Interpretation
materialism
[Explanation]Materialismhastwocores:oneismatterandtheotherisconsciousness;Twomajorlaws:materialistmonism(theprincipleoftheunityofworldmaterial),theprincipleofthedialecticalrelationshipbetweenmatterandconsciousness.
Substance
Substanceisthephilosophicalcategoryofobjectivereality.Theonlycharacteristicofmatterisobjectivereality.Thisobjectiverealityisthroughperception.Relyonourfeelingstoexist,tobecopied,photographed,andreflectedbyourfeelings.
Consciousness
1.Theoriginofphysicalconsciousness:itistheproductofthelong-termdevelopmentofthematerialworld(natureandsociety);
2.Thephysiologicalbasisofconsciousness:theformationofconsciousnessisahighlydevelopedmaterialsystem-thefunctionofthehumanbrain,whichisthematerialorganofconsciousness;
3.Thecontentofconsciousness:consciousnessisthesubjectiveviewoftheobjectiveworldImage;
Consciousnessisanapproximateandactivereflectionofobjectiveexistence.Anyconsciousnessisaprojectionofobjectiveexistence,andaprototypecanbefoundfromobjectiveexistence,thatis,ifthereisnoreflectedperson,therewillbenoreflector;
Thecontentofconsciousnessisobjective,anditsformissubjective.Consciousnessistheorganicunityofobjectivecontentandsubjectiveform.
Materialistmonism:
Theworldisdiverseandunified.Theunityoftheworldliesinitsmateriality,theunityofthematerialworld,Itistheunityofdiversity.
[Principle]Theworldisamaterialworld,andthetrueunityoftheworldliesinitsmateriality.
【Methodology】Acknowledgethattheworld'soriginismaterial,adheretomaterialism,andopposeidealism.
Theprincipleofthedialecticalrelationshipbetweenmatterandconsciousness:
1.Theprincipleofthedependenceofconsciousnessonmatter,matterdeterminesconsciousness,thatis,theprimacyofmatter,consciousnessThesecondnature;andtheoriginandessentialprinciplesofconsciousness.
2.Theactiveprincipleofconsciousnessonmatter,alsoknownasthesubjectiveactiveprinciple.
Itbelievesthatmatterdeterminesconsciousness,andmatterdeterminesthegeneration,physiologicalbasisandcontentofconsciousness.Theworldismaterialinitsessence.Itdoesnotdependonhumanconsciousnessbutexistsobjectively.Consciousnessismatter.Therearephilosophicalviewsreflectedinthehumanbrain.
Consciousnesshasacounterproductiveeffectonmatter.Correctconsciousnessactsasaguidetomatter,whilewrongconsciousnessactsasahindrancetomatter.
[Principle]Matterisprimitive,consciousnessisderived,andmatterdeterminesconsciousness;consciousnesshasanactiveeffectonmatter.
[Methodology]Persistineverythingstartingfromreality,seekingtruthfromfacts,makingsubjectivityconsistentwithobjectiveness,andachievingthehistoricalunityofsubjectivityandobjectiveness;emphasizingtheroleofconsciousness,establishingcorrectconsciousness,andovercomingwrongconsciousness.
[Synonyms]Materialism
[Antonyms]Idealism
Oneofthetwomajorschoolsofphilosophythatbelievesthattheworldisimmaterialbyitsnature,Itexistsinhumanconsciousnessanddependsonhumanconsciousness.Thinkingisprimaryandexistenceissecondary.Theworldisdeterminedbythinking,thatis,consciousnessdeterminesmatter.
Theprincipleofuniversalityandobjectivityofthelaw:
[Principle]Thelawisuniversal,andeverythingisfollowedinthecourseofitsmovementanddevelopmentItsinherentlaws;lawsareobjective,notshiftedbyhumanwill,andcanneitherbecreatednordestroyed.
[Methodology]Lawsmustbefollowed,andlawscannotbeviolated;peoplecanplaytheirsubjectiveinitiative,basedonunderstandingandgraspingthelaws,andusingthelawsaccordingtotheconditionsandformsunderwhichthelawsacttotransformtheobjectiveworld.
Theactiveprincipleofconsciousness:
[Features]Consciousnessactivitiesarepurposeful,planned,activeandcreative,andconsciouslyselective.
【Principle】Thereactionofconsciousness:consciousnesscannotonlyreflectthephenomenonofthings,butalsoaccuratelyrevealtheessenceandlawsofthings;consciousnesscanreactagainstmatter.Therightconsciousnesscanpromotethedevelopmentofthings,onthecontrary,thewrongconsciousnesshindersthedevelopmentofthings.
Theroleofconsciousness:peoplecanactivelyknowtheworld,andpeoplecanactivelychangetheworld.Consciousnesshasaregulatoryandcontroleffectonthephysiologicalactivitiesofthehumanbody.
Historicalform
Naivematerialism
Theinitialhistoricalformofthedevelopmentofmaterialism.ItdeniesthattheworldwascreatedbyGodandattributedtheoriginoftheworldtophysicalobjects.Forexample:thefiveelements(gold,wood,water,fire,earth),air,movement[xíng],yinandyang,etc.,tryingtofindtheunityofnaturalphenomenawithinfinitediversity.
TheFiveElements:Theancient[FiveElementsTheory]believedthatthefivesubstancesofwater,fire,wood,metal,andeartharetheoriginoftheworld.Forexample,WangChongoftheEasternHanDynastyputforward:"Heavenandearthcombineqi,andeverythinggrowsbyitself."ZhangZaioftheNorthernSongDynastybelieves:"Tooemptycannotbewithoutair,andaircannotbegatheredintoallthings."TheancientGreekphilosopherThalesbelieved:"Allthingsareborninwater.,Andreturntothewater.”Heraclitusbelieves:“Theworldisaneternalburningfire.”
Qi:AncientChinesematerialistsbelievedthateverythingintheuniverseiscomposedofaveryfineflowingmaterial"Qi".QiistheoriginoftheworldandproposedthemonismofQi.Forexample,duringtheWarringStatesPeriod,XunzibelievedthatmaterialandunifiedQiconstitutedallthingsinnature,andhumanbeingsarealsoapartofnature.
Yes:Xunzialsoputforwardthevaluablepropositionof"beinginshapebutinspirit".FanZhenoftheWei,Jin,SouthernandNorthernDynastiesexplainedtherelationshipbetweengodsandforms:"Godistheform,andtheformisthegod.Therefore,iftheformexists,thespiritwillexist,andtheformwillbedestroyedbythespirit."Thesearethesimplereflectionsofthematerialisticthinkingofmaterialfirstandconsciousnesssecond.
Naivematerialismisoftencombinedwithsimpledialectics.AncientChinesematerialismregardsthefiveelementsastheworld'sIntheoriginaltime,therelationshipbetweenthemwasalsousedtoillustratetheconnectionanddevelopmentoftheworld.TheancientGreekphilosopherHeraclitusused"fire"toillustratethedialecticalvisionofworlddevelopment.
NaivematerialismItisatheoreticalsummarybasedonintuitiveexperienceandrelativelysuperficialnaturalknowledge.Itlacksacertainscientificargumentandarigorouslogicalsystem,andcontainssomeguessingelements.Therefore,ithasthecharacteristicsofintuitiveness.
MechanicalMaterialism(ModernMetaphysicalMaterialism)
MarxMaterialism(2photos)
MaterialismisAfinitetheory,opposedtoinfinitetheory(agnosticism)andmonotheism.Alsoknownasmetaphysicalmaterialism.Itisadaptedtotheneedsofcapitalistdevelopmentandemergedwiththeemergenceofmodernnaturalscience.ItisincontrasttotheBritishassetsinthe17thcentury.Inlinewiththeclassrevolution,agroupofBritishmaterialists,representedbyF.Bacon,T.Hobbes,andJ.Locke,emerged.Theyrepresentedtheinterestsoftheemergingbourgeoisieandopposedscholasticphilosophy;Baconwassummarizingthebasisofscientificachievementsatthattime.Theabovesummarizestheexperimentalmethodsofobservation,experimentation,andinductiontounderstandthenaturalworld.HobbesinheritedBacon’sthoughtsandwasthefirsttosystematicallyexpoundthethoughtsofmechanicalmaterialism.Hebelievedthattheobjectofphilosophyisobjectivelyexistingmaterialentities.Objectsarethingsthatdonotdependonpeople’sthoughts.Theyarethebasisofallchangesintheworld.TheerathatBaconandHobbeslivedwasstillinthemanualworkshopstageofcapitalistproduction.Modernnaturalsciencesareintheearlystagesofformationanddevelopment.,Mechanicalmechanicsoccupiestheprimarycenterposition,andothernaturalsciencedepartmentsarestillimmature.Atthattime,thedevelopmentlevelofpracticeandscienceandtechnologydeterminedthatpeoplecanonlyusetheprinciplesofmechanicalmechanicstodemonstratetheunityofmatterintheworld,whichmakesThematerialismthoughtofthisperiodhasmechanicalcharacteristics.TheFrenchmaterialisminthe18thcenturyisthepeakofthedevelopmentofmetaphysicalmaterialism.Ithasobviousmechanicalcharacteristicsandsomedialecticalideas.ItsrepresentativesareLametriandDideRowe,Holbach,Eyrerepair,etc.Frenchmaterialismtheoreticallyinheritedanddevelopedthe17thcenturyBritishmaterialistempiricismandDescartes’materialisminPhysics.Inthe1840s,theGermanbourgeoisieThesituationoftherevolutionisbecomingmoreandmoremature,anditisphilosophicallymanifestedinthedisintegrationofGermanclassicalidealistphilosophyandtheemergenceofL.Feuerbach’shumanisticmaterialism.FeuerbachclearlystatedinhiscriticismofreligioustheologyandidealistphilosophyThebasicprinciplesofmaterialismofthefirstnatureofmatterandthesecondnatureofconsciousness.Feuerbach’shumanisticmaterialismoverthrewthelong-termruleofidealisminGermany,restoredtheauthorityofmaterialism,andgreatlyliberatedpeople’sminds.Marx,Engelsisalsodeeplyinfluencedbyit.Metaphysicalmaterialistphilosophycontainscertaindialecticfactors,butmechanical,Metaphysicsisitsmainfeature,anditstillholdsanidealistviewpointinthefieldofsocialhistory.Itattemptstousetheviewpointofmechanicalmovementtoexplainallphenomenaandprocessesinnatureandhumansociety,attributevariousformsofmovementtomechanicalmovement,anddenythedevelopmentofthingscausedbyinternalcontradictions.Tostudysocialphenomenaapartfromhumansocialityandhumanhistoricaldevelopment,onlytheideologicalmotivesthatcausepeople'sactivitiesareexamined,andthematerialreasonsbehindideologicalmotivesarenotexplored.Abstractrationality,nature,emotionsandotherphenomenabelongingtosocialconsciousnessareregardedassocialdevelopment.Thedecisivepower.Withinthescopeofbourgeoisphilosophy,vulgarmaterialismappearedinEuropeinthemiddleofthe19thcentury.Itonlyusesaphysiologicalperspectivetoexplainhumanspiritualphenomena,equatesconsciousnesswithmatter,obliteratestheoppositionbetweenmaterialismandidealism,andmakesmaterialismvulgarandsuperficial.Dialecticalmaterialismandhistoricalmaterialism
ItisMarxandEngelsinthe1840s,summarizedThehistoricalexperienceoftheproletariatstruggleandthenewachievementsofnaturalsciencehavebeencriticallyinheritedtheexcellentachievementsofhumanculture,especiallythe"reasonablecore"ofGWFHegeliandialecticsandFeuerbach'smaterialism.Createdonthebasisof"BasicKernel".Theemergenceofdialecticalmaterialismandhistoricalmaterialismisagreatchangeinphilosophy.Itovercomesthemechanicalandmetaphysicsofmechanicalmaterialism,andrealizestheorganicunityofmaterialismanddialectics;overcomestheincompletenessofmechanicalmaterialism,usesmaterialismtoobservesocialhistory,revealsthegenerallawsofsocialdevelopment,andestablishesThetheoreticalsystemofhistoricalmaterialismrealizestheorganicunityofdialecticalmaterialismandhistoricalmaterialism.Dialecticalmaterialismandhistoricalmaterialismaresciencesaboutthemostgenerallawsofthedevelopmentofnature,humansocietyandthinking.Theyarethegeneralizationandsummaryofnaturalsciences,socialsciencesandthinkingsciences.TheyarethetheoreticalbasisofallMarxistdoctrinesandtheworldoutlookoftheproletariat.Andmethodology.Intheeraofimperialismandproletarianrevolution,inthestruggleagainstopportunism,LenincomprehensivelydevelopedMarxismandpushedMarxistphilosophytoanewstageonthebasisofsummingupnewhistoricalexperienceandsummarizingthelatestachievementsinnaturalscience..AfterLenin'sdeath,StalininheritedLenin'scauseandmadeanindeliblecontributiontodefendinganddevelopingMarxismanditsphilosophy.IntheprocessofcombiningtheuniversaltruthofMarxism-LeninismwiththeconcretepracticeoftheChineserevolution,MaoZedongThoughtwasformed.ChineseMarxistshavemadesignificantcontributionstotheapplicationanddevelopmentofMarxism-LeninismanditsphilosophyinChina,andMaoZedongisthemostoutstandingrepresentativeamongthem.MaoZedong'sphilosophicalworksandmanyotherworkscontainingrichphilosophicalthoughts,fromsumminguptheexperienceandlessonsoftheChineserevolution,profoundlyexpoundedandenrichedMarxistepistemologyanddialectics,andaddednewcontenttoMarxistphilosophy.
Disagreement
Materialism:Theessenceoftheworldismatter.Intheworldthereismatterfirstandthenconsciousness.Matterdeterminesconsciousness,andconsciousnessisareflectionofmatter(materialThefirstnature,thesecondnatureofconsciousness)
WarringStatesXunzi:"Heavenandearthuniteandallthingsregenerate,andyinandyangconnectandchange."
EasternHanDynastyWangChong:"Heavenandearthmergetogether,andallthingsregeneratebythemselves."
."
FanZhenoftheSouthernDynasty:"Theshapekeepsthegods,andtheshapethankstothegodsdies."
MingDynastyprinces:"Hewhoisqidependsonreason.""Theworldisunderheaven.""Onlyimplements","Taoisthewayofimplements","Withoutimplements,thereisnoway."
Idealism:Theessenceoftheworldisconsciousness.Itisnotmatterthatdeterminesconsciousness,butconsciousnessdeterminesmatter(consciousnessfirst,mattersecond.)
①Subjectiveidealism:Theworldisderivedanddeterminedbyhumanconsciousness.
SongphilosopherLuXiangshan:"Theuniverseismyheart,andmyheartistheuniverse."
MingDynastyphilosopherWangYangming:"Thereisnothingoutsidetheheart.""Whentheeyesareopen,theflowersarebright,andwhentheeyesareclosed,theflowersaresilent."
BritishphilosopherBerkeley:Toexististobeperceived.Thingsare"acombinationoffeelings"and"acollectionofideas."
②Objectiveidealism:Theworldiscreatedanddeterminedbyacertaingodoranelusiveabsoluteconceptandpower.
ZhuXi,thephilosopheroftheSongDynasty:"Rationalitycomesfirst."
Plato:Theworldistheshadowof"idea".
Hegel:Theessenceoftheworldisthe"absolutespirit"thatexistsindependently.
③Religion:God,God’screation,mysteriouspowerandidealismthatdominatetheworld.Althoughtherearesomedifferences,theyareessentiallythesame.
Conclusion:Itbelievesthatthinkingandconsciousnessareprimary,existenceandmatteraresecondary,whichreversesthetruerelationshipbetweenthinkingandexistence,consciousnessandmatter,anddeviatesfromnaturalscienceandpeople’sPracticecoordinates,practiceisthebasisofscience.Dividedbyontology,thematerialisticMarxistphilosophyisascientificworldoutlookandmethodology.
(1)Theworldisanobjectivematerialworld;theexistenceanddevelopmentofnatureandsocietyareobjective;people’sactivitiestotransformnatureandchangesocietymustrecognizenature,Theobjectivityofsocietyisthepremise.
Engels(2photos)
(2)Humanconsciousnessisareflectionofobjectiveexistenceconsciousness;consciousnesscancounteractobjectivethingsDifferentconsciousnesseshavedifferentreactionstothedevelopmentofobjectivethings;thereflectionofconsciousnessonobjectivethingsisrestrictedbymanyfactors.(3)PeoplehavesubjectiveinitiativeTheobjectiveregularityandthesubjectiveinitiativeofpeople;forChina,everythingstartsfromrealityandseekstruthfromfacts;understandthenationalconditionsandbasethemselvesonthenationalconditions.
(4)TherelationshipbetweenmatterandconsciousnessTheissueoftherelationshipbetweenmatterandconsciousnessisthebasicissueofphilosophy;startingfromrealityisthefundamentalbasisforpeopletocorrectlyunderstandtheworldandeffectivelytransformtheworld.Point;forChina,proceedfromrealitytobuildsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics.
Note:Issuestobepaidattentiontointhetestsite
1.Payattentiontothephilosophicalconceptofmatterandthespecificformofmatter,aswellasthephysicalandchemicalaspectsofmatterthedifference.
2.Theonlypropertyofmatterisobjectivereality,andthefundamentalpropertyofmatterismovement.Thetwoaredifferent,andtheformeristheonlycharacteristicthatdistinguishesitfromconsciousness.Thelattermeansthatthemostfundamentalofthepropertiesofmatterismotion.
3.Theoriginoftheworldismatter,whichrevealstheoriginoftheworld.Theessenceoftheworldismatter,whichrevealsthecommonattributesandessentialcharacteristicsoftheworld.Thefirstnatureofmatterisrelativetothesecondnatureofconsciousness.Consciousnessisareflectionofmatter,anditisrevealedthatmatterdeterminesconsciousness.
4.Theactivefunctionofconsciousnessisfirstlymanifestedintheabilityofhumanconsciousnesstocorrectlyreflecttheobjectiveworld,andsecondlyconcentratedintheabilityofconsciousnesstoreacttoobjectivethings.Theformerdoesnotexcludethewrongaspectsofconsciousnessinthereflectionofmatter,butemphasizesthecorrectreflectionandrequireshumanbeingstocontinuouslyexploreandpursuethetruth.Thelatterdrawstwoaspectsonthebasisoftheformer:correctconsciousnesspromotesthedevelopmentofthings,andwrongconsciousnesshindersthedevelopmentofthings.
5.Materialdeterminesconsciousnessisthebasisofallphilosophicaltheorystartingfromreality.Tostartfromrealitysimplymeanstostartfromthefactsthatexistobjectively,andtostartfromthematerial,itmeansthatthelines,policiesandtheoriesareconsistentwiththefactsthatexistobjectively.Therefore,wemustopposethesubjectiveapproach.
6.Startingfromreality,seekingtruthfromfactsisnotthesameasstartingfromrealityandseekingtruthfromfacts.Thetheoreticalpremiseoftheformeristhatmatterdeterminesconsciousness,whilethetheoreticalpremiseofthelatteristoactaccordingtolaws.
7.Theobjectivityofthelawandthesubjectiveinitiativeofmanaretheunityofmaterialism,dialecticsandepistemology.Man’ssubjectiveinitiativemustbebasedonobservingobjectivelaws,andmustnotviolateobjectivelaws.Respectforobjectivelawsmustgivefullplaytopeople'ssubjectiveinitiative.Recognizingtheobjectivityofthelawastheprerequisiteistoadheretothematerialisminthisissue,seekingtruthfromfacts,advancingwiththetimes,graspingthelawinchangeanddevelopment,reflectingthedialecticsofthisissue,andconstantlyexertinghumansubjectivityintheprocessofunderstandingActivenessalsoembodiestheepistemology,whichbelievesthateverythingcontainscontradictions,andthemorecontradictions,themorerealitis.
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