Fundamental change in social productivity
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play a decisive role in science and technology under achieved. It promotes the development of social productivity, economic growth, resulting in a corresponding change in production relations.
After the mid-18th century, in the process of development of human society, there have been three leaps social productive forces, experienced a revolution in the three science and technology.
The first technological revolution in the mid-18th century to the industrial revolution in the 19th century, was the first science and technology of the future development of human society to change the capitalist stage we experienced. The technological revolution, with the invention of the steam engine and application as the main indicator.
steam engine of the present invention, is a milestone in the development of social economy. Steam engine can produce completely under human control of power, they can move, unlike the use of water power to force a restricted location, which can be universally used, that modern industry quickly developed. So Engels pointed out, the steam engine was the first truly international invention, it is "the handicraft workshop into a modern large-scale industry, so that the whole foundation of bourgeois society revolutionized" ( "Selected Works of Marx and Engels," Vol. 3, on page 301). In 1784, Britain's first steam engine-powered spinning plant is completed, greatly improving production efficiency and the degree of mechanization of the cotton textile industry. This steam engine was quickly popularized, the transition from other light industries also handicraft workshop to large industrial machine. Invention of machinery and light industry sectors widely used, but also to promote the transportation of heavy industry and technological innovation, the social productive forces had a remarkable development. By the late 1830s, the British completed the first industrial revolution. United States, France, Germany, Russia, Japan and other major capitalist countries, but also in the 19th century, have been completed and the industrial revolution.
industrial revolution not only the rapid development of the productive forces of capitalism, the class structure also occur between people of the dramatic changes, resulting in a new capitalists and workers ── new industrial workers, the whole society is increasingly split and simplify the bourgeoisie and the proletariat are two basic classes. Exploitative capitalist relations were established up from the capitalist system has achieved dominance in human history.
The second technological revolution of the last decades of the 19th century, and the emergence of new science and technology progress. Especially after 1873, set off a new upsurge in the development of science and technology, it is to the new steelmaking and power applications as the main indicator, generally considered to be the second scientific and technological revolution on the modern history of mankind.
After the mid-19th century, advances in science and technology, the emergence of a new range of industrial sectors. In the metallurgical industry, he invented a new steelmaking process, which, to Thomas Martin steelmaking and steel-making method is most prominent. The new steelmaking process was greatly improved steelmaking technology, effectively promoted the establishment of large-scale steel mills and metallurgical plants. At the same time, the invention of aniline dyes, and potassium-based fertilizers soda and sulfuric acid occurs, a large-scale development of modern chemical industry basis, from chemical methods are used for different production sectors increasingly widespread. 19 century, the last 30 years, generators, internal combustion engines, steam turbine applications, as well as the new engine is based on invented trams, cars and other new means of transport, to promote the development of the social productive forces to a higher stage. In this technological revolution, electricity as an energy utilization, has become a powerful driving force of technological development. By the early 1890s, power has been widely used in industrial production. New achievements in science and technology, making the industrial structure in many countries has undergone major changes, the technical basis for the huge scale of industrial production. After the 1870s, in all industrial capitalist countries, the original dominant textile industry and other light industry, metallurgy industry gave way and machine manufacturing sectors of heavy industry.
raise the level of social production, the size of the business continues to expand and promote the concentration of production and capital. In a capitalist society, due to the competition between the capitalists and the intensification of the merger, the capital increasingly concentrated in the hands of a few big capitalists, lead to a monopoly of production. Driven by the technological revolution, the monopoly gradually replaced by free competition, the formation of monopolies and the financial oligarchy's rule, the transition to capitalist society in its development stage ── highest stage of imperialism.
third technological revolution after World War II, in human history and the emergence of the third revolution of science and technology to nuclear energy, computer and automation technology as the main indicator.
The technological revolution from the United States began in the late 1940s, after gradually extended to Western Europe, Eastern Europe, and Japan, and culminating in the 1960s. This is unprecedented in human history, far-reaching impact of a major change in science and technology. It not only has individual scientific theory and production technology breakthrough, but almost in all science and technology fields have undergone profound changes, and quickly caused a greater leap in social productivity. After this technological revolution, many of the rapid rise of emerging industrial sectors, such as synthetic polymer industry, nuclear industry, electronics industry, semiconductor industry, aerospace industry and laser industry and so on. The implementation of comprehensive mechanization and automation of production, using the most advanced electronic control devices, is a major feature of this technological revolution. Production of computer advances, from the first computer in 1946 successfully developed the world (see pictures) starts in less than 40 years time, electronic computing technology to its amazing speed by leaps and bounds, and constantly upgrading, it development of component technology, has gone through four generations, is moving to the fifth generation. Development of space technology, the product is a comprehensive scientific and technological revolution. From the late 1950s satellites, has conducted a manned space flight, lunar events, as well as Mars, Saturn and other planets in the solar system detection, opened a prelude to humanity forward into space. Development of space technology will play an invaluable role in the development of social productive forces. In recent years, people are talking about the outbreak of a new science and technology revolution, or called "fourth industrial revolution", the "new industrial revolution" issue. They predicted a new rise of the world's scientific and technological revolution will flourish in the 21st century or early 20th century. This new science and technology revolution, refers to the development of computer-based series of new industries, including the field of biological engineering, optical fiber and new materials, new energy, and marine development. It will promote a new leap forward and further improve the management level of economic and social productive forces, science and technology than a few times before the revolution, the human impact will occur on the more far-reaching.
steam engine marked by the occurrence of 18th century science and technology revolution, played a role in further consolidating the rule of the bourgeoisie, and burst out of the technological revolution that strong productivity, showing from the capitalist economy feudal relations of production than the advancement of the relations of production. For over 100 years, with the rapid development of science and technology, a huge leap in social productive forces, has increasingly shown to capitalist production relations have become large-scale production with the development of social conflict, especially the emergence of the socialist economic system, from It shook the foundations of imperialist rule on the fundamental contradictions of capitalism the world become more acute. In fact, from 1973 to 1975, swept the capitalist world economic crisis, has led western countries long period of "stagflation" (see stagflation) state. Around 1980, the industrialized countries but also has economic recession. The emergence of new science and technology revolution, not only heralded the decline of traditional "smokestack industry", and reflects the basic contradiction of capitalism tends to be more acute. In short, the development of new technological revolution, on the one hand capitalist production towards more comprehensive social, prepare the necessary material and technical conditions for the socialist revolution; on the other hand, has laid a solid transition to communism socialist countries material and technical basis.