Personalitypsychologicalcharacteristics
Theformationofpersonalitypsychologicalcharacteristicsisrelativelystable.Forexample,apersonisgrumpyandoutgoing.Itsmeaningistounderstandandseethispersonthroughaperiodoftime.Somebehaviorsproducesuchevaluations.Therefore,psychologicalcharacteristicshaverelativelystablecharacteristicsoveraperiodoftime.
Personalitypsychologicalcharacteristicsdonotexistinisolationinthepersonalitystructure,theyarerestrictedbypersonalitytendencies.Forexample,abilityandpersonalityareformed,stabilized,orchangedundertheimpetusofmotivationandideals,andtheyalsoneedtorelyonmotivationalmechanismssuchasmotivationandidealstobemanifested.Thetworestrictandinteractwitheachother,sothattheindividualshowstheconsistencyintimeandinthesituation,andreflectstheindividual'sbehavior.
Ability
Abilityisthepsychologicalcharacteristicthatenablesapersontosuccessfullycompleteanactivity.Itdiffersfromtemperamentandcharacterinthatabilitycanonlybemanifestedthroughactivities.Ofcourse,thedifferencesinpersonalityandtemperamentwillalsobereflectedinactivities,butthementalcharacteristicsthatarenecessaryandnecessarytocompletetheactivityareability.Forexample,theactivityofcompletingapaintingrequiresanorganiccombinationofdifferentabilitiessuchascolordiscriminationability,imagethinkingability,andspatialimaginationability.Itshouldbenotedthatabilityisnotthesameasknowledgeandskills.Knowledgeisthestorageofinformationinthemind,andskillsarethemeansofactionthatanindividualmasters.Whensolvingamathproblem,thedefinitionsandformulasusedbelongtoknowledge,andtheflexibilityandrigorofthinkingintheprocessofsolvingtheproblembelongtoability.Learningtorideabicycleisaskill,andtheflexibilityandbodybalancereflectedintheprocessofmasteringthisskillisanability.
Usuallytherearefourcategoriesofability
1.Imitationabilityandcreativeability
Imitationabilityreferstotheabilitytoimitateandcopyexistingbehaviorpatterns.Creativeabilityistheabilityrelatedtodivergentthinking,andtheabilitytogeneratenewthinkingorganization.
2.Fluidabilityandcrystalability
Fluidabilityreferstotheabilityshownintheprocessofinformationprocessingandproblemsolving.ItislessdependentonthecontentofcultureandknowledgeanddeterminesForpersonalendowment.Crystalabilityreferstotheabilitytoacquireknowledgeoflanguageandmathematics.Itdeterminesacquiredlearningandhasacloserelationshipwithsocialculture.Thecrystallineabilityhasbeendevelopingthroughouthislife,andthedevelopmentspeedslowsdownaftertheageof25.
3.Generalabilityandspecialability
Generalabilityistheabilitythatapersonshowsingeneralactivities,suchasmemory.Specialabilityistheabilitythatapersonshowsunderspecialcircumstances,suchasspeechability.
4.Cognitiveability,operationalabilityandsocialability
Cognitiveabilityreferstocognitive-relatedabilities,includingmemory,thinking,imaginationandsoon.Manipulativeabilityistheabilityofapersontocontrolthemovementofthelimbs.Socialcompetencereferstothecomprehensivesocialcompetencethatapersonusesinsocialinteractions.
Temperament
Temperamentisthedynamiccharacteristicofthementalactivitythatapersonisbornwith.Itcanrefertoaperson’stemperamentortemperament,orthetendencyofaperson’smoodtochangewiththechangeofthesituation.,Thatis,theindividual’stendencytoreflect.
1.Temperamentisinnate
Forthiskindofcongenitaldifference,JapanesepsychologistFurukawaTakejioncethoughtthatitwascausedbydifferentbloodtypes.L.BermanbelievedthattemperamentDeterminedbytheactivityofacertainendocrinegland.SincetheSovietpsychologistandbiologistPapulovdiscussedthevariouscharacteristicsandjudgmentmethodsofadvancedneuralactivity,mostresearchershaveagreedthatthephysiologicalbasisoftemperamentistheneuraltype.Forexample,ininfancy,thereisthemostdirectmanifestationoftemperament.Somebabiescryandhaveashorttemper,whilesomebabiesarequietandeasytomaketrouble.
