Opensourcesoftwareismainlydevelopedbyateamofprogrammersscatteredallovertheworld,butatthesametimesomeuniversities,governmentagencycontractors,associationsandcommercialcompaniesalsodevelopit.OpensourcesoftwarehashistoricallybeenverycloselyrelatedtoUNIXandtheInternet.Manydifferenthardwareneedstobesupportedinthesesystems,andsourcecodedistributionistheonlypracticalwaytoachievecross-platformportability.OnlyafewusershaveavailablecompilersonDOS,Windows,andMacintoshplatforms,andopensourcesoftwareisevenlesscommon.Foramoredetaileddiscussionoftheopensourcedevelopmentmodel,see"TheCathedralandtheBazaar"byEricRaymond.
Whyopen-sourcesoftwarehasarelationshipwiththesoftwaremarket
Traditionalcommercialsoftwarehashugeadvertisingandtrademarkbudgets.Behindthese,toomuchattentionhasbeenpaidtoit.Itgoesbeyonditsimportance.Traditionalcommercialsoftwareisinfactonlyaverysmallpartofallsoftware.Lion(Lion)isdevelopedbyvariousorganizationsandfortheirowninternalneeds.Internallydevelopedsourcecode,especiallythesharingofimportantsourcecodeorderedbytheU.S.government,hasalicensefordevelopingsourcecode.Thisisactuallybecausethevastmajorityofsoftwareexpertsdonotwritecommercialsoftware.
Itisdifficulttoquantitativelydescribetheoverallimpactandaveragebenefitsofopensourcesoftware,butitisclearthatbotharewidelyspreadbythepublicandtheirvalueisunderestimated.Manyopensourcesoftwareisnowsupportedbycommercialdevelopment.Atthesametime,thesuccessoftheopensourcebusinessmodelandthehighproductionefficiencyandhighqualityofopensourcedevelopmentpersuadedNetscape(companyname)todecideinearly1998todevelopitsbrowserunderanopensourcelicense.
Thereisnowahugemotivationtopromotetheopensourcemovement.Itisveryinterestingtoseesomanytraditionalcommercialdevelopershavetoseekdevelopmentinordertokeeppacewithhim.Thecomputerindustryhasalreadyseenseveralexcitingwavesofdevelopmentandinnovation.Forexample,thefirstmicrocomputerinthe1970s,themassproductionofdaily-usemicrocomputersfromthemid-1980stothepresent,andtheInternetinthesameperiodTheriseofthe(Internet).Commercialsoftwareusinganopensourcemodelmaybethenextimportantnewtrend.
Thedifferencebetweenopensourcesoftwareandfreesoftware
Inhistory,manypeoplehavedevelopedsuchasoftware(thatis,thebasisoffreesoftware)referredtoas"freesoftware",andthemediagenerallycallitAs"freeware".Unfortunately,bothtermshaveproventobeambiguousandambiguous.
Formostpeople,"free"isonlyusedforpurchasecosts.Moreimportantthanthisinitialcostisthecostduetothelackoflicenserestrictions.Theseareseveraltypesofsoftwarethatmaybefree,butobviouslynotopen-sourcesoftwarebecausetheyhavecertainlimitationsorlackofopensourcecode.
Maincategories
Shareware
Shareware.Allowotherstocopyfreelyandchargeareasonableregistrationfee.Theusercantryitforfreewithinthetrialperiodspecifiedbythesoftware,andthendecidewhethertoregisterforpurchaseornot.Mostsharewaresoftwarehasfunctionsandtimelimits.Thetrialperiodisusuallydividedinto7days,21days,and30days.Andsomesharewarealsorestrictuserstoinstallitonlyonce,anditwillbeinvalidifdeletedandreinstalled.SoftwarelikeWinzip,ACDSee,etc.isshareware.
Demos/"Crippleware"
Freeorlow-costtrialsoftwareispartofcommercialsoftware.Ithasnofreelyavailablesourcecode,nosupport,andusuallylackskeyfeatures.
BundledSoftware
Itiscarriedbycommercialsoftwareanddoesnotrequireadditionalcosts,butitgenerallyhasaverylimitedlicenseandnofreelyavailablesourcecode.Forexample:MicrosoftInternetExplore."Consortium-Ware":Thesourcecodeissharedbythecompany'sinternalstaff,butthereisnofreelyavailablesourcecodetothepublic.Forexample:Motif."Non-commercialuseonly":ThisisatypicalsoftwarethatcanbedownloadedfromtheInternetforfree,evenwiththesourcecode,butatthesametimeithasastrictlicensetorestrictitsuse.Forexample:someOpen-sourcelicensetypesofNetscapebrowsersbefore1998
BSD(BerkeleySourceDistribution)license:itrequirescopyrightandauthorshipdeclaration
GPL
p>TheGeneralPublicLicense("CopyLeft")prohibitsrestrictionsonderivingordistributingproducts.
LGPL
Thelibrarygenerallicense,whichisdifferentfromtheGPLlicense,underthislicense,thelibrary(functionlibrary)canbefreelylinkedtotheproprietarysoftware.
ArtisticLicense
allowstheauthortomaintaincontroloverfurtherdevelopment.
NPL(NetscapePublicLincense)
AnewlicensebasedonthespiritofGPL,butmaintainsmorecontrolandownershipofthesourcecode(pleasesee"WhatNetscapedevelops"belowThissection)
PublicDomain/NotCopyrighted/NoRestrictions:Usuallyusedfordecisivealgorithmstoencouragewidespreaduse,usuallybytheUSgovernment.
SomeexamplesofOpen-sourcesoftware
Therearenowhundredsofmatureopen-sourceproductsthatarewidelyused.Thesearesomeofthemostfamous:
Corncart
ThelatestopensourceelectronicsoftwaredevelopedbyOSICInformationTechnologyCo.,Ltd.combinesalltheadvantagesofallpreviouselectronicopensourcesoftware.Itisstillinthesecondarydevelopmentstage.
BSDUNⅨ
Softwarebasedonthe"BSD"licensedevelopedbytheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley.ManycommercialversionsofUNIXaredirectlybasedontheBSDsourcecodeormostlyborrowedfromitsdesign.
Linux:IthasgrownfromaresearchprojectofaFinnishuniversitystudenttothemostpopularnon-Microsoftoperatingsysteminthepastsixyears.InitiallyitwasonlydesignedforPCs,butnowitsupportsPalmPilots(smallpalmplatforms),large64-bitdigitalAlphaschipsupercomputers,andalmostanythinginbetween.Comparedwithtraditionaloperatingsystems,itismoreefficient,morereliable,andmoreadvanced.Itincludescompilers,libraries,andvarioustoolsfromtheFreeSoftwareFoundation,aswellasthousandsofopen-sourceproducts.TheLinuxplatformisasmallbutfast-growingbusinessindustryfoundation,orsoftwareinnovation.hotbed.ItisdevelopedbasedonGPLbycommercialcompaniesandfreeprogrammersscatteredallovertheworld.
Perllanguage
"Internettransmissionbelt",thebasisofthedynamiccontentofmostwebservers,iswidelyusedinscriptinglanguageprogrammingandautomateddocumentprocessing.ItwasdevelopedbythePerlInstituteundertheArtisticlicenseagreement.
GCC
GNUCcompileristhepreferredC/C++compileronmanyUnixplatforms,anditcanalsorunonotherplatforms;becauseitsupportsalmosteveryprocessor,itItisalsowidelypopularasacross-platformtool;itismaintainedanddevelopedbyFSFbasedonGPL.
XWindowSystem
Themostwidelyusednon-Microsoftwindowsystem,withadvancedcross-platformremoteexecutionfeatures,excellentperformance,andhighflexibility;itissimilartoBSDbyMITandXConsortiumDevelopedunderthelicenseagreement;otherenhancementsaredevelopedbyTheXFree86Projectcompany.
Internetbackbone:
BIND:BerkeleyInternetNameDaemon;isusedbyalmostallInternetdomainnameresolutionservers,anditsbehaviorislikeadistributedglobaldatabase;byISC(InternetSoftwareConsortium)maintenance.
BSDSendMail:Thehigheststandardofmailtransferagent.Nocommercialcompetitorcanmatchit.Itisabsolutelysafeandrobust;itisresponsibleforhandlingmorethan75%ofthemailtransmissiontasksontheInternet,includinggiantsiteslikeAOL-millionsofmessagesaresenteveryday.MaintainedbySendMailcompanybasedontheBSDlicenseagreement.
INN:InterNetnewsserver,whichmanipulatesmostoftheUsenetnewsontheInternetandalsoincludesmanycorporatenetworks.MaintainedbyISC(BSD)(BSDlicenseagreement).
Apache:Thepowerofmorethanhalfofthewebservers(farmorethanthenumberofMicrosoftandNetscapecombined),usedformorethanonemillionwebserversasearlyas1998.DevelopedbytheApacheorganization(maintainedunderaBSD-likelicense).
WU-FTPD:ThemostpopularFTPserverontheInternet,usedinalmostallFTPsites.ItwasoriginallydevelopedbyBryanO'ConnoronLouisStreet,UniversityofWashington,andisnowmaintainedbyAcademConsultingServicesandmanyvolunteers(BSDlicense).
Mainfeatures
Reducerisk:Havingsourcecodeallowscustomerstocontrolthetoolsthattheirbusinessdependson.Whenadeveloperofanopen-sourceproductraisestheprice,increasesunacceptablerestrictions,orusessomemethodsthatmakecustomersdissatisfied,anotherdifferentorganizationwillusethesourcecodetostartdevelopingnewproductstosolvetheoriginalorganization’sproblems.problem.Customerscanalsomaintainorfindotherstoimproveittomeettheirownrequirements.Thecustomercontrolsthesoftware,whichisunheardofinthetraditionalproprietarysoftwaremodel.Evensomewealthycustomersmayalleviatetheriskofseriousfinancialcrisisorthecompanybeingacquiredbyothercompaniesduetotheinternalproblemsoftraditionalsoftwarevendors.
Quality
Somestudieshaveshownthatopen-sourcesoftwarehasgreatreliabilityadvantagesoverothercomparablecommercialsoftware.Moreeffectivedevelopmentmodels,moreindependentpeerreviewofthecodeanddesign,andthegreatsenseofhonormostauthorshavefortheirownworks,allcontributetoitsexcellentquality.Somecompaniesevengivematerialrewardstothosewhofindbugs.
Transparency
Proprietarysoftwarehasmany"darkcorners"andmanybugsarehidden.Thesourcecodeisveryimportantfortroubleshootingandunderstandingtheworkingprincipleoftheproduct.Inlargesoftwarecompanies,onlyaverysmallnumberofpeoplehaveaccesstothesourcecode,andthesepeoplewhocanaccessthesourcecodeareusuallynotdirectlyaccessibletousers.Havingaccesstothesourcecodeisalsoveryimportantforfixingsecurityvulnerabilities.Someopensourceproducts-includingsomeoftheproductslistedabove-aresosuccessfulthattheircommercialcompetitorscannotsurvive.
Tailoring
Opensourcegivesusersgreatfreedom,enablingthemtocustomizesoftwareaccordingtotheirbusinessneeds.Largeorganizationscancutalotofexpensesandlaborcostsfromevensmallcustomizations.Users'mistakesandimprovementsareinturnacontributiontothestandardopensourcesoftwarepackage.Thisisnotpossibleintraditionalproprietarysoftwaredevelopment.
Favorablecopyrightlicenseandprice:definedasopensource,thesoftwarehasgreaterflexibilityincopyrightlicensingthanproprietarysoftware.Thiscangreatlyreducethecostandtimecausedbymoreinstallations,whichismorebeneficialtothoseorganizationswhoseprocurementprocessistime-consumingandlaborious.Itcanalsogiveusersmorefreedomtoinstallsoftware.
Whennottouseopensourcesoftware
Ifanopensourceproductcannotmeettheneedsofanorganizationwell,whileanotherproprietarysoftwarecan,andgetasatisfactoryfeatureIfthecostofproprietarysoftwareishigherthanthecostofdevelopingandmodifyinganopensourceproduct,itisbestnottouseopensourcesoftware.Butrefertothe"cutting"above.
Support
Someopen-sourcesoftwaretraditionalpaidsupportandtelephonesupport.Infact,nomatterwhat,thisisnotasseriousasaproductthathasneithersourcecodenorsupport.Pleaseseethesupportandopensourcesoftwaresection.
Mostopen-sourcesoftwaremainlysupportsUNⅨandLinuxsystems,andsometimesalsosupportsWindowsNT.Otherplatforms,suchasmainframes,areahugechallengeforportingopensourcesoftware.PortingsoftwarefromUNⅨtoWindowsNTwillcostalotofmoney.However.Theadvantagesofopensourcecanalmostmaketheplatformconversionmorecost-effective.
Mainissues
Installingopen-sourcesoftwaresometimesrequiressomemoretechnicalexperience,forexample,theabilitytoconfigureorcompilesourcecode.Theadvantagesofactivecodearereducedinsomecompaniesthatdonothavesoftwaredevelopmentexperts.Thecustomizationofopen-sourcealsorequiresconfigurationmanagementexperience.Inanycase,anyorganizationthathastheabove-mentionedtechnicalcapabilitieswillenjoytheadvantagesofopen-sourcewell.
Ifallexistingsystemsarewellsupportedandcompleted,thereisnoneedtochangethem.However,itisimportanttoreviewthisdecisionfromtimetotime,becausenewtechnologiesoftenmakethemobsolete.
Questionablereasonsforavoidingopen-sourcesoftware
Theseargumentsareoftenusedasexcusestoavoidusingopen-sourcesoftware,buttheyusuallydonotstanduptoscrutiny.
---Fearoftheunknown.
Asyoucanseeinthe"Examplesofopen-sourcesoftware"sectionabove,manyorganizationshavealreadyreliedheavilyonopen-sourcesoftware,regardlessofwhethertheirdecisionmakersareawareofit.Thisproblemhasbecomeeasiertosolveduetotheincreaseinthepublicityanduseofopen-sourcedevelopersandtheemergenceofmoresupporters.
---Wealreadyhaveahugeinvestmentinpurchasingcommercialsoftwarepackages.
Thisisjustaformofthe"necessarycostfallacy".Softwarelicenses,likerentpaidforofficebuildings,areconsumption,butnotinvestment.Ifotherproductscanachievetheneedsofyourorganizationwellandatalowercost,thenspendingmoneyonlow-levelsoftwareinthepastshouldnothaveanimpactondecision-making.Remember,youmayfaceseriouspoliticalopposition,whichcomesfromtheconservativeswhohavechosentofavortheuseofexpensive,low-levelproducts,andareunwillingtoadmittheirmistakes.Atthesametime,consideringthattheymaybeexpandedagain,theinvestmentintrainingstaffandrelatedinfrastructureiscompletelyreasonable.
---Ifsomethinggoeswrong,weneedsomeonetoberesponsible.
Althoughthissoundsreasonableintheory,itisfarbettertosuethesoftwaresupplierafterwehavesufferedfinanciallossesifweusereliablesoftwareproductsfromthebeginning.Almostallmajorsoftwarecompaniesuseend-userlicensesupporttosolvesomeoftheproblemsthatmayberesponsiblefortheirsoftware.MicrosoftandIBMhavelarge,first-classlegalstaff,makingitimpossibleforcustomerstosucceedintheircomplaints.Inthefuture,thelawmayincreasinglyfavorsoftwarevendors.
Open-sourceandsoftwaretechnicalsupport
Commercialsupportandcommunicationarealmostthemostconcernedissuesforcompaniesthatareusingopen-sourcesoftware.Paidsupportisalegitimateissue,butitisusuallyavailableforopen-sourceproducts,anditsimportanceisgenerallyoverestimated.
---Manymajoropen-sourceproductshavetechnicalsupportcontractsavailable.
Forexample,RedHatandCalderahavetelephonesupportfortheLinuxtheysell.Cygnus,CollectiveTechnologiesandmanysmallconsultingcompaniesrelyonsupportingandenhancingopen-sourcesoftware,andtheirbusinessisdoingwell.Moreover,moreandmoreopen-sourcesoftwaremaintainsitsopensourcestatuswhilealsogainingalotofcommercialmaintenanceandsupport.
---EmailandUsenetnewssupportisveryeffective.
Almostallorganizationsthatdevelopopen-sourcesoftwareprovidefreee-mailsupport,mailinglistsandUsenetnewsgroups.Thesemechanismsaremorepracticalandeffectivethantelephonesupport.Inasurveysupportedbymanysoftwarevendors,the"LinuxUserAssociation"wonthe"BestTechnicalSupportAward"in1997,anditalsoexposedalotofdissatisfactionwiththequalityofservicesprovidedbytraditionalsoftwaredevelopers.
---Supportfortraditionalcommercialsoftwareisoftenlimitedandoflowquality.
Forexample,Microsoftonlyprovidesatechnicalsupportphonenumberforallitsproducts:900.Manymarketingandcommercialsalessupportstafffocusonhelpingbeginnersgetstarted,andcannotanswerquestionsthatarenotincludedinthemanual.Manysoftwarecompaniesthinkthattraditionaltelephonesupportisaveryexpensiveprice,andthereforereduceit,whichleadstoadeclineinquality.
Applicationplatform
webserver
WEBserverisalsocalledWWW(WORLDWIDEWEB)server,anditsmainfunctionistoprovideonlineinformationbrowsingservices.WWWisamultimediainformationquerytoolontheInternet.ItisaservicethathasonlybeendevelopedontheInternetinrecentyears.Itisalsothefastest-growingandmostwidelyusedservice.ItispreciselybecauseoftheWWWtoolthattheInternethasdevelopedrapidlyinrecentyearsandthenumberofusershasgrownrapidly.
Opensourcewebserversoftwareincludesapache,kangle,nginx,etc.
Blog
ThefullnameofBlogisWeblog,whichmeans"networklog"inChinese,andlaterabbreviatedasBlog.ItisthefourthwayofonlinecommunicationafterEmail,BBS,andIM.Itisapersonal"reader'sdigest"intheInternetage.Itisanonlinediarywithhyperlinksasaweapon,anditrepresentsanewwayoflifeandanewwayofworking.,Italsorepresentsanewwayoflearning.Inshort,BlogisacomprehensiveplatformthatusestheInternetasacarriertopublishyourownthoughtseasily,quicklyandconveniently,communicatewithothersinatimelyandeffectivemanner,andintegrateavarietyofpersonalizeddisplays.
Opensourceblogsoftwareincludesb2evolution(PHP+MySQL),BLOG:CMS(PHP,basedonNucleusCMS),BLOG:CMS(PHP,basedonNucleusCMS),etc.
Forum
TheforumisalsoknownasthenetworkforumBBS,thefullnameisBulletinBoardSystem(electronicbulletinboard)orBulletinBoardService(bulletinboardservice).ItisanelectronicinformationservicesystemontheInternet.Itprovidesapublicelectronicwhiteboardonwhicheachusercanwrite,postinformationorputforwardopinions.ItisanInternetelectronicinformationservicesystemwithstronginteractionandrichcontent.Userscanobtainvariousinformationservices,publishinformation,conductdiscussions,chat,etc.ontheBBSsite.
Opensourceforumapplicationsoftwareincludesphpbb,BMForum,phpwind[etc.
Applicationserver
Applicationservermustrefertotheprogramthatexposesbusinesslogictotheclientthroughvariousprotocols.Itprovidesaccesstobusinesslogicforusebyclientapplications.Theapplicationserverusesthisbusinesslogicasifcallingamethodoftheobject.Simplyput,aserverthatcanimplementdynamicwebtechnologyiscalledanapplicationserver.
OpensourceapplicationserversoftwareincludesEnhydra(Java),JBoss(Java),Open3(XML),etc.
Messageserver
Asanodeofthenetwork,themessageserverisspeciallyusedtostoreandforwarddataandinformationonthenetwork(forexample,chatinformation).Makeanimagemetaphor:Themessageserverislikeapostofficeswitch,whilefixedormobilenetworkterminalssuchasmicrocomputers,notebooks,PDAs,andmobilephonesareliketelephonesscatteredinhomes,variousoffices,andpublicplaces.Wecommunicateandcommunicatewiththeoutsideworldonthephoneinourdailylifeandwork,andwemustgothroughtheswitchtoreachthetargetphone;thesameistrue,whenweusepersonalcomputers,PDAs,mobilephones,etc.,tosendmessages,wemustalsogothroughthemessageserver,sowecanalsosayItisthemessageserverthat"organizes"and"leads"thesemessage-receivingdevices.
OpensourcemessageserversoftwareincludesArsDigita(Tcl&Java),ExolabGroup(J2EE,integratingOpenEJB,OpenJMS,OpenORA,Tyrex),Zend(PHP),etc.
Enterpriseprogram
Enterpriseapplicationprogramisageneralconcept,whichcanbedividedintoenterpriseresourceplanning(ERP),customerassociationmanagement,projectmanagement,contentmanagement,humanresourcesResourcemanagement,automatedprocurementsoftware,informationwarehouse(CIW),productionplanning,inventorymanagement,groupsoftware,B2Bandlibraryresourceintegrationsystem(ILS).
OpensourceenterpriseapplicationsincludeCompiere(ERP+CRM),Compiere,GnomePlanner,ArsDigita,phpgroupware,J2EE,Akopia,Compiere(ERP+CRM),openapplications,OpenBiblio,etc.
Wirelessnetwork
Theso-calledwirelessnetworkincludesbothglobalvoiceanddatanetworksthatallowuserstoestablishlong-distancewirelessconnections,aswellasinfraredtechnologyandradiofrequencyoptimizedforshort-distancewirelessconnections.Thetechnologyisverysimilartothewirednetwork.Thebiggestdifferenceisthetransmissionmedium.Theuseofradiotechnologytoreplacethenetworkcablecanbeusedasabackupwiththewirednetwork.
Opensourcewirelessapplicationsincludekannel,Jwap,Ophelia,etc.
Database
Databaseisawarehousethatorganizes,storesandmanagesdataaccordingtothedatastructure.Itwascreatedfiftyyearsago.WiththedevelopmentofinformationtechnologyandmarketWithdevelopment,especiallyafterthe1990s,datamanagementisnolongerjustaboutstoringandmanagingdata,buthastransformedintovariousdatamanagementmethodsrequiredbyusers.Therearemanytypesofdatabases,fromthesimplesttablesthatstorevariousdatatolarge-scaledatabasesystemsthatcanstoremassiveamountsofdata.Theyhavebeenwidelyusedinallaspects.
OpensourcedatabasesoftwareincludesBerkelayDB,MySQL,SQLite,etc.
DesktopEnvironment
The"desktopenvironment"maybejustasimplewindowmanager,oritmaybeacompletedesktopapplicationsuitelikeKDEorGNOME.
OpensourcedesktopenvironmentsoftwareincludesGNOME,GNUstep,KDE,etc.
Windowmanagement
Windowmanagement,alsoknownasuserinterface,isthesoftwareandhardwarepartoftheelectroniccomputersystemthatrealizestheexchangeofinformationbetweentheuserandthecomputer.Thesoftwarepartincludesprocessingsoftwaresuchasuserandcomputerinformationexchangeagreements,operationcommands,andthehardwarepartincludesinputdevicesandoutputdevices.Atpresent,thegraphicaluserinterfaceiscommonlyused,whichusesamulti-windowsystem,whichdisplaysadirectimageandiseasytooperate.
OpensourcewindowmanagementsoftwareincludesAfterstep,Twm,fvwm,WindowMaker,etc.
CDburningclass
ThefunctionofCDburneris:itcanburnCD,readCD,butcannotread/writeDVD,functionLasttimewasCOMBO,andsecondtoDVDburner.MostpeoplenowuseDVDROM,COMBO,andDVDburners.Performance:Reading-CDROM=CDBurner
OpensourceCDburningsoftwareincludesCDRecord,Freeburn,Xfburn,etc.
Fileeditingclass
Fileeditingclasssoftwareisageneralconcept,subdividedintoofficesoftwaresuites,notepads,PDFrelatedsoftware,Sci-techtexteditor,texteditor,WYSIWYGandfileprocessing.
OpensourcefileeditingsoftwareincludesGnomeOffice,KeyNote,FPDF,GNUTeXmacs,FreeDOSedlin,HTMLarea,AbiWord,etc.
Educationalsoftware
Educationalsoftwareisageneralconcept,subdividedintolearningsupportsoftware,language-relatedsoftware,math-relatedsoftware,Scientificresearchsoftware,typingsoftwareandothereducationalsoftware.
OpensourceeducationalsoftwareincludesILIAS,FlashKard,KBruch,BioJava,GNUTypist,Keduca,etc.
Financial-relatedsoftware
Inabroadsense,allcapitalflowsgeneratedbymarketentitiessuchasgovernments,individuals,organizations,etc.throughtheraising,allocationanduseoffundsAllcanbecalledfinance.Therefore,notonlythefinancialindustry,butalsothegovernment'sfinances,thebehaviorofindustryenterprises,andpersonalfinancialmanagementareallpartoffinance.
Opensourcefinancial-relatedsoftwareincludesGnuCash,JCash,JMoney,etc.
Gamesoftware
Therearemanykindsofgames,whichappearindifferentformatsindifferentmedia,andthepropsusedorthenumberofparticipantsaredifferent.Derivedifferenttypesofgames.Theseinclude:manualgames,tablegames,layoutgames,papergames,cardgames,groupgames,electronicgames,role-playinggames,puzzlegamesandothers.
OpensourcegamesoftwareincludesAbuse,Falcon'sEye,JavaRisk,UFO2000,XulMine,etc.
Networksoftware
NetworkandInternetsoftwareisageneralconcept,subdividedintoe-mail,instantmessagingsoftware,communication-relatedsoftware,Filetransfersoftware,P2Pfilesharingsoftware,remotelogin,webbrowser,Webcam,Webgrabber,networkrelatedsoftwareandothernetworksoftware.
NetworkandInternetsoftwareincludesMagicMailMonitor3,AMSN,Slrn,Samba,eMule,RealVNC,Galeon,Dorgem,HTTrack,ApacheTomcat,OpenLDAP,etc.
Mathematicssoftware
Itisasoftwarespeciallyusedformathematicaloperations,mathematicalprogramming,statisticaloperations,engineeringoperations,drawingmathematicalgraphicsormakingmathematicalanimations.
OpensourcemathematicssoftwareincludesGAP,MAⅪMA,SINGULAR,etc.
Mediacategory
Bodycategorysoftwareisageneralconcept,subdividedintoaudioeditingsoftware/audiomanagementsoftware,graphics/picturebrowsingClass,mediaplayerclass,videoclipclass.
ThesourcemediasoftwareincludesCD-DAX-Tractor,GOCR/JOCR,JCDSee,CoolPlayer,GNUVCDImager,etc.
OperatingSystem
OperatingSystem(English:OperatingSystem,referredtoasOS)isaprogramthatmanagescomputerhardwareandcomputersoftwareresources,andisalsoacomputerThecoreandcornerstoneofthesystem.Theoperatingsystemisresponsibleforbasictaskssuchasmanagingandconfiguringmemory,determiningthepriorityofsystemresourcesupplyanddemand,controllinginputandoutputdevices,operatingtheInternet,andmanagingfilesystems.Theoperatingsystemalsoprovidesanoperatinginterfaceforuserstointeractwiththesystem.
OpensourceoperatingsystemsoftwareincludesopensourceUnix(SystemV/BSD),FreeDOS,Linux,Menuet,etc.
Passwordmanagementclass
Acollectionofsoftwareorhardwarearoundthesecurityandmanagementofuseraccountpasswords.
OpensourcepasswordmanagementsoftwareincludesPasswordSafe,PINs,etc.
Personalinformationmanagementclass
Personalinformationmanagementsystemisanapplicationsoftwarethatprovidespersonalinformationorganizationandmanagementfunctions.Itspurposeistofacilitatetherecording,trackingandmanagementofvariouspersonalinformation.
OpensourcepersonalinformationmanagementsoftwareincludesElephantMemory,KAddressbook,KOrganizer,etc.
Programminglanguage
Therearemanytypesofcomputerlanguages.Generallyspeaking,theycanbedividedintothreecategories:machinelanguage,assemblylanguage,andhigh-levellanguage.Ifdividedbylanguage,itcanbedividedintotwotypes:EnglishsignlanguageandChinesesignlanguage.(Typicalsuchas:EasyLanguage,EasyLanguage.Feiyang)Everyactionandstepperformedbyacomputerisexecutedinaccordancewithaprogramthathasbeencompiledincomputerlanguage.Aprogramisacollectionofinstructionstobeexecutedbythecomputer,andaprogramAllarewritteninthelanguageweknow.Therefore,ifpeoplewanttocontrolacomputer,theymustissuecommandstothecomputerthroughcomputerlanguage.Therearecurrentlytwoformsofgeneralprogramminglanguages:assemblylanguageandhigh-levellanguage.
OpensourceprogramminglanguagesoftwareincludesDJGPP,GCC,Open64,ObjectiveCAML,PHP,etc.
Screensaver
Thescreensaverisacomputerprogram.Theoriginalintentionistoavoidthecomputerbyblankingthescreenorfillingthescreenwithmovingimages.Thedisplayproducesphosphorousimprintingwhenitisatrest,therebyreducingitslifespan.Now,screensaversareusedforentertainmentorsecuritypurposes.
OpensourcescreenprotectionsoftwareincludesFlurry,KISSImageScreenSaver,ReallySlickScreensavers,xmatrix,etc.
Securitysoftware
Securitysoftwareisageneralconcept,subdividedintoantivirussoftware,encryptionsoftware,firewall,SSH,andothersecuritysoftware.
OpensourcesecuritysoftwareincludesOpenAntivirus,GnuPG,CoyoteLinux,OpenSSH,Stunnel,etc.
Othersoftware
Thefollowingaresomeopensourcesoftwarethataredifficulttoclassify:
Active2
AstroGrep—YesGUIgraphicalinterfaceGrep
Autopackage—packagemanagementsystemonLinux
BibleTime—Biblestudysoftware
Bochs—PCaccumulator
Cygwin—Win32opensourceUnixsimulationenvironment
LinkChecker—CheckforbadlinksinHTMLdocuments
Memtest86—Memorychecksoftware
OpenSceneGraph
p>SunGridEngine—computerclustersoftware
TeX—typesettingsystem
Vitrite—softwareformakingwindowstransparentonWindows2000/XP
WINE—RunWindowssoftwareonLinux/BSD
XFree86—Windowssystem
gEDAautomationelectricaldesigntool
GPAIgeneralpublicartificialintelligenceplatform
Developmenttrend
ThepopularityoftheInternethasbroughttogetherscattereddevelopers.Aslongastheyhaveasuitablefoundationandagoodframework,theycandevelopproduct-leveltoolsoftware(TakingEclipse,JBoss,MySQL,Subversion,GLASSFISHasexamples),opensourcehasbecomeatrend.Opensourcesoftwareemergesinlargenumbers,andsoftwareoutsourcingwillbecomemorepopular.Themainfeaturesareasfollows:
1Enhancedcomputingpower,smarterintegrateddevelopmentenvironment,easieraccesstoready-madelibraries,andeasierapplicationsoftwaredevelopment.
2Inadditiontotheone-timeinvestmentinthesoftwareitself,inmanycases,softwareisevenusedtoreplacehardware,whichisanincreaseinthedemandforsoftwaredevelopment.
3.Consumerelectronicsaremorecloselyrelatedtopeople’slives,withtheemergenceofsmallfreesoftwareandsmalldesktopgames.Thenumberofsoftwaredevelopersrequiredinvariousaspectshasincreasedrapidly(theorganizationalformisalargenumberofsmall-scaledevelopmentteams);underthisfactorandthepressureofreducingcosts,developmentoutsourcinghasbecomeverypopular;
4.Projectconstructiontools,resourcedependencearemoreautomated,andsystemdevelopmentdoesnotneedtostartfromzero,butusestheindustry'sfreeframeworkforsecondarydevelopment.
Awell-knowncomputerindustrymagazinereportedthatNetscapewas"inspiredbyalargenumberoffreeandsharewarelicenses."Infact,NetscapeisexchanginginformationwithmanyfamousUNIXfreesoftwaredevelopers,andnowitseemstobeveryclosetotheBSDandGPLlicenses.NescapePublicLicenseisdifferentfromGPL.ItgivesNescapemorecontroloverthedevelopmentofsourcecodeandtrademarks.
Netscape'sabandonmenttacticsareveryclever.Firstofall,browsersalesaccountforonlyasmallpartofNetscape'sbusiness.Theopensourcestatusofthebrowserwillnothavemuchimpactonit,andsomebuyerswhowantformaltechnicalsupportarestillwillingtopay.Second,itisreallyissuedinaccordancewithanopensourcelicense,whichcompletelychangesthepassivesituationcausedbyMicrosoft'sfreedistributionofExplorer.ThiswillhelpincreasethemarketshareoftheNescapebrowser.Intheend,Netscape'spositiongainedfriendship,trust,andpotentiallygreatinnovationfromtheopensourcecommunity.Netscape'sfuturecannotbereassuring,especiallyonNT'swebservers;butitsbraveanddramaticlicensepolicyforCommunicatorwillnotcauseanyloss.
CommonAgreements
LGPLLicense
LGPLlicenseisshortforLESSERGENERALPUBLICLICENSE,alsocalledLIBRARYGENERALPUBLICLICENSE,Chinesetranslatedas"relative"PublicLicense"or"PublicLicenseforFunctionLibrary".ThislicenseappliestosomesoftwarepackagesspeciallydesignedbytheFreeSoftwareFoundationandothersoftwareauthorswhodecidetousethislicense-suchasfunctionlibraries(Library).LGPLlicenseisalsoakindofGNUopensourcesoftwarelicenseoftheFreeSoftwareAlliance.MostGNUsoftware,includingsomefunctionlibraries,isprotectedbytheoriginalGPLlicense.TheLGPLlicenseissuitableforspeciallydesignedfunctionlibraries,andisverydifferentfromtheoriginalGeneralPublicLicense.Itgivesthelicenseemorerelaxedrights,soitiscalleda"relativepubliclicense."Useitinspecificfunctionlibrariestoallownon-freeprogramstolinkwiththesefunctionlibraries.Whenaprogramislinkedwithafunctionlibrary,whetheritisstaticallylinkedorusingasharedfunctionlibrary,thecombinationofthetwocanbereasonablysaidtobeacombinedwork,aderivativeoftheoriginalfunctionlibrary.Therefore,theoriginalGeneralPublicLicenseonlyallowedtheconnectioniftheentirecombinationsatisfiesitsstandardoffreedom.ThelooserGeneralPublicLicenseallowsotherprogramcodestobelinkedwiththislibrarywithalooserstandard.Forexample,inafewcases,theremaybespecialneedsthatencourageeveryonetouseaspecificlibraryaswidelyaspossible,thusmakingitadefactostandard.Inordertoachievethisgoal,non-freeprogramsmustbeallowedtousethislibrary.Amorecommonsituationisthatafreefunctionlibrarydoesthesameworkasawidelyusednon-freefunctionlibrary.Inthiscase,restrictingonlyfreesoftwaretousethisfreefunctionlibrarywillnothavemuchbenefit,soWeusedtheLGPLlicense.Inothercases,allowingnon-freeprogramstousespecificfunctionlibrariesallowsmorepeopletousemostofthefreesoftware.Forexample,allowingnon-freeprogramstousetheGNUClibrarywillallowmorepeopletousetheentireGNUoperatingsystem,aswellasitsvariant,theGNU/Linuxoperatingsystem.AlthoughtheLGPLlicenseprotectsthefreedomofusersless,itcanensurethattheusersoftheprogramlinkedtothislibraryhavefreedom,andithasthenecessarymethodstoexecutetheprogramusingthemodifiedlibraryversion.
MPLLicense
MPLisshortforTheMozillaPublicLicense,asoftwarelicensedesignedbyNetscape'sMozillateamforitsopensourcesoftwareprojectinearly1998.ThemostimportantreasonfortheemergenceoftheMPLlicenseisthatNetscapebelievesthattheGPLlicensedoesnotwellbalancetheneedsofdevelopersforthesourcecodeandthebenefitstheyobtainfromusingthesourcecode.ComparedwiththefamousGPLlicenseandBSDlicense,MPListhesameastheminmanyrightsandobligations(becausetheyareallopensourcesoftwarelicensesrecognizedbyOSIA).However,incomparison,MPLhasthefollowingsignificantdifferences:◆AlthoughMPLrequiresthatthemodificationofthesourcecodereleasedundertheMPLlicensealsobere-licensedintheformofMPLlicense,toensurethatotherscanSharethesourcecodeunderthetermsofMPL.However,thedefinitionof"release"intheMPLlicenseis"documentsreleasedinsourcecode",whichmeansthatMPLallowsanenterprisetoaddaninterfacetoitsexistingsourcecodelibrary,inadditiontothesourceoftheinterfaceprogramInadditiontotheexternallicenseofthecodeintheformofanMPLlicense,thesourcecodeinthesourcecodelibrarycanbeforcedtoexternallicensewithouttheMPLlicense.Theseleaveagapforthebehaviorofborrowingotherpeople'ssourcecodefortheirowncommercialsoftwaredevelopment.◆InArticle3,paragraph7oftheMPLLicense,thelicenseeisallowedtomixthesourcecodeobtainedthroughtheMPLlicensewithothertypesofcodetoobtainhisownsoftwareprogram.◆Attitudestosoftwarepatents,MPLlicensedoesnotexpressoppositiontosoftwarepatentsliketheGPLlicense,butclearlyrequiresthesourcecodeprovidernottoprovidethesourcecodethathasbeenprotectedbythepatent(unlessheisthepatentee,andThesourcecodeisfreelylicensedtothepublicinwriting),anditisnotpossibletoapplyforpatentsrelatedtothesourcecodeafterthesourcecodeislicensedintheformofanopensourcelicense.◆Thedefinitionofsourcecode.IntheMPL(version1.1)license,thedefinitionofsourcecodeis:"Sourcecodereferstothemostpreferredformofmodificationtothework,whichincludes:allsourceprogramsofallmodules,Plusthedefinitionoftherelevantinterface,plusthe'original'(original'Script')thatcontrolstheinstallationandcompilationofexecutableworks,orthesourcecodethatisnotsignificantlydifferentfromtheoriginalsourcecodeisselectedbythesourcecodecontributorProgramcodeavailablefromthepublicdomain."◆ThereisaspecialprovisioninArticle3oftheMPLLicensethatdescribesthemodificationofthesourcecode,whichrequiresallrepublisherstohaveaspecialfileforthesourcecode.Thetimeandmethodofprogrammodificationaredescribed.
BSDLicense
TheBSDlicensewasoriginallyusedonthe4.4BSD/4.4BSD-LiteversionspublishedbytheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley(BSDistheabbreviationofBerklySoftwareDistribution)Yes,itwasgraduallyusedlater.In1979,theUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyreleasedBSDUnix,knownasthepioneerofopensource.TheBSDlicensewasdevelopedwithBSDUnix.TheBSDlicenseisnowadoptedbyopensourcesoftwaresuchasApacheandtheBSDoperatingsystem.ComparedwiththestrictnessoftheGPLlicenseandMPLlicense,theBSDlicenseismuchmorerelaxed.Itisonlynecessarytoattachtheoriginaltextofthelicense,butitismoreinterestingthatitalsorequiresallfurtherdeveloperstotransfertheircopyrightThedataisputup,sowhenyougetthesoftwarereleasedundertheBSDlicense,youmayencounterasmallsituation,thatis,thespaceoccupiedbythecopyrightedmateriallicenseislargerthanthatoftheprogram.
QPLLicense
QPListheabbreviationofTheQtPublicLicense,createdbyaNorwegianorganization.ThebasicrequirementoftheQPLlicenseistoobtainthesourcecode,modifythesourcecode,andseparatethemodificationfromtheoriginalcode;themodificationcanbecombinedintothenewversionaccordingtotheauthor’swishes;thebinarycodecanhavethesamenameastheoriginalcode.Thedynamiclinklibraryisespeciallyimportant;anyonecancorrecterrors,whichisveryimportantforthesystempublisher;themodifiedsoftwarecanbereleasedunderanyopensourcesoftwarelicensethatmeetsthebasicrequirementsoftheQPLlicense.
QNCLlicense
QNCLlicenseistheabbreviationofQtNonCommercialLicense,whichisthe"brotherversion"ofQPLlicense,justliketherelationshipbetweenGPLlicenseandLGPLlicense,QNCLlicenseismorestringentthanQPLlicense.Intermsofmodificationandrelease,theQNCLlicenseisthesameastheQPLlicense.Thedifferenceliesinthescopeofthesoftware,orintermsofconnection.TheQNCLlicensestipulatesthat"ifanapplicationprogramprovidesyouwithanentrythatallowsyoutousethefunctionsofthesoftwareundertheQNCLlicenseTheuseofisdeemedtobeanactofusingthesoftwareundertheQNCLlicense,andtheapplicationshallbesubjecttotheQNCLlicense.”TheQNCLlicenseismorestringentthantheQPLlicenseinthattheQNCLlicense,liketheGPLlicense,completelyprohibitstheopensourcesoftwareobtainedunderthislicensefrombeingdistributedwithothersoftwarelinkedtoothernon-systemlibraryfunctionsinotherlicensingmethods.
CommonLicense
ThefullnameofCommonLicenseisCommonPublicLicense.AftersatisfyingtheOSIAopensourcesoftwarelicensecertificationstandards,theCommonlicensehassomedetailedprovisionsworthreferringto:◆clarifiesthepatentauthorization.Generally,opensourcesoftwarehasaclearsourcecodethatthecopyrightownerlicenseshisownmodificationrights,copyrightsandothercopyrightrightstothepublic,butretainstherightofattribution.Onthisbasis,theCommonlicensealsoclarifiesthatifthesourcecodecontainspatentrights,Thesourcecodepatenteelicensestheexclusiverightsofreproductionandusetothepublic.◆Itisstipulatedthatthesourcecodeandmodifiedsourcecodecanbecombinedwithothertypesofcodenotsubjecttothislicenseandreleasedintheformofanewproduct,aslongasthesourcecodeandmodifiedsourcecodeobtainedthroughthelicensecanbeItcanbereleasedaccordingtotherequirementsofthelicense.◆Detailsoftheterminationofthelicense,includingtheoccurrenceofpatentinfringementlitigation.◆Clarifiedaprincipleofindependentresponsibility,thatis,ifauserwhousesthesourcecodeunderthelicenseappliesthesourcecodeobtainedforcommercialuse,thenhewillbeTheresultinginfringementlawsuitbearsfullresponsibility.Thisruleisquitespecial,andmostopensourcesoftwarelicensesdon'trequireit.
IBMLicense
ThefullnameofIBMLicenseisIBMPublicLicense.UnderthepremiseofsatisfyingtheOSIAopensourcesoftwarelicensecertificationstandards,theIBMlicensealsohasthefollowingdetailedprovisions:◆Clearthepatentauthorization.Ingeneralopensourcesoftware,itisclearthatthecopyrightownerofthesourcecodegrantsitsownmodificationrights,copyrightsandothercopyrightrightstothepublic,butretainstherightofattribution.Onthisbasis,theIBMlicensealsospecifiesthatifthesourcecodecontainspatentrights,thesourceThecodepatenteelicensestheexclusiverightstocopyandusetothepublic.◆Detailsoftheterminationofthelicense,includingthereleaseanduseofthesourcecodenotinaccordancewiththerequirementsofthelicense,andtheoccurrenceofpatentinfringementlawsuits.◆LiketheCommonlicense,theIBMlicensealsoclarifiestheprincipleofindependentresponsibility,thatis,iftheuserwhousesthesourcecodeunderthelicenseusesthesourcecodeobtainedforcommercialuse,thenhemustbe,Theinfringementlawsuitarisingfromtheuseofthesourcecodeprogramshallbearfullresponsibility.
JabberLicense
ThefullnameofJabberLicenseisJabberOpenSourceLicense,whichisprovidedbyJabber,Inc.oftheUnitedStates.TheJabberlicenseisbasicallythesameasotherlicensesintermsofsourcecodeduplicationanddistributionregulations,buttherearesomedetailsthatareworthlearning:◆YoucanusethesourcecodeobtainedthroughthelicenseandthemodifiedsourcecodewithothertypesThecodecombinationthatisnotsubjecttothelicenseisreleasedintheformofanewproduct,aslongasthesourcecodeobtainedbythelicenseandthemodifiedsourcecodecanbesimilartotherequirementsofthelicenseandmeettheOSIcertificationReleasedasanopensourcesoftwarelicense.◆Itisclarifiedthatthetimerequiredtoplacethesourcecodeinastateavailabletothepublicshouldbeatleast12months.◆Thethirdparty'sdeclarationoflegalrights.Iftheuserfindsthatthereisintellectualpropertyownedbyonepartyinthesourcecodeandapplicationprograminterfaceobtainedthroughthislicense,heshallputastatementtitled"LEGAL"astheheadingofthesourcecodeseparatelywhenthesourcecodeisreleased,statingthedetailsoftheintellectualpropertyrightsrequirements,Therecipientofthesourcecodeisrequestedtoknowwhichintellectualpropertyrightstheyhaveobtained,sothattherecipientofthesourcecodeknowshowtocontacttheintellectualpropertyrightsholder.◆Thecircumstancesfortheterminationofthelicensearedetailed,includingthereleaseanduseofthesourcecodethatdoesnotcomplywiththerequirementsofthelicense,andtheoccurrenceofpatentinfringementlawsuits.
Protocolcomparison
BSDopensourceprotocol
BSDopensourceprotocolisanagreementthatgivesusersalotoffreedom.Basically,userscan"dowhatevertheywant",usethemfreely,modifythesourcecode,orredistributethemodifiedcodeasopensourceorproprietarysoftware.Butthepremiseof"dowhateveryouwant".WhenyoureleasecodethatusestheBSDprotocol,orwhenyoudosecondarydevelopmentofyourownproductsbasedontheBSDprotocolcode,youneedtomeetthreeconditions:◆Ifthere-releasedproductcontainssourcecode,ThesourcecodemustcontaintheBSDprotocolintheoriginalcode.◆Ifonlythebinaryclasslibrary/softwareisre-released,itisnecessarytoincludetheBSDprotocolintheoriginalcodeintheclasslibrary/softwaredocumentationandcopyrightstatement.◆Thenameoftheauthor/organizationoftheopensourcecodeandthenameoftheoriginalproductcannotbeusedformarketing.BSDcodeencouragescodesharing,butthecopyrightofthecodeauthorneedstoberespected.BSDallowsuserstomodifyandredistributethecode,andalsoallowstheuseordevelopmentofcommercialsoftwaretobereleasedandsoldontheBSDcode,soitisaveryfriendlyagreementforbusinessintegration.AndmanycompaniesprefertheBSDprotocolwhenchoosingopensourceproducts,becausetheycancompletelycontrolthethird-partycode,andcanmodifyorre-developitwhennecessary.
MIT
MITisalicenseagreementasliberalasBSD.Theauthoronlywantstoretainthecopyrightwithoutanyotherrestrictions.Inotherwords,youmustincludethestatementoftheoriginallicenseagreementinyourdistribution,whetheryoudistributeitinbinaryorinsourcecode.TheMITagreement,alsoknownastheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologylicense,wasoriginallydevelopedbytheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.Rightsoftheauthorizedperson:1.Theauthorizedpersonhastherighttouse,copy,modify,merge,publish,distribute,re-authorizeandsellthesoftwareandcopiesofthesoftware.2.Theauthorizedpersoncanmodifythelicensetermstoappropriatecontentaccordingtotheneedsoftheprogram.Licensee’sobligations:Thesoftwareandallcopiesofthesoftwaremustincludeacopyrightstatementandalicensestatement.
GNUGPL
TheLinuxthatweareveryfamiliarwithistheGPL.TheGPLagreementisverydifferentfromtheBSD,ApacheLicenceandotherlicensesthatencouragecodereuse.ThestartingpointoftheGPListheopensource/freeuseofthecodeandtheopensource/freeuseofthereference/modification/derivativecode,buttherevisedandderivativecodeisnotallowedtobereleasedandsoldasclosedsourcecommercialsoftware.ThisiswhywecanuseallkindsoffreeLinux,includingcommercialcompanies'linuxandvariousfreesoftwaredevelopedbyindividuals,organizations,andcommercialsoftwarecompaniesonLinux.ThemaincontentoftheGPLagreementisthataslongasitisusedinasoftware("use"referstolibraryreferences,modifiedcodeorderivativecode)productsundertheGPLagreement,thesoftwareproductmustalsoadopttheGPLagreement,anditmustalsobeopensourceandfree..Thisistheso-called"infectiousness".TheproductundertheGPLagreementcanbeusedasaseparateproductwithoutanyproblems,andyoucanalsoenjoytheadvantageoffree.SinceGPLstrictlyrequiressoftwareproductsthatuseGPLlibrariestouseGPLagreement,opensourcecodeusingGPLagreement,commercialsoftwareordepartmentsthatrequireconfidentialityofthecodearenotsuitableforintegration/adoptionasthebasisforclasslibrariesandsecondarydevelopment..Otherdetails,suchastheneedtoaccompanytheGPLagreementwhenre-released,aresimilartoBSD/Apache,etc.
GUNLGPL
LGPLisanopensourceagreementofGPLdesignedmainlyfortheuseofclasslibraries.ItisdifferentfromtheGPLrequirementthatanysoftwarethatuses/modifies/derivestheGPLlibrarymustadopttheGPLagreement.LGPLallowscommercialsoftwaretouseLGPLclasslibrariesthroughclasslibrarylinkswithouttheneedforopensourcecommercialsoftwarecodes.ThisallowstheopensourcecodeundertheLGPLagreementtobereferenced,publishedandsoldbycommercialsoftwareasaclasslibrary.However,ifthecodeoftheLGPLagreementismodifiedorderived,allthemodifiedcode,theadditionalcodeinvolvingthemodifiedpartandthederivedcodemustadopttheLGPLagreement.Therefore,theopensourcecodeoftheLGPLagreementisverysuitableasathird-partyclasslibrarytobereferencedbycommercialsoftware,butitisnotsuitableforcommercialsoftwarethathopestousetheLGPLagreementcodeasthebasisforsecondarydevelopmentthroughmodificationandderivation.GPL/LGPLbothprotecttheoriginalauthor’sintellectualpropertyrights,andavoidanyoneusingopensourcecodetocopyanddevelopsimilarproducts.
ApacheLicence2.0
ApacheLicenceisaprotocoladoptedbythefamousnon-profitopensourceorganizationApache.ThisagreementissimilartoBSD,italsoencouragescodesharingandrespectfortheoriginalauthor'scopyright,andalsoallowscodemodificationandre-release(asopensourceorcommercialsoftware).TheconditionsthatneedtobemetarealsosimilartoBSD:◆YouneedtogivetheuserofthecodeanApacheLicence◆Ifyoumodifythecode,youneedtospecifyitinthemodifiedfile.◆Intheextendedcode(modifiedandderivedcodefromthesourcecode),theagreement,trademark,patentstatementandotherinstructionsrequiredbytheoriginalauthormustbeincludedintheoriginalcode.◆Ifthere-releasedproductcontainsaNoticefile,theNoticefileneedstoincludeApacheLicence.YoucanaddyourownlicenseintheNotice,butitcannotbeexpressedasachangetotheApacheLicence.ApacheLicenceisalsoacommercialapplication-friendlylicense.Userscanalsomodifythecodewhenneededtomeettheirneedsandrelease/sellasanopensourceorcommercialproduct.