Maglev train

Thesynonymousmaglevtraingenerallyreferstothemaglevtrain.

Developmentstatus

ThecountriesthathaveconductedresearchonmaglevtrainsintheworldaremainlyGermany,Japan,theUnitedKingdom,Canada,theUnitedStates,theSovietUnionandChina.TheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionabandonedtheirresearchprojectsinthe1970sand1980s,respectively,buttheUnitedStateshasrecentlystartedresearchprojectsagain.Britainonlybegantostudymaglevtrainsin1973,butitwasoneofthefirstcountriestoputmaglevtrainsintocommercialoperation.

InApril1984,the600mlongmaglevtransportationsystemfromBirminghamAirporttotherailwaystationwