synonyms Mukden Incident (Japan deliberately created and launched a war of aggression against) generally refers to Mukden Incident 
Event background
background
First World War, the Japanese expansion in China has curbed the Anglo-American powers, China's Northern Expedition weakened the Japanese interests in China, prompting the Japanese government to adjust its China policy, accelerate the pace of the annexation of Northeast China; 1930 the early years, the global economic crisis, the Japanese economy suffered a heavy blow, into extreme difficulties and lead to political crisis, in the home and less abroad, the Japanese fascist forces determined to break the shackles of the Washington system in Japan, while busy with the Anglo-American crisis, Chiang Kai-shek large-scale " Communist suppression "on the occasion, seize the northeast, to bail out, and attempts to hegemony in the world.
Chinese background
Huanggutun event
Japanese and Northeast warlord Chang Tso-lin had cooperative relations, but gradually, the Japanese began to Chang Tso-lin as an obstacle. June 1928, the Japanese Kwantung Army launched huanggutun incident, Chang Tso-lin will blow up the train ride, Chang Tso-lin seriously injured died, northeast Japan, hoping to cause an event appears rudderless situation, took the opportunity occupied Northeast.
1928 Nian 12 Yue 29 morning, Zhang Xueliang and so break the obstruction of Japanese imperialism, the national joint energizing said:. "Yangcheng first generalissimo behest, seeking a unified force, and implementing the peace has immediate effect, declared its adherence Three People's Principles, subject to the national government, Gaiyi banner. '' is the date of the Northeast to change all hanging the flag of the Nanjing National government, for the Northeast changing of the guard. So far, the warlord in Chinese history came to an end. Kuomintang government formally " unified "national.
Chang on Japan to take further uncooperative attitude, and start building new rail facilities in the vicinity of the South Manchuria Railway, competing through low prices, leading to the South Manchuria Railway into a management crisis . feel a sense of crisis of the Kwantung Army continued to protest, but Zhang and willing to compromise. So the Japanese Ishihara Kanji, Seishiro Itagaki, who decided to launch a war to win the initiative.
Road incident
1929 Nian 15 to 20 June, Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang, heat four provinces and important officials gathered in Harbin, Shenyang, DC, to participate in commemoration of the first anniversary of the death of Chang Tso-lin and discuss relevant issues in East and so on. July 7, Zhang Xueliang and Chiang Kai-shek went to Peking interviews; 10, 2009, the Nanjing government ministers Zhengting also summoned to Peking; the same day, Zhang hastily sent troops occupied "in the East" and the Soviet merchant trading company, State trading Corporation and other agencies in China Meanwhile seized, searched the Soviet Union staff · arrested more than 200 people, this is the "Road incident"
July 13, the Soviet government note Chinese government expresses its strong protest, and the deadline to reply to the proposal to hold peace talks; July 16, 2009, the Nanjing National government Ministry of Foreign Affairs in reply USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs; the Soviet side that can not be satisfied, on July 17 announced the Nanjing national government to sever diplomatic relations; July 19, the Nanjing National government Ministry of Foreign Affairs Foreign to the Soviet Union break off problem Declaration; July 20, the National government, Chiang Kai-shek issued a "report national soldiers" power and "Message to the northeast soldiers" book for the Soviet Union things; July 23, the national government closed the embassy in the Soviet Union
At this point,. in Sino-Soviet relations completely cut off. Soviet interests in China temporarily commissioned by the German agency in charge.
KMT confrontation
1927 annual rupture KMT relations, the KMT although gradually united in the banner of the Nanjing National government next, but its internal factionalism, the dispute continued, the national government ruling the intensity of the southern provinces of weakness since the fall of 1927 to the summer of 1930, the CCP has organized the Nanchang uprising, the autumn harvest uprising Guangzhou uprising, in riots, Pingjiang uprising, Baise uprising and so on hundreds of uprisings and riots, it has created Jinggangshan, gannan, Western Hunan and Hubei, Henan, Anhui side, Hunan, Hubei and Jiangxi revolutionary base of more than a dozen blocks, the development of more than a dozen armed troops, more than 70,000 people, and repeatedly defeated the national army of a province or provincial union of "suppression" and "will destroy".
after the Central Plains war, Chiang Kai-shek in October 1930, April 1931, has twice the central leadership of the Soviet Communist Party carried out two large-scale siege (using both brand-name units), were unsuccessful.
