Character introduction
Protagoras, 490 or 480 or 480 or 480 or 480 (420 or 410)
Protagra is branched between 490 and 480 BC, about 70 years old. He was born in Abidra City, and many times came to Athens in the center of the Greek slave owner, and the democratic politician Burrk is a boring friend, which has developed a code for the colonial map of Athens in southern Italy. A student's visit to the rhetoric and defense knowledge is the most respected "wise man" at the time. It is said that in his later years, because of the "disrespectful spirit", the book "The God" was burned, I was overridden in Athens, died in the way to Western West. Except for a few pieces, it has been lost. His thoughts can only see from Plato's dialogue "Thai Tiede", "Protagrach".
Philosophical idea
Protagla accepted the thoughts of Hercuite about everything, think that the feeling of change is true, all things are moving Change. But he moved from this kind of feelings to relativism and skepticism. As a result, everyone's feelings are reliable, people have different judgments on everything according to their own feelings, and it doesn't matter if it is true and false. So he proposed a famous proposition: "The size of people is the thing", thinking that the existence of things is relative to the feeling of people, what is the feeling of people, what is the matter? As a result, it is determined that "knowledge is feeling", and the knowledge can be obtained as long as the feeling is used. Based on this point of view, he made a doubt about traditional religious theology: "As for God, I don't know if they exist, and I don't know what they like."
Protagla will feel the standard of truth, including subjective idealism. However, his original intention is not to deny the objective existence of things, and is different from the later typical subjective idealism. He saw that the feelings of different people have opposition and differences, touching the subjective and objective relationship, showing the in-depth of human understanding. He emphasized the status of people in reality, at the time there was an enlightenment of traditional theological concepts. He used people as an important philosophical study, which is an important symbol of the transition in the later stage of the ancient Greek natural philosophy.
Ethical thinking
Protaglla's ethical thinking is also relativism. His famous proposition "people are the scale of all things", emphasizing the role and value of people, showing personalist thinking tends, and later become a proposition of humanitarianism. Protagra believes that people have achieved knowledge with their own feelings, and they also have a moral standard with sensual desire and private interest. Therefore, morality varies from person to person. He believes that morality is not mysterious. As a skill, it is a manifestation of people engaged in private affairs and public affairs. It can mediate family relationships to help people better participate in the business of the city state. He pointed out that justice, wisdom, and moderate, etc., the necessary quality, people and people should be respect and justice. He opposes the innate moralism of Socrate, advocating "virtue can be taught", and trying to prove that virtue cannot be generated or spontaneously generated, it is a kind of productivity that can be teamed and needed to be painful.
Protaglla 's ethical thinking, in the fact that Athens democracy politics, there must be certain progressive significance, and there is an important impact on the development of Western ethical ideas. The relativism and individualism, liberal factors contained therein, also inherited and developed for later thinkers. The wise party will lead to two opposite development directions. Some is a slave aristochemical moral argument, and some have a conclusion that slavery is a non-justice.
Works and quotes
It is said that he is a lot, but it has not been saved. In fact, his main thinking is described by some of the Berram's conversation. "People are the scale of people", "About God, I can't know that they still don't exist, because there are many obstacles to make us unrequited knowledge, one this problem is unknown, then life is short." It is his representative classic language.
Anecdote
There is a story about Protagra, this story is undoubtedly du, but it can explain the relationship between the wise and courts of the people. It is said that Protagra has taught a young man, stipulating that if the young people get victory in the first lawsuit, they will pay for tuition, otherwise they will not pay. And the first lawsuit of this young man is Protagla to accuse him and ask him to pay tuition.
he has visited Athens twice, the second visit will not be delayed 432 BC. The first 444-3 years in BC has binds a code for Brende City. There is a legend that he was arrested to not deviate, but it seems to be reliable, even though he wrote a book "On God" book, this book said: "As for God, I didn't grasp what they exist or They don't exist, and they don't dare to say what they look like; because there are many things hamper our exact knowledge, such as the problem of problems and the shortness of life. " His second visit Athens, Plato had had a small ironic description in the "Protagra", and discussed his studies in "Thaed" and very seriously discussed. His famous main thing is that because of his studies, "people are the scale of all things, the existence of the existence of things existing, and the scale does not exist." This study is understood by being understood that everyone is the scale of everything, so when people comment, there is no dependency, which is the objective truth, which is wrong. This study is essentially skeptical, and its basis is the "deceptive" that feels.
Another story is that when he accepts the disciples to make a contract with the other party, the students will pay half of the tuition fees when students enrolled, and they will be paid for the first time after graduation, they will be delivered to another half tuition fees.
Student Oud Lisse (one said it is Awattle), it has never been able to fight the lawsuit, and of course, it will not deliver another half of tuition fees, and Protagla decided to sue him. In court, the teacher will say in the case: If you win in this case, you should pay the tuition fee according to the contract; if you lose your own, you must pay my tuition fee according to the court. In short, no matter whether it is a victory or loss, you have to pay another half of the tuition.
Outtrelli is trying to answer: Teacher, you are wrong, this lawsuit does not have to pay tuitions regardless of the victory. If I win, according to the court decision, I don't have to pay the tuition; if I lose, according to the contract I first appear in court to win the tuition, I don't have to pay the tuition fees.
Both sides have been issued with truth, but they have got two completely opposite conclusions, so that the judge is difficult to decide. This is the famous "Paltagra Palace" in history, also known as "half-fee lawsuit." This story shows that the paradox is closely related to the sophistication, and the paradox can provide some useful enlightenment for the development of human thinking and the formation of scientific theories. You can also provide sophistications for some arguments. Tools of arguments.
Main ideas
The main representative of the wise party Paleo (about 481 to the top 411) His idea is: "People are the scale of all things, is The existing scale exists, is also a scale that does not exist. "There is a presence or absence of everything, the morphological nature of things is full in people's feelings. A wind blowing someone thinks that the cold people feel cool. It's uncomfortable, it is in personal feelings. "People are the tens of thousands of scale", and they put people in the center of the world and society. This is the first awakening of human self-consciousness under primitive religion and nature rule. We have reason to see the wise people as the abuse of the Western humanistic spirit, and the Palto Gula is regarded as the pioneer of the Western first thought liberation movement.