Founder
RaymondB.Cattell:Cartel(1905-1998),anAmericanpsychologist,firstappliedfactoranalysistostudypersonality.Hisresearchonpsychologicaltests,themeasurementofindividualdifferences,andtheadvocacyofappliedpsychologyhavestronglypromotedthefunctionalistmovementofAmericanpsychology.The"16PersonalityFactorsTest"compiledbyhimiswidelyused.
In1905,RaymondCartelwasborninStaffordshire,England.
In1921,heenteredtheUniversityofLondon,majoringinphysicsandchemistry,andreceivedabachelorofscience3yearslater.Aftergraduation,heenteredtheUniversityofLondongraduateschoolmajoringinliteratureandphilosophy,andsuccessivelyreceivedamasterofartsandadoctorateofphilosophy..
From1928to1931,hewasalecturerattheUniversityofExeter,England;
From1932to1937,hefoundedandpresidedoverthePsychologicalClinicinLeicester,England.
In1937,hewasinvitedbythefamousAmericanpsychobiologistE·ThunderketoworkforayearintheTeachersCollegeofColumbiaUniversity,andthenlecturedatClarkUniversityandHarvardUniversityrespectively.
1944Yearslater,heworkedfortheUniversityofIllinoisforalongtime.
Carteldividespersonalitytraitsintosuperficialtraitsandroottraits.Superficialtraitsrefertotraitsthatcanbedirectlyobservedbyexternalbehaviors,andsuperficialtraitswillnotchangeovertime.Theroottraitsareinternal,andthemostbasicpersonalitytraitsthatdeterminethesurfacetraitsarethosestabletraitsthatarethebasicfactorsofthepersonalitystructure.Theroottraitsneedtobeobtainedthroughrigorousscientificmethods.
ThemostprominentcontributionofCartelliesintheapplicationofstatisticalmethodsoffactoranalysistothestudyofpersonalitypsychology.Cartelfoundatotalof16roottraits,andcompiledthe"sixteenpersonalityfactorquestionaire"(16PF).Thisquestionnairecanalsobecalled"CartelSixteenPersonalityFactorsScale"or"CartelSixteenPersonalityFactorsTest",whichisrecognizedasthemostauthoritativepersonalitytestmethodintheworld,anditiswidelyusedinclinicalmedicineforpsychologicaldisorders.Researchonthepersonalitycharacteristicsof,behavioraldisorders,andpsychosomaticdiseasesisalsoofgreatreferencevaluefortheselectionandtrainingoftalents.
PersonalityTraitTheory
(1)Allport’sTraitTheory
Allportproposedthepersonalitytraittheoryforthefirsttime.Allportdividestraitsintocommontraitsandpersonaltraits.
Commontraitsarethesametraitssharedbymostpeopleoragroupinacertainsocialandculturalform.Whenstudyingtheculturaldifferencesofpersonality,youcancomparethecommontraitsindifferentcultures.Personaltraitsrefertotheuniquetraitsofanindividual.Personaltraitsaredividedintoprimarytraits,centraltraits,andsecondarytraits.Theprimarytraitsarethemosttypicalandgeneraltraitsofaperson;thecentraltraitsareseveralimportanttraitsthatmakeuptheindividual’suniqueness,andeachpersonhasabout5to10centraltraits;thesecondarytraitsaresomeoftheindividual’suniquetraits.Traitsthataretooimportantarenotdisplayedundernormalcircumstances.Itisoftenonlymanifestedunderspecialcircumstances.
(2)Cartel’stheoryofpersonalitytraits
Cartelusesfactoranalysistoanalyzepersonalitytraitsandproposesatheoreticalmodelbasedonthetheoryofpersonalitytraits.Themodelisdividedintofourlevels,namelyindividualtraitsandcommontraits,surfacetraitsandroottraits,physicaltraitsandenvironmentaltraits,dynamictraits,abilitytraitsandtemperamenttraits.
1.Individualtraitsandcommontraits:thesameasAllport’stheoryoftraits.
2.Surfacecharacteristicsandrootcharacteristics:Surfacecharacteristicsarecharacteristicsthatcanbedirectlyobservedfromexternalbehavior.Roottraitsaretheunderlyingbasisthatrestrictssurfacetraitsandaretheinternalfactorsofpersonality.
3.Physicaltraitsandenvironmentaltraits:Thesetwotraitscanbedistinguishedfromtheroottraits.Physicalcharacteristicsaredeterminedbyinnatebiologicalfactors,suchasexcitabilityandemotionalstabilityin16PF.Environmentalcharacteristicsaredeterminedbyacquiredenvironmentalfactors,suchasanxietyandpersistencein16PF.