1931 In July 2009, Chiang Kai-shek once again mobilized 300,000 troops to ten times the troops of the Red Army launched the Central Soviet Area's third "encirclement and suppression", Mao Zedong, Zhu De and other Red Army leaders decided to take "to avoid the enemy main, playing its weak "approach, first of all to avoid the enemy edge, went around behind the enemy, and then attack followed the road, breaking the enemy" encirclement and suppression "strategy, performed against" encirclement and suppression "campaign. To August 6 Kuomintang army has been dragged extremely tired Red Army, the Red Army entered the second phase from passive active. In the constant fight against the Red Army, the Kuomintang army has been unable to fight another day, Chiang Kai-shek was forced to early September ordered the "encirclement" army general retreat, bringing the Red Army won the third against "encirclement and suppression" of victory.
domestic scuffle
1930 March to compete for central dominance, Wang Jingwei joint Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Li Tsung-jen and other places power to send to challenge Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang Central Nanjing Central Government Conference civil war, Chiang Kai-shek announced in May, "counter-insurgency", the two sides battle past six months, 30 million casualties, known as the "Central Plains war."
1931 end of May, the Guangzhou National Government Minister of Foreign Affairs Eugene Chen secret visit to Japan, the three met with Japanese Foreign Minister Kijūrō Shidehara, "express a desire northeast equity to win the Japan arms", but did not get a response; Eugene Chen during the day , also met with the Soviet ambassador to Japan to seek support, it was also rejected.
1931 Nian 9 Yue 1 AT GUANGZHOU national government mobilization, apprenticeship discuss Jiang, and set up a "northern military council" in Tianjin, the appointment of Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Han Fu-chu, Zou Lu and other persons as members, reunification of the north Chiang Kai-shek armed.
Chiang rapid troop movements, "Tao Ni" and personally supervised the operation from Nanchang to Nanjing, so far, the national government military forces have been attracted mainly in the south.
Japanese provocation
1931 years, the Chinese people Hao Yongde without government approval, to cheat near Wanbao village 12 farmers' land and illegal sublet to 188 North Koreans to cultivate rice. These Koreans dig canals, dams closure, against the interests of local farmers, Ma whistles of more than 200 farmers appealed. Jilin provincial government instructions: "make towards overseas exit." However, the Japanese consul in Changchun Tashiro heavy Germany, Japan dispatched police to stop the North Koreans to withdraw, and restrictions on July 5, 1931 before the completion of canal building. July 1 Chinese peasant anger filled canals destroyed the dam, to the Japanese police shot and killed in the name of protecting the overseas Chinese farmers dozens of people wounded in one hand and bloodshed. Later, Japan's distortion of the truth, inciting anti-China wave around North Korea, resulting in hundreds of people killed or injured overseas trip towards, numerous property damage. While Japan took the opportunity to send more troops to Manchuria, northeast of armed aggression attempt to mislead.
"Mukden Incident" of historical pictures (4)
1931 In June 2009, the Japanese Kwantung Army in the village of Taro captain and Cao Zhen Shan Yan Taro well in Solon Hinggan Mountains area for military investigation, Northeast China is the third round Army Xing'an settlement Corruption vice Dongkun Wu discovered and detained in the case of evidence, the head of the secret executions ordered off Pier village shock Taro. Japan took the opportunity to declare the Northeast Army soldier was killed in the village and murder, coercion China to hand over customs Pier, and stir up trouble in the Japanese public, with "Nakamura event" and "wanpaoshan incident" framed Chinese "immigrants damage Japan and South Korea."Despite repeated provocations in Japan wanpaoshan incident and events in the village, Zhang still on September 6, 1931 by calling the Northeast Army chief of staff Rongzhen and northeastern provinces Administration Select Committee: "The Japanese side is now becoming active diplomacy for me to cope everything should be extremely cautious and strive to stabilize, for the Japanese regardless of their challengers, they are advised to Articles tolerance, not with resistance, causing trouble brewing. the Greek secret power genera quickly and effectively is to pay attention. "this is called" fish electricity. "
JAC floods
1931 Nian 7 28, heavy rains inundated the Yangtze River, Huaihe River flood swept through eight provinces City 2, Hankou embankment dike, the direct impact of the Nanjing National government taxes and economic center of gravity, making the already overstretched National government finances worse. Caused by flood victims accounted for a quarter of the population, the loss amounted to 20 billion yuan. National government emergency organization "Committee for Flood Relief", as the highest representative of the government relief agencies, the development of various emergency relief countermeasures.
National government frequent wars, coupled with other undertakings and would cost much, the national treasury, serious fiscal deficit, but still one-seventh of the national budget for disaster relief, the national deficit increased even more. National government bonds through disaster relief, US wheat loan, levy taxes, assessed contributions and social donations and other relief to raise money, to the end of 1931 to raise a total of more than 60 million relief funds. However, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu still riots broke out.
KMT government's diplomatic
Wanbao after the incident, Chiang Kai-shek and Soong was immediately assigned to Japan foreign minister Mamoru Shigemitsu secret deliberations. He then transferred to Japan have work experience of the League of Nations in Geneva on behalf of Chiang Tso-pin served as minister in Japan, he wants to eliminate a diplomatic crisis in the Northeast.
Northeast local authorities and national government based on the negative attitude of Chiang Kai-shek's mistake of taking a non-resistance policy, but Jiang himself did not know the day of the incident, Zhang therefore bear some responsibility for the lost territories bereavement . According to the "Wellington Koo memoir," 425 (also page 438) page reads: "Chairman of the already discovered his situation is very difficult, as early as the summer of Shenyang before the event, he held an enlarged meeting at Lushan, the discussion was raised in particular Marshal in the northeast of the Group proposed to take a tough attitude, and direct policy against Japanese aggression, etc., chairman of a realistic politician, he felt compelled to negotiate with Japan. "
Japan Japanese Kwantung not to twenty thousand people, the Northeast Army stationed in Northeast China has 16.5 million people, there are nearly ten million people in the customs. Northeast Army forces have repeatedly allowed to accept instruction Zhang resistance, in the face of the Japanese surprise attack, in addition to a small part of the spontaneous heroic resistance, the rest are not a fight. At 8:00 on September 19, 1931, the Japanese almost no resistance put by the Shenyang city occupied, the Northeast Army to withdraw Jinzhou. Since then, the Chinese armed forces all over the Northeast or declare "independence", or continue Zhang Xueliang of non-resistance, the Japanese army occupied rapidly in most parts of Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang three provinces. Although part of the Northeast Anti-Japanese Volunteer Army joined the surging, but the Northeast cold weather and scarce villages, the resistance movement is difficult to achieve significant results.
Japan
Control, Northeastern Line
1905, the Japanese victory in the Russo-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese peace treaty, the Chinese Lushun and Dalian the lease and the "Changchun - Port Arthur" section of the railway property rights and ancillary facilities for himself. Since then, Japan's creation of "South Manchuria Railway Company" by the Japanese Imperial Army in charge of the garrison along the railway.
Japan's domestic situation
Since the Meiji Restoration, Japan pursued a military principle of priority, training a large number of professional soldiers; and after the 1921 Washington Conference, Japan began a large-scale disarmament, 1921 1930, Japan's military spending cuts by the seven hundred thirty million yen to five hundred million yen or less, the reduction amounted to 40%. Large-scale disarmament aroused strong dissatisfaction of the soldiers, disgruntled soldiers began secret meetings, party Sword, Sakura will, will wait overnight east of Tojo, Okamura, Ishihara Kanji, led by the military secret organizations have been established .
1927 In June 2009, Japanese Prime Minister Tanaka chaired a "meeting of the East", established the policy of aggression "Manchuria split from mainland China out of self-contained area, set under Japanese forces"; two years later, the world capitalist economic crisis spread to Japan, to 1931, Japan into an extremely difficult situation. The Japanese government eager to launch a war against China, in order to divert the attention of people at home, ease the class contradictions.
Tanaka Memorial
1927 June-July, the Japanese government held a "Eastern Conference" in Tokyo to discuss and determine the specific programs aggression against China by Tanaka drafted a a secret memorial to the Emperor, to develop "Outline of China policy" (ie, the Tanaka memorial). In the memorial called "To conquer China, we must first conquer Manchuria and Mongolia; to conquer the world, we must first conquer China" fully exposed the ambitions of the Japanese invasion.
Event Details
Japanese provocation
1931 September 18, at 10 am, the Japanese Kwantung Army brigade Shimamoto Kawashima squadron river ins and outs keep Lieutenant rate the number of men who, in the vicinity of Shenyang wicker Lake Beidaying about 800 meters south of the South Manchurian railway tracks blown up period. In the Japanese arranged a fake site, put the three Chinese soldiers dressed in suits bodies, go against the Chinese army destroyed the railway. Independent Japanese garrison second brigade namely China Northeast Army resident Beida Ying attack. 4 o'clock the next morning, the Japanese garrison independent fifth brigade arrives by the Tieling Beidaying join the fight. 5:30, the Northeast Army 7th Brigade retreated to Shenyang Dongshanzui sub, the Japanese occupation Beidaying. Northeast Army combat casualties of more than 300 people, the Japanese casualties 24 people.
Northeast occupied
Incident night September 18, 1931, Executive Office chief of staff in the northeast border guards commander Zhang Rongzhen according to the orders of the Northeast Army command "no resistance, not allowed to move, put the gun into the warehouse, bulging die, we pay the price, sacrifice for the country. " The next day September 19, 1931 when Zhang Union Hospital of Tianjin Ta Kung Pao reporter talk again, said: "I ordered my department as early as soldiers, the Japanese soldiers provocation, not resist it Beidaying army, so early collection of ordnance, stored in. the Treasury. " Since the implementation of Zhang Xueliang non-resistance command, Beidaying 8000 defenders were defeated only about 300 Japanese troops.
Japanese independent garrison attack to Beidaying the same time, the Kwantung Army 2nd Division 3rd Brigade 29th regiment to attack the city of Mukden, to at 10:19 on September, the Japanese army has captured Mukden, Siping, Yingkou Phoenix, Anton and other South Manchurian Railway, esteeming 18 towns along the railway line. Northeast Army in Changchun spontaneous fight back, fight to the next day, Changchun fall.
1931 Nian 9 21, the Japanese second division main occupation of Jilin. October 1, 1931, the Northeast Army commanders in Taonan Heilongjiang Zhang Haipeng collaborators, and command instructions from the Japanese sent three groups to attack Qiqihar. October 26, 1931, the Kwantung Army 2nd Division 29th regiment occupied four main towns along the railway line Tao. November 4, 1931, the Japanese Imperial Army detachment attack Nen Nen northbound defenders. November 19, 1931, fell to the Japanese Qiqihar.
Jinzhou evacuation
Zhang after the outbreak leave Mukden, under the leadership moved to Jinzhou. October 8, 1931, the Kwantung Army sent 12 bombers raid Jinzhou. In this regard, the South Jiro War Minister still on Wakatsuki Reijirō prime minister claimed that "due to the Chinese army's anti-aircraft artillery fire, was forced to take defensive action," then the Kwantung Army issued a public statement, declaring that "Zhang Xueliang in Jinzhou build large numbers of troops, if ignored