Introduction
Populationqualityreflectstheprescriptivecategoryofthequalityofthepopulationasawhole.Alsoknownaspopulationquality.Asthemainbodyofsociallife,thepopulationhasmanyqualitativestipulations.Fromdifferentangles,thequalitativestipulationsalsohavedifferentcontents.Thepopulationqualitymentionedindemographygenerallyreferstotheoverallphysical,scientific,cultural,andideologicalqualityofthepopulation.Itreflectsthepopulation'soverallunderstandingoftheconditionsandabilitytotransformtheworld.
Theprocessofpopulationdevelopmentistheunityofthehistoricalprocessofsocietyandthenaturalphysiologicalprocess.Thequalityofpopulationalsohassocialandbiologicaldualattributes,butthemostbasicissocialquality.Theideologicalqualityofthepopulation,includingideologicalawareness,moralquality,andtraditionalhabits,isdeterminedbythepeople’ssocialexistence,especiallythesocio-economicfoundation.Inaclasssociety,itbearsanobviousclassmark.Thescientificandculturalqualityofthepopulationismainlyrelatedtothedegreeofeducationandtrainingpeoplereceive,andissubjecttotheconstraintsofproductivityandthelevelofscientificandtechnologicaldevelopment,andatthesametimeisdeterminedbythepopulation'ssocio-economicstatus.Thephysicalqualityofthepopulationisrelatedtothequantityandqualityofthemeansoflivingprovidedbysocialproduction,andthedevelopmentofmedicalandhealthcare.Atthesametime,itisalsodeterminedbythedistributionmethodrestrictedbycertainproductionmethods.Populationqualityalsohasabiologicalaspect.Forexample,humanphysiqueandintelligencearerestrictedtovaryingdegreesbyinnategeneticfactors,whicharethenaturalbasisforthedevelopmentofpopulationquality,andsocialfactorsarethedecisivefactorsforthedevelopmentofpopulationquality.
Factors
Populationqualityreferstothecomprehensivequalityandabilityofthepopulation,whichcanbedividedintothreefactors:physicalfitness,culturalandscientificquality,andmoralquality.Fromamicroperspective,thequalityofthepopulationalwaysfailstomeettheneeds,andtherearecertainrestrictions.Inordertoobtainhigherquality,suchashigherculturalandscientificqualityandphysicalfitness,peopleoftenneedtospendacertainpriceandexpense.Therefore,populationqualityhaseconomicvalue.Thecapitalinvestedtoimprovepopulationqualitymustobtaincertaineconomicbenefits,andadditionalpopulationqualityinvestmentmustobtainadditionaleconomicbenefits.Populationqualityisadurableresourceintermsofitseconomicattributes.Theso-calleddurabilityofpopulationqualitymeansthatthepopulationqualityislikeadurableproductthatcanbeusedcontinuouslyforalongtime.Populationqualityresourcescanbeimprovedthroughinvestmentineducation,health,etc.,therebyimprovingefficiencyandextendinglaborperiods.Sopopulationqualityisadurableresource.
Indicators
Theindicatorsreflectingpopulationqualitycanbedividedintodirectindicatorsandindirectindicators.
Directindicatorsmainlyinclude:indicatorsthatreflectthephysicalfitnessofthepopulation,suchasaveragelifeexpectancy,longevitylevel,averageageatdeath,infantmortality,proportionofdisabledpopulation,averageintelligencequotient,adolescentheightandweightThegrowthrateofthepopulation,etc.,reflecttheindicatorsofthepopulation’sculturalandscientificquality,includingtheliteracyrate,illiteracyrate,schoolattendancerate,thenumberofpeoplewithvariouseducationallevelsper100,000population,theaveragenumberofyearsofeducationofthepopulation,andresearchconductedpermillionpopulationScientistsandengineersdevelopedanddeveloped,theproportionoftechnicalpersonnelper10,000employees,etc.;reflectthemoralqualityofthepopulation.
Indirectindicatorsreflectingpopulationqualityrefertothoseindicatorsthatarepositivelycorrelatedwithpopulationquality,mainlyincludingthenumberofdoctorsper10,000people,thenumberofbeds,andtheproportionofhealthexpenditureinnationalincome.Dailycalorieandproteinsupplypercapita,percapitafoodconsumption,percapitahousingarea,percapitaeducationexpenditure,educationexpenditureasaproportionofnationalincome,publicationandcirculationofbooksandnewspapers,environmentalmonitoringstatusandpollutionindex,etc.Itcanjudgethematerialconditionsanddifferencesthatacountryhastoimprovethequalityofitspopulation.