4.Motivationaltraits,abilitytraitsandtemperamentaltraits:Motivationaltraitshavedynamiccharacteristicsthatmaketheindividualmovetowardsacertaingoal.Includingphysicaldrive,attitudeandsentiment.Abilitytraitsaremanifestedinthedifferencesinperceptionandmovement,includingfluidintelligenceandcrystalintelligence.Temperamenttraitsarethetraitsthatdeterminethespeedandintensityofaperson'semotionalresponse.Cartelusedthemethodoffactoranalysistoputforward16mutuallyindependentrootcharacteristics,thuscompilingthe"Cartel16PersonalityFactorsQuestionnaire."Hebelievesthateveryonehasthese16characteristics,buttheperformanceofdifferentpeopleisdifferentindegree.Therefore,aquantitativeanalysisofpersonalitycanbecarriedout.
(3)ModernTraitTheory
1.Eysenckproposeda"three-factormodel"ofpersonalitybasedonfactoranalysis.Thethreefactorsare:
(1)Extraversion:manifestedasthedifferencebetweeninternalandexternaltendencies;
(2)Neuroticism:manifestedasthedifferenceinemotionalstability;
(3)Mentalquality:manifestedinnegativepersonalitycharacteristicssuchasloneliness,coldness,hostility,andweirdness.
Thedifferentlevelsofperformanceonthesethreefactorsconstituteavarietyofpersonalitycharacteristics.EysenckcompiledtheEysenckPersonalityQuestionnairebasedonthismodel,whichhasbeenwidelyusedinpersonalityevaluation.
2.TheBigFiveTheoryofPersonality(TheBigFive)
Tapesusedlexicalmethodstoreanalyzecartel'straitvariablesandfoundfiverelativelystablepersonalityfactors.
Opennesstoexperience:Reflectsthecharacteristicsofimagination,aesthetics,emotionalrichness,seekingdifference,creativity,andintelligence.
Conscientiousness:Showsthequalitiesofcompetence,fairness,organization,duediligence,achievement,self-discipline,prudence,andrestraint.
Extraversion:Itischaracterizedbypassion,sociality,decisiveness,activeness,adventurousness,andoptimism.
Agreeableness:Reflectstraitssuchastrust,frankness,altruism,compliance,humility,empathy,etc.
Emotionalinstability(neuroticism):includinganxiety,hostility,depression,self-awareness,impulsivity,vulnerability,etc.
Thefirstletterofthesefivetraitsconstitutestheword"OCEAN",whichrepresentstheoceanofpersonality.McCreeandCostacompiledthe"BigFivePersonalityFactorsMeasurementScale."Thisisoneofthemostwidelyusedpersonalitymeasurementscales.
3.Seven-factormodel
Triganetal.useddifferentwordselectionprinciplestoobtainsevenfactors,whichconstitutedaseven-factormodel.Thesevenfactorsare:positiveemotion,negativevalence,positivevalence,negativeemotion,reliability,pleasantness,andcontinuity.
Second,typetheory
TypetheorywasproducedinGermanyinthe1930sand1940s.Itismainlyusedtodescribethepsychologicaldifferencebetweenonetypeofpersonandanother,thatis,personality.Thedifferenceintype.Therearethreemaintypesoftheories:
(1)Single-typetheory
Single-typeisdeterminedbasedonwhetheragroupofpeoplehasaparticularpersonality.Themosttypicalsingle-typetheoryistheT-typepersonalitytheory,whichwasproposedbytheAmericanpsychologistFrankFarley.TypeTpersonalityisapersonalitytraitthatisadventurousandthrilling.
SubdivisionofT-typepersonality:
Accordingtothenatureofrisk-takingbehavior,itisdividedinto:T+andT-.
T+:indicatesthattherisk-takingbehavioristowardsahealthy,positive,andcreativedirection.Suchasracing,adventure,etc.
T+typepersonalitycanbedividedintophysicalT+typeandintelligenceT+typeaccordingtoactivitycharacteristics.
PhysicalT+:Suchasathletes.
IntelligenceT+:Suchasscientists'explorationofnewscienceandtechnology.
T-:Indicatesthatadventurousbehaviorisdestructive,suchasalcoholism,drugabuse,violence,etc.
(2)TheoryofOppositeTypes
Itisdeterminedbasedontwooppositedirectionsofacertainpersonalitycharacteristic.
1.TypeA-BPersonality
FreemanandRothmandescribetheTypeA-Bpersonalitytype,whichisoftenusedwhenpeoplestudytherelationshipbetweenpersonalityandworkpressurePersonalitytype.
TypeApersonality:impatientpersonality,lackofpatience.Highdesireforachievement,strongself-motivated,hardworkingspirit,workcommitment,asenseoftimeurgencyandasenseofcompetition,agilemovements,fastspeech,andlifeinatensestate.Poorsocialadaptabilityisakindofunstablepersonality.
TypeBpersonality:gentletemperament,stablebehavior,strongsenseofsatisfactionwithworkandlife,likeaslow-pacedlife,canbecompetentforworkthatrequirespatienceandcarefulthinking.
2.Introvertedpersonality
ThefamousSwisspersonalitypsychologistJungdividedthepersonalitytypesaccordingtotheirpsychologicalinclinations,andfirstproposedthetheoryofintrovertedpersonalitytypes.
Introverted:directinterestandfocustothesubject.
Extroversion:Pointinginterestsandconcernstoexternalobjects.
Characteristicsofintrovertedpersonality:self-analysis,cautiousness,thoughtfulness,narrowinteraction,andsometimesdifficultiesinadapting.
Characteristicsofextrovertedpersonality:focusontheexternalworld,emotionalexposure,enthusiasm,decisiveness,independence,goodcommunication,quickaction,etc.
3.Psychoanalyticpersonalitytheory
ThepersonalitytheoryofpsychoanalysisisrepresentedbyFreud’stheory.Hispersonalitytheoryincludesthefollowingbasiccontents:
(1)Personalitymotivationtheory:
Thecoreofpersonalityistheinnerpsychologicaleventsoftheperson.Thesepsychologicaleventsinitiatethebehaviororconstitutetheintentionofthebehavior.Thesourceofmotivationforhumanbehaviorispsychologicalenergy,whichcomesfrominnatedriveandinstinct.Themotivationforbehaviorisusuallyunconscious.
(2)Personalitystructureincludesthefollowingthreecomponents:
Theid:thesatisfactionofinstinctiveneeds,followingtheprincipleofhappiness;
Ego(ego):Followtheprinciplesofreality;
Superego:Followtheprinciplesofideals.
Theidistheunconsciouspart,andtheegoandthesuperegoaretheconsciouspart,whichbelongtothepersonalitycontrolsystem.
(3)Self-defensemechanism
referstothepsychologicalstrategiesusedbytheselftoprotectoneselffromthevariousconflictsexperiencedindailylife.Commononesare:
1.Repression;2.Projection;3.Rationalization;4.Reverseeffect;5.Sublimation;6.Transfer,etc.
(4)Personalitydevelopmentview
Freudexplainedindividualpsychologywithconceptssuchasoralperiod,analperiod,genitalperiod,incubationperiod,sexualsymptomperiod,identity,andOedipuscomplexThecourseofdevelopment.
HumanNatureStructure
Fromtheperspectiveofspatialstructure,theelementsofhumannatureincludetenelementsofbehavior,form,emotion,spirit,cognition,purpose,history,future,multi-facetedandchangeableBasiclevel.Undertheeffectoftime,behaviordeterminesrelationships,physicalcharacteristics,emotionsaffectattitudes,mentalachievementtemperament,cognitiveleftandrightabilities,goalsdetermineplans,historybringsexperience,andthefuturesetsideals,sothatthecontentofhumannaturecanbesummarizedasbehavioralrelationships.,Physicalcharacteristics,emotionalattitude,mentaltemperament,cognitiveability,purposeplan,historicalexperience,futureideals,multi-faceted,multi-dimensionalandchangeableandpolymorphictencategories,therearetransitionsbetweenthevarioustypes,resultinginnewproperties,atotalofeighteenBigcategory.
Thenatureofhumans
1.Openness:Describewhetheryouarewillingtointeractwithothersandfocusonharmoniousdevelopment;
2.Perfection:Describethedegreeofpursuingperfectionandemphasizingthegoalplan;
3.Authenticity:describethedegreeofresearchandperfectionofthings;
4.Cognitive:Describewhethertheaccumulationofknowledgeisimportant,includingthelevelofintelligence;
5.Achievement:Describewhethertofocusonthedegreeofachievement;
6.Strength:Describewhetheryouarewillingtodominateandinfluenceothers;
7.Romance:Describedinthedegreeofromance;
8.Giving:Describewhetheryouarewillingtogivetoothers,includingbenevolence,kindness,filialpiety,justice,etc.;
9.Activeness:describethedegreeofexcitementandactivityofemotions;
10.Physicality:describethestatusofphysicalcharacteristicsandthedegreeofemphasisonenjoyment;
11.Doubtful:Describewhetheryoutendtoexplorethemotivesofothers;
12.Easy-going:Describethedegreeofpeace,easy-goingandquiet;
13.Tradition:Describethedegreeofadherencetotradition;
14.Freedom:describethedegreeofemphasisonfreedom;
15.Wisdom:Describecreativeabilityanddegreeofwisdom;
16.Imagination:Describesthedegreetowhichimaginationisemphasizedandthepursuitofperfection.
17.Multi-faceted:Describethecomplexityofpersonality;
18.Variety:Describethedegreeofalertness;
Characteristhestyle(levelordegree)ofhumandevelopment.Thenatureof18people,eachwith4levels,makesatotalof72personalities.