AccordingtoPapulov’sresearch,theneuralprocesses(excitementandinhibition)ofthecerebralcortexhavethreebasiccharacteristics:strength,balanceandflexibility.Intensityreferstotheworkingabilityandboundariesofnervecellsandtheentirenervoussystem,balancereferstotherelativerelationshipbetweenexcitementandinhibitionofthetwoneuralprocesses,andflexibilityreferstotherateatwhichtheexcitementprocesschanges.Basedonthedifferentmanifestationsofthesethree,Papulovproposedfourtypesofadvancedneuralactivity:excited,active,quietandinhibited,correspondingtothefourtemperamenttypes:bile,bloody,mucous,anddepression.quality.
Neuraltype(temperamenttype) | Strength | Balance | Flexibility | Behavioralcharacteristics |
Excitedtype(biliaryquality) | Strong | Unbalanced | Strongaggressiveness,easytoexcite,unconstrained,uninhibited | |
activetype(Bloodquality) | Strong | Balance | Flexible | Lively,active,flexible,sociable |
Quiettype(mucoidquality) | Strong | Balance | Inert | Quiet,firm,slow,restrained,poorcommunication |
inhibitory(depressive) | Weak | Timidshrinking,strongpassivedefenseresponse | p>
Amongthem,thedepressivenervesareweakandthenervoussystemisweak,soitdoesnotmatteritsbalanceandflexibility.Therefore,thedepressivenervesarebalancedandThereisnospecificmanifestationofflexibility.Anindividual'stemperamenttypecanbecompletelyinoneofthefourtypes,anditcanalsoshowamixedtemperamenttypeatthesametime,suchasbile-bloodtype,depression-mucoidtypeandsoon.
2.Temperamentalsochangeswiththeinfluenceoftheenvironmentandself-controlmechanisms
ThepsychologistJ.Rowerfoundthatmostofthestablecomponentsintemperamentaredeterminedbygenetics,andMostofthesechangesarecausedbytheenvironment.Theinfluenceofenvironmentontemperamentismainlyformedthroughcomplexbrainmechanismsandself-controlmechanisms.Amongallcontrolmechanisms,self-conceptisthemostimportantcontrolmechanism,becausewhatkindofpersonanindividualwantstobeaffectshisbehavior.
Character
Characterisanindividual'sstableattitudetowardsrealityandahabitualizedbehavior.Forexample,apersonshowsenthusiasmandkindnesstoothersonanyoccasion.Thepsychologicalcharacteristicofthisstableattitudetowardspeopleandhabitualbehaviorispersonality.
Characteristicsareasfollows:
(1)Personalityisahabitualattitudeandbehavior.Thecharacteristicofaperson'soccasionalperformanceisnotanexpressionofcharacter.
(2)Personalityismainlyformedintheinteractionwiththeenvironment.Thereisasayingthat"environmentshapescharacter".
(3)Personalitycanchangeinthedayaftertomorrow.Personalitygraduallystabilizesmainlyinlateadolescence,butitmayalsobechangedduetotheimpactofmajoreventsinadulthoodorthroughsubjectiveeffort.
(4)Personalityandtemperamentaretwocompletelydifferentconcepts,buttheyhaveaninteraction.Firstofall,theyarealsoaffectedbythenervetype,butfortemperament,thenervetypeisitsdirectphysiologicalbasis,andforpersonality,thenervetypeisonlyitsbiologicalbasis,andthedevelopmentofpersonalityismainlyaffectedbytheacquiredenvironment.Paplovpointedoutthatpersonalityisanalloyformedbynervetypeandacquiredlifeenvironment,thatis,personalityhasacertaingeneticcolor,butalsorevealstheobviousimprintofacquiredlifeexperience.Thisshowsthatpersonalityhasbothbiologicalandsocialcharacteristics.Moderncognitiveneuroscienceresearchhasfoundthatalthoughthenervetypedoesnotchangetoomuchinthedayaftertomorrow,thesynapsesofthenervecanbeconnecteddifferentlyduetothestimulusintheacquiredlife.Asaresult,individualsofthesamenervetypemayhavedifferentconnections.Characterperformance.Secondly,theexpressionofpersonalitycanbefoundintheattributevocabularyofreallife.Again,althoughthetwoareinthesameline,thepersonalitywithsimilartemperamentcanhaveacompletelydifferentpersonalityduetochangesintheenvironmentinthefuture.Therefore,temperamentisrelativelystable,butpersonalitycanundergogreatchanges.