Mathematics principle of natural philosophy

Introduction

"Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy," the purpose is to explore the natural forces from a variety of sports phenomenon, then these forces to explain natural phenomena. It has always been the core content throughout the book, is the law of universal gravitation and the three laws of motion. The book is divided into five parts, the first part is written in front of the body of a long "description" of some concepts used in the book, such as a force, celestial mechanics, movement, or the like gives the amount of material necessary definitions and description; the second part is the "law of motion axioms or" Details of the three laws of motion of the object: the law of the law of inertia, the relationship between force and motion, law of action and reaction; the first third part of the book volume discussed movement of the object without resistance in free space; and a fourth portion into the second volume of the book, in the comparison of different objects blocking the movement of the medium, the size of the object draw resistance of primary and secondary velocity proportional to the square calculation formula, and also discusses an elastic compressibility of gases, and the speed of sound in air issues; fifth portion of the third volume of the book, according to which part of the first four arguments derived law of universal gravitation and with plenty of natural facts to illustrate the existence of gravity, these natural facts, including changes in the size of the deviation motion of the moon, ocean tides, the precession of varying lengths and so on.

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Three of the universe of systems

creative background

1684 years, the problem of gravitation in Newton thought about 20 years later, Hooke, Halley and Wren et al. He held a seminar. At the seminar, "in the role of the inverse square of the distance of the force, what kind of shape the trajectory of the object will show" has become the center of the issue. It seems to be consistent with the conclusion that the orbit is elliptical, but who failed to give a satisfactory proof. Furthermore, no one can understand the interaction style is also an object under the action of such a force. Harley thought perhaps Newton can solve this problem. So he visited Newton. As a result he found that Newton had solved the problem. This opportunity, under the instigation of Halley, Newton after his findings in the same issue of consolidation, in 1687 published his "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy."

idea works

Newton's three laws

"Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" in the section on "Definitions", Newton proposed a hypothesis test: radioactive shells in top of the mountain, lack of artillery force, shells flew in an arc curve while they fall to the ground. If the force is large enough artillery shells around the globe will face weeks, this is the centripetal force of the show. In the "axioms or laws of motion" section, the Newton proposed and discussed the "laws of motion", that is, Newton's three laws. Wherein the first law, also known as the law of inertia: "a state in which each of the objects remain stationary or moving along a line of constant speed, unless a strong applied thereto, forcing it to change this state." Second Law as: " changes and the added power is proportional to the movement, and the "third law, also called the law of action and reaction:" that occur in the linear direction of the applied force. every action there is always an equal reaction against it and ; or that the interaction between the two objects is always equal to each other, and each point it to the other side, "Newton's laws of motion, he is a contribution to physics.

On the motion of the object

"Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" Volume "On the motion of the object." In this volume, the Newton describes the basic theory of the movement of objects, and strictly proved, the law of the movement of objects in various gravity conditions. That is, in this part of Newton for the first time officially announced his invention of calculus. Newton spent several secondary significance limit theorem, derive calculus method (ie, flow cytometry and count the number of reflux surgery). Newton in the preface "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" of where it is at the outset declared: "As the ancients that the mechanics of the most important in the study of natural things, and now others abandon its physical shape and covert nature of trying to mathematical laws explain natural phenomena, So I'm in this book, is also committed to use mathematics to explore the philosophical issues related to. "in the first volume of proof, Newton used the calculus of this new analytical methods. "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" in the book, this reflects Newton's original intention. His new mathematical tools used in the analysis of gravity, tides, comets, sound and light, fluid resistance, and even the entire universe. One of the most glorious victories is the law of gravity. Newton rigorous mathematical arguments, he concluded: "All things are attracted to each other with; quality is directly proportional to the size and gravity of each object, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them." This is the "law of gravity." Newton's law of gravity apply, not only to explain the phenomena existing theories have been described, such as the law of inertia and the law of free fall Galileo discovered, but also to explain and interpret existing theories can not explain the phenomenon, such as satisfactorily explain Kepler the three laws of planetary motion. Even more unusual it is that it foresees a new astronomical phenomenon has not been found, including later confirmed the existence of Uranus. Newton also introduced the concept of absolute time, absolute space and absolute motion.

"Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" Volume II "on the movement of objects" for the first volume of the concrete application of basic laws, describes the movement of an object when subjected to air or water resistance, and to study acoustics. Newton was strongly refuted the widely popular Cartesian vortex theory. Newton made it clear that the rotation of the rotary disaster in line with Kepler's laws of planetary impossible.

On the system of the universe

"Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" the third volume titled "On the system of the universe." In this volume, Newton put forward four "philosophy of inference rules", stressing that "the reason to seek natural things, shall not exceed the true and sufficient to explain the phenomenon by" and "for the same natural phenomena must be sought as much as possible the same reason "and proposed a general property of all things. This reflects Newton convinced that everything in the universe is based on simple principles of harmony and unity constituted. Newton's reasoning these four rules, the basic norms of scientific research until today are followed.

Next, Newton discussed the genesis of the solar system planets, comets and the moon run, as well as the ocean tides on Earth. He also sports the satellite of Jupiter and Saturn do the research, pointed out that they strictly follow the inverse square law. Newton using lunar gravity, successfully explained the ocean tides. It was the movement of the moon the most detailed explanation. He made a precise calculation of the shape of the earth. According to Newton a few experimental data analysis pointed out that the Earth at the equator than at the poles to be flat some, this is due to the Earth's rotation caused. This is just the opposite point of view with the doctrine of Descartes. In the third volume of "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", there are theories about comets. Newton already large comet data and observations recorded do the analysis demonstrates the inverse square relationship between comets and is also suitable for the sun. He concluded Road, comets and planets and no essential difference between the ordinary, but it is much larger than just its orbital eccentricity, this flat elliptical orbit is very close to a parabola.

impact on future generations

"Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", a set of Newtonian mechanics of the proposed system laid the foundation for the development of future mechanics. The system is also because people are successfully used in the discussion of the motion of celestial bodies. Among the mechanical development background of the 17th century, on the one hand with a series of challenging questions scholars critique and reflection on the old theory conducted among proposed, on the other hand people have a long-term technical practice accumulated rich Experience. In the emerging industry, complete system also means Newton scholars and craftsmen on the traditional combination of the above history. This combination, laid the foundation for the future to solve the technical problems, but also to deepen people's understanding of nature provided a powerful weapon. In 1842, the discovery of Neptune Newton's theory of Wal-Mart boosted, and the development disciplines of optical, electromagnetic, atomic, molecular binding, etc., but also to further expand the scope of application of Newtonian mechanics. In philosophy, Newtonian mechanics on the formation of future mechanical conception of nature also had an impact.

"Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" is the first complete scientific theoretical system of cosmology and science of human control, its influence reach throughout all areas of classical science. "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" in the fields of physics, mathematics, astronomy and philosophy have had a tremendous impact.

"Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" marks the apex of the 17th century scientific revolution, in terms of the history of human civilization, which laid the scientific foundation for the Industrial Revolution, the achievements of the Industrial Revolution in Britain, in France induced enlightenment movement and Revolution, both in terms of basic social productive forces and social system have a direct and fruitful.

In April 2020, included in the "Department of Basic Education Curriculum and Textbook Development Education Center students read Guidance Catalog (2020 edition)."

About the Author

Isaac Newton (1643-1727), British scientists. Newton was born in Lincolnshire England town of Walsall Pu a yeoman family. In 1661, 19-year-old Newton fee reductions to students entering the identity of Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1665 a bachelor's degree. In 1667, 26-year-old Newton was promoted to professor of mathematics, and served as Lucasian Professor of. In 1668, Newton reflector telescope made the first prototype. In 1671, the improved Newton reflector telescope dedicated to the Royal Society, and thus became famous, and was elected to the Royal Society. With the improvement of scientific reputation, Newton's political status has also been improved. In 1689, he was elected representative of the University of Congress. Newton began working in his later years of the study of theology, he rejected the guidance of philosophy, theology immersed in writing to the theme of the book. March 20, 1727, Isaac Newton died, he was buried in Westminster Abbey.