeneralscientificmethod,applicabletothegeneralmethods,methodsandprinciplesofthenaturalsciencesandsocialsciences;
(3)Theholisticmethodisthephilosophicalmethodwiththemostuniversalmethodologicalsignificance.
Scientificresearchmethods
Generalsteps
Theso-calledscientificresearchmethodsareobviouslythemethodsusedbyscientistswhentheyareengagedinascientificdiscovery.Thisoverlysimplisticexplanationdoesnothelpusmuch.Canyouexplainthisissueinmoredetail?Allright!Wecandescribeanidealanswertothisquestion.
(1)Whenconductingscientificresearch,weshouldfirstrealizetheexistenceoftheproblem.
Forexample,whenstudyingthemotionofanobject,youshouldfirstnoticewhytheobjectmovesasithappens,thatis,whytheobjectmovesfasterandfasterundercertainconditions(accelerationMovement),whileunderanotherconditionitwillrunslowerandslower(decelerationmovement).
(2)Thenon-essentialaspectsoftheproblemshouldbefoundandeliminated.Forexample,thetasteofanobjecthasnoeffectonthemovementoftheobject.
(3)Collectallthedatayoucanfindrelatedtothisproblem.InancienttimesandtheMiddleAges,thissimplymeantakeenobservationofnaturalphenomenaastheywere.Butafterenteringmoderntimes,thesituationisdifferent,becausepeoplehavelearnedtoimitatevariousnaturalphenomenasincethen,thatistosay,peoplehavebeenabletodeliberatelydesignvariousconditionstoforceobjectstomoveinacertainway.,Inordertoobtainvariousdatarelatedtotheproblem.
Forexample,youcandeliberatelyletsomeballsrolloffsomeslopes;indoingso,youcanuseballsofvarioussizes,oryoucanchangethesurfacepropertiesoftheballsorchangetheslopeoftheslope.andmanymore.Thisdeliberatelydesignedsituationisanexperiment,andtheeffectofexperimentonmodernscienceissogreatthatpeopleoftencallit"experimentalscience"todistinguishitfromancientGreekscience.
(4)Withthesecollecteddata,wecanmakesomepreliminarygeneralizationsinordertoexplainthemasconciselyaspossible,thatis,usesomeconciselanguageorsomemathematicsRelationstosummarize.Thisisalsoahypothesisorhypothesis.
(5)Onceyouhaveahypothesis,youcanmakeinferencesabouttheresultsofexperimentsthatyoudidnotintendtoconductbefore.Inthenextstep,youcanproceedwiththeseexperimentstoseeifyourhypothesisisvalid.
(6)Iftheexperimentachievestheexpectedresults,thenyourhypothesiswillhaveastrongfactualbasis,anditmaybecomeatheoryorevena"lawofnature."
Fromtheperspectiveofpsychology,psychologyresearchoftenusestworesearchapproaches:
(1)descriptivestudy
Collectdatainanaturalstateandsystematicallydescribephenomenatorevealcertainpatternsandconnectionsthatmaynotbenoticedbypeople.Itincludesnotonlystandardizednaturalobservations,questionnairesurveysorinterviews,butalsorelatedresearch,non-interventionalcasestudies,andqualitativeresearch.Thecommonfeatureofdescriptiveresearchisthatitonlyobjectivelyrecordsanddescribesacertainphenomenonwithoutchangingitsstatusquo.
(2)Experimentalstudy
Experimentalstudyisinterestedinthecausalrelationshipbetweenvariables.Thecharacteristicofthismethodisthatthesystemmanipulatesorchangesavariable,observestheimpactofsuchmanipulationorchangeonanothervariable,andthenrevealsthecausalrelationshipbetweenvariablesonthisbasis.Itisrelatedtothecontrolledvariablemethodbelow.
Typesandapplications
Methods | Theuseofmethodsinthetextbook | Explanation |
etc effective method | (1)Inthesynthesisofforces,severalcomponentforcesactingtogethercanbeequivalenttoaresultantforcewiththesameeffect;onthecontrary,aforcecanalsobedecomposedintoseveralcomponentforceswiththesameeffect. (2)Inthecircuit,severalresistancescanbeequivalenttoasuitableresistance.Onthecontrary,thetotalresistanceoftheseriescircuitandthetotalresistanceoftheparallelcircuitallusetheequivalentidea. (3)Replacetheelephantwithstonesequivalentlyin"CaoChongweighstheelephant",theeffectisthesame. (4)Intheexperimentofstudyingflatmirrorimaging,twoidenticalcandlesareused,oneofwhichisequivalenttotheimageoftheother. | Inphysics,useoneormorephysicalquantities,aphysicaldevice,aphysicalstateorprocesswithanotherphysicalquantity,aphysicaldevice,Aphysicalstateorprocessisreplaced,andthesameconclusionisobtained.Thismethodiscalledtheequivalent(replacement)method.Usingthismethodcansimplifyandvisualizetheproblemtobestudied. |
理 Iwant module Type Method | (1)Uniformlinearmotionisanidealmodel.Inreallife,itisimpossibletofindastrictuniformlinearmotion,buttherearemanymotionsituationsthataresimilartoauniformlinearmotion,whichistreatedasauniformlinearmotion,whichgreatlysimplifiesthedifficulty,andtheresultsobtainedhaveextremelyhighaccuracy.Itisconsistentwiththeactualsituationwithintheallowableerrorrange. (2)Leverisalsoanidealmodel.Whenleverisactuallyused,duetotheeffectofforce,itwillcauselargeorsmalldeformation,whichcanbeignored.Therefore,weidealizedlever,Thatitisindestructible. (3)Duringthefloodseason,thewaterintheriversometimesemergesfromthegroundoutsidethedamthroughthebottomlayerunderthedam,forming"piping".Thephysicalmodelof"piping"isaconnector. (4)Lightandmagneticlinesofinductionareallvirtualassumptions,buttheyintuitivelyandvividlyexpressthephysicalsituationandfacts,andsolveproblemsconveniently.Studythedistributionofthemagneticfieldthroughmagneticlinesofinduction,andstudythepathanddirectionoflightpropagationthroughlight. | Simplifycomplexproblems,abandonsecondaryconditions,seizethemainfactors,idealizepracticalproblems,andconstructidealizedphysicalmodels.Thisisanimportantphysicalidea.Basedontheestablishmentofanidealizedmodel,sometimesinordertodescribethephysicalphenomenonandphysicalproblemtobestudiedmorevividly,itisnecessarytointroducesomevirtualcontenttoexpressthephysicalsituationvividlyandintuitively. |
Control Control Change Method | (1)Studytherelationshipbetweenslidingfrictionandpressureandcontactsurface (2)Studytherelationshipbetweentheeffectofpressure(pressure)andthepressureandthepressurearea (3)Studytherelationshipbetweenthepressureoftheliquidandthedensityanddepthoftheliquid (4)Studytherelationshipbetweenkineticenergyandmassandspeedofanobject (5)Studytherelationshipbetweenthepotentialenergyofanobject,massandheight (6)StudythetoneofstringedinstrumentsandthetightnessofstringsTherelationshipbetweenlength,length,andthickness (7)Studytherelationshipbetweencurrent,resistance,andvoltage,thatis,Ohm’slaw (8)Studytheresistanceofaconductorandthematerial,length,Therelationshipbetweenthecross-sectionalarea (9)Studytherelationshipbetweentheheatgeneratedbythecurrentandthecurrent,resistanceandenergizationtime (10)StudythemagnetismoftheelectromagnetandthenumberofturnsofthecoilTherelationshipbetweenthemagnitudeofthecurrent (11)Studytherelationshipbetweentheevaporationspeedandtheliquidtemperature,thesurfaceareaoftheliquidandthespeedoftheairflowabovetheliquid | Whenstudyingphysicalproblems,acertainphysicalquantityisoftenaffectedbyseveraldifferentphysicalquantities.Inordertodeterminetherelationshipbetweendifferentphysicalquantities,itisnecessarytocontrolcertainquantitiestomakethemfixed,andtochangeacertainquantity,dependingonwhatyouwant.Therelationshipbetweenthephysicalquantitystudiedandthephysicalquantity. [Note]Thismethodisoftenusedinmanyexploratoryexperiments. |
Real Inspection Push Method | (1)StudyNewton’sfirstlaw (2)StudytheenergyinvacuumNosoundtransmission (3)Theimportantconclusionthat"thereareonlytwokindsofelectricchargesinnature"isbasedonexperimentsandinferences. | Experimentalreasoningmethodisbasedonalargenumberofreliablefacts,basedonrealexperiments,anddrawsconclusionsthroughreasonablereasoning,revealingprofoundlyThenatureofthelawsofphysicsisanimportantmethodofthinkinginphysicsresearch. |
turn change method | (1)Thecurrentcannotbeseenortouched.Whenjudgingwhetherthereisacurrentinthecircuit,wecandeterminewhetherthelightbulbinthecircuitisshiningornot.Thatistojudgeaccordingtotheeffectofelectriccurrent (2)Molecularmotionisinvisibleandintangible,soitisdifficulttostudy,butitcanbeunderstoodbystudyingdiffusionphenomenon (3)MagneticfieldInvisibleandintangible,whenjudgingwhetherthemagneticfieldexists,putasmallmagneticneedleinittoseeifitrotatestodetermine (4)Whenjudgingthemagneticstrengthoftheelectromagnet,usetheelectromagnettoattractthepintodetermine. | Inphysicslearning,sometimesitisnecessarytostudyinvisiblematter(suchaselectriccurrent,molecule,force,magneticfield),thentheresearchdirectionmustbeTransferringtothevariousvisibleeffectsandeffectsproducedbythesubstance,fromwhichtoanalyzeandstudytheexistenceandsizeofthesubstance,thisresearchmethodiscalledtheconversionmethod.Asawayofthinking,thetransformationmethodisoftenappliedinanalyzingandsolvingproblems. |
Class Ratio Method | (1)Comparewaterflowtocurrentwhenstudyingcurrent (2)Use"waterpressure"toanalogize"voltage" (3)Usepumpanalogpowersupply (4)Studythespeedofworkandthespeedofmovement (5)Theelectricpotentialenergyintheelectricfieldisanalogoustothegravitationalpotentialenergy,etc. td> | Inordertoexplainthephysicalissuestobeexpressedclearly,theyoftenuseconcrete,tangible,andwell-knownthingstoillustratetheabstract,intangible,andStrangethings.Throughanalogy,peoplecanhaveadirect,concreteandvividunderstandingofthethingstoberevealed,andfindsimilarlaws. [Note]Twoortwotypesofobjectsofanalogymusthavethesameorsimilaritiesincommon. |
Explanation
Ofcourse,anytheoryornaturallawisnotfinal.Thisprocesswillberepeatedagainandagain.Newdata,newobservationsandnewexperimentalresultswillcontinuetoappear.Theoldlawsofnaturewillcontinuetobereplacedbymoregenerallawsofnature,becausethesenewlawscannotonlyexplainthevariousphenomenathattheoldlawscanexplain,butalsoItcanalsoexplainsomephenomenathattheoldlawcouldnotexplain.Theabove,asIhavealreadysaid,isanidealscientificresearchmethod.Inrealpractice,scientistsdonotneedtodoasetofcalisthenicsstepbystep,andtheyusuallydonot.thisway.Factorslikeintuition,insight,andevenluckoftenplayabigrolecomparedtootherthings.Theentirehistoryofscienceisfullofsuchexamples.Manyscientistshavecomeupwithusefulandfactualconclusionsbasedonveryinadequatedataandveryfewexperimentalresults(sometimesevennoexperimentalresults).Suchaconclusion,ifcarriedoutstepbystepthroughtheaboveidealscientificresearchmethods,itmaytakeseveralyearstoobtain.Forexample,Kekulesuddenlyrealizedthechemicalstructureofbenzenewhenhewasdozingoffonthemailtruck.WhenLowewokeupinthemiddleofthenight,hesuddenlygottheanswertothequestionaboutthechemicalconductionofnervestimulation.Glaser,however,gottheideaofthebubblechamberbecausehestaredataglassofbeerboredly.Themostwell-knownisthatNewton,ascientistandmathematicianinthe17thcentury,sawanapplefallonthegroundoneday,andhiscuriosityspontaneouslycreatedthetheoryofuniversalgravitation.However,doesthismeanthateverythingisobtainedbygoodluck,andthereisnoneedtouseyourbraintothink?No,absolutelynot.Thiskindof"goodluck"isonlyencounteredbythosewiththebestcomprehensionability.Inotherwords,somepeopleencounterthiskindof"goodluck"onlybecausetheyhaveaverykeenintuition,andthiskeennessTheirintuitionisbasedontheirrichexperience,deepunderstandingandlovetousetheirbrainsinexchange.