Significance
CertainindicatorsofChina'spopulationqualityarehigherintheworld,suchastheaveragelifeexpectancyofthepopulation.Itiscloselyrelatedtotheimprovementofthenationalnutritionlevel.Generallyspeaking,countrieswithhighercalorificvalueoffoodperpersonperdayhavehigheraveragelifeexpectancy.Sincethemid-1980sinChina,duetothecontroloflowfoodprices,thecalorificvalueoffoodhasincreasedsignificantly.Atthesametime,withtheimprovementofthequalityoflife,theaveragelifeexpectancyhasgraduallyextended,reaching71yearsoldin1999,althoughitislowerthanthatoftheUnitedStates.Japanandotherdevelopedcountries(Table6-1),buthaveexceededtheaveragelevelofmiddle-incomeandlow-incomecountries,andarebasicallyatthesamelevelasSouthKorea.Anotherexampleistheinfantmortalityrate.AccordingtotheWorldDevelopmentReport2000publishedbytheWorldBank,China’sinfantmortalityratein2000was30.0‰.Althoughlowerthan7.5‰inhigh-incomecountries,itwassignificantlyhigherthan56‰inmiddle-incomecountries.And76‰inlow-incomecountries.However,fromtheoverallsituationofpopulationquality,China'spopulationqualityisstillinalowstatecomparedwithdevelopedcountries,especiallythepopulation'sculturalqualityispoor.AccordingtostatisticspublishedbyJapan’sYanoTsunetaMemorialAssociationin2000,thepopularityofsecondaryeducationinChinaisrelativelylow.In1997,theenrollmentrateofsecondaryeducationwas70%,whichwasonlyequivalenttotheworldaverage;theuniversityenrollmentratewasverylow,1997Itwasonly6%peryear,notonlylowerthan81%intheUnitedStates,41%inJapanandotherdevelopedcountries,29%inthePhilippines,and22%inThailand.Theadultliteracyrateisalsosignificantlylowerthanthatindevelopedcountriesandthemiddle-levelcountriessuchasSouthKoreaandThailand.Thelevelofincomecountry.ThelowculturalqualityoftheChinesepopulationhasrestrictedtheimprovementofthequalityofthelaborforce,andthelowqualityofthelaborforcehasbecomeanimportantfactorrestrictingtheincreaseinChina'slaborproductivityandhasaffectedthespeedofeconomicdevelopment.
Fromtheperspectiveofeconomicdevelopment,themaingoalofimprovingpopulationqualityistoimprovethequalityoflabor.Itisnecessarytoimprovethequalityofthepopulationthroughqualityeducationandeducationinvestment,especiallytoimprovethescientificandtechnologicallevelandlaborskillsoflaborers.Thegeneralimprovementofpopulationqualitycancreatealargenumberofhigh-qualityscientificresearchpersonnel,engineeringandtechnicalpersonnel,managementpersonnelandskilledworkers,graduallyincreaseknowledge-intensiveeconomicproducts,andreduceproductcostsonthepremiseofincreasinglaborproductivity,andpromotetheproductionprocess.Avirtuouscirclewilllowerthepricesofconsumergoodsandimprovetheactuallivingstandardsofthepeople.Atthesametime,theemploymentstructureandeconomicstructurewilldevelopinharmony.
Strategictasks
First,controlthepopulation.China'stotalpopulationis1.3billion,accountingfor21%oftheworld'stotalpopulation.Duetothelargepopulationbase,despitetheactiveimplementationoffamilyplanning,theannualnetincreaseinpopulationstillreachesabout13million.OverpopulationistheprimaryprobleminChina:thepressureonlaborandemploymentisfurtherincreasing,theproblemofpopulationaginghasbecomemoreprominent,andthecontradictionsbetweenpopulationandsociety,resources,andtheenvironmentarestillsharp.Therefore,whileworkinghardtodevelopproduction,itisnecessarytostabilizethecurrentfamilyplanningpolicy,establishasoundpolicyenvironmentandacompleteregulationandguaranteesystem,strengthenthelegalsystemforpopulationandfamilyplanningwork,andimprovethelevelofadministrationaccordingtolaw.Whiledoingagoodjobinfamilyplanningthroughoutthecountry,wewillcontinuetofocusourworkonruralareas,especiallytheruralareasinthecentralandwesternregions,incorporatepopulationissuesintotheoverallplanningoftheWesternDevelopmentStrategy,andgiveplaytotheexemplaryroleofcitiesandeasternregionstopromotepopulationandplanning.Balanceddevelopmentofreproductivework.Controllingpopulationgrowthisconducivetoacceleratingtheaccumulationoffunds,acceleratingeconomicdevelopment,andlayinganincreasinglysolidmaterialfoundationforimprovingthequalityofthepopulation.
Second,attachgreatimportancetoandvigorouslydevelopeducation,scienceandtechnologyundertakings.Educationandscientificandtechnologicalundertakingsaregreatundertakingsforthedevelopmentofintellectualresourcesandthebasicwaytoimprovethescientificandtechnologicalqualityofthepopulation.Themosturgenttaskatthemomentistovigorouslypromotequalityeducation,reformbasiceducation,andrealizethetransitionfromtest-orientededucationtoqualityeducation,sothateducationcanbetterserveeconomicdevelopment,adapttothereformofthecountry’spoliticalandeconomicsystems,andimplementthecountry’s“rejuvenatingthecountrythroughscienceandeducation”and“rejuvenatingthecountrythroughscienceandeducation”."Sustainabledevelopment"strategicdecision.
3.Furtherimprovemedicalandhealthconditions,expandcollectivewelfare,andprotectthehealthofwomenandchildren.Inshort,givefullplaytothesuperiorityofthesocialistsystem,developChina'seconomy,culture,scienceandtechnologyassoonaspossible,andrealizethefourmodernizationsassoonaspossible.ThisisthefundamentalwaytoimprovethequalityofChina'spopulation.
Improvingthequalityofthepopulationisafundamental,long-term,andhugestrategictask.Itincludesastronghumanbody,agoodculture,noblemorals,thepursuitofknowledge,hardworkandcourage,fromyoungchildrentooldage,Fromphysiologytopsychology,fromnaturalmaterialbasistofamilysocialenvironment,wemustcontinuouslyimprovethequalityofthepopulationinalldirections.Allmaterialandspiritualcivilizationsthatarebeneficialtoimprovingthequalityofthepopulationshouldbeadheredto;everythingthatmateriallyandspirituallyharmsthepeople'sphysicalandmentalhealthandhinderstheimprovementofthepopulation'squalityshouldberesolutelyresisted.Toimprovethequalityofthepopulationrequiresagoodeducationsystem,butatthesametimeitshouldrelyonallaspectsoflifefromchildhoodtooldage,fromindividuals,familiestosociety,throughouttheentirelifeandproductionactivities,andusebothpositiveandnegativeexperiencestoeducatethepeople.
Relationshipwithcrime
Populationqualityreferstothecomprehensiveconceptoftheideologicalandmoralquality,scientificandculturalquality,andphysicalqualityofthesocialpopulation.Acrimeisanactcommittedbyaspecificpersoninsocietythatendangersthesociety.Whetherapersoncommitsacrimeiscertainlyaffectedbysocialfactors,butmoreimportantly,itisdeterminedbyhisownquality.Therefore,thequalityofthepopulationhasanimportantimpactoncrime.
Thecoreofideologicalandmoralqualityistheoutlookonlifeandsocialmorality.Withthechangesinsociallifepatternsandpeople'srequirementsformaterialenjoyment,somepeople'svaluesandethicshavechanged,andtheirideologicalandmoralqualitieshavedeclined,pursuingabsurdanddecadent,luxuriousanddebaucherylives,ignoringsocialmoralityandlegalnorms.Itshowsthatlowideologicalandmoralqualityistheideologicalbasisforcriminalbehavior,andtheideologicalqualityofthepopulationisinverselyproportionaltothegrowthofcrime.
Theculturalqualityofthepopulationisdirectlyaffectedbythelevelofsocialproductivity.China'slargepopulation,weakfoundation,andunderdevelopedproductivityhavelefteducationinabackwardstate,especiallyinthevastruralareas.Thelossofexistingprimaryandsecondaryschoolstudentsisserious,andthenumberofnewilliterateandsemi-illiteratepeoplehasincreased.Illiteracywillinevitablyleadtolegalilliteracy.Idon’tknowhowtousethelawtoregulateone’sbehavior,anddealwiththingsaccordingtoone’sownfeelingsandwishes.Thisisalsothecauseofsomepeople’scrimes.Illiteracywillinevitablyleadtofeudalsuperstitionandignorance.Inourprovince,crimescausedbyfeudalsuperstitionandignoranceoftenoccur,indicatingthatthepopulation'sculturalqualityisinverselyproportionaltotheincreaseincrime.
Thephysicalfitnessofthepopulationisaffectedbynaturalattributes,namelygeneticfactors,andiscloselyrelatedtopeople'sconsumptionlevels.SincethefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,thephysiqueandhealthoftheChinesepeoplehavebeengreatlyimproved,andtheaveragelifeexpectancyhasbeenextended.However,duetovariousreasons,thephysicalfitnessofourpopulationisnothigh,andtherearestillaconsiderablenumberofpeoplewithlowenergy,lowintelligence,psychologicalabnormalities,andmentalabnormalities.Studieshaveshownthattheabove-mentionedmentallyandphysicallyunhealthypeoplehaveamuchhighercrimeprobabilitythanhealthypeople.Therefore,theproportionofphysicallyandmentallyunhealthypeopleinthetotalpopulationisalsorelatedtocrime.
Tosumup,thepopulationproblemiscloselyrelatedtocrimeandisanimportantrelatedfactoraffectingcrime.Therefore,adheretofamilyplanningandeffectivelycontrolpopulationgrowth;formulatemanagementandservicemethodsforfloatingpopulation,strengthenmanagementandservicesforfloatingpopulation;strengthenspiritualcivilization,andstrivetoimprovetheideologicalandmoralqualityofthepopulation;increaseinvestmentineducationandimprovetheeducationlevelofthepopulation;carryoutThepublicityandresearchofeugenics,andtheformulationandimplementationofmeasures,policiesandlawstoimprovethequalityofthebirthpopulationwillsurelyrestrainthegrowingcrimeinChina.
Basicsuggestions
1.AvoiddisabilityTheemergenceofbabiesisanimportantaspectofimprovingpopulationquality
Second,avoidtheemergenceofweaklyintelligentbabies,whichisthecoreofimprovingpopulationquality.
Third,avoidingmajordiseasesisalsothefocusofpopulationquality.
Differenceandconnection
"Populationquality"and"Populationquality"aregenerallyconsideredtobetwoconceptsthathavenoessentialdifferencebutexpressdifferentconcepts.IntermsoffrequencyofuseThelatterisjusttaller.Regardingwhether"populationquality"and"populationquality"arethesameconcept,therearegenerallytwoopinions:onethinksthatthetwoareexactlythesameanddonotneedtobeuseddifferently;theotherthinksthatfromtheperspectiveoflogicalstratification,thetwoTherearedifferencesbetweenthem,sotheyneedtobeuseddifferently.Becausepopulationqualityhasabroadermeaningthanpopulationquality,itisaconceptcommensuratewithpopulationquantity.Populationqualityisthegeneralizationofacertaincharacteristicorsymbolofthepopulation,suchasculturalquality,physicalquality,ideologicalandmoralquality,etc.Thesumofthemconstitutesthepopulationquality.Thereisnosymmetricalconceptforasinglequalityconcept.
Populationnumbermeansthesizeofthepopulationinacertainspace,anditisrealizedbypopulationnumber.Withthedevelopmentofsocialproductivity,populationqualityisthevariouscharacteristicsofthepopulationunderacertainpopulationsize.Inasense,thepopulationoverallreferstothequantityandqualityofthepopulationundercertainconditions,thatis,thequantityandqualityofthepopulation.Qualityisaninseparableissuefromtwoaspects.Acertainpopulationmustbecomposedofacertainqualityofpopulation,andthequalityofacertainpopulationcanonlybereflectedbyacertainpopulation.Therefore,improvingpopulationqualitymustbecombinedwithpopulationquantity,culturalquality,andphysicalquality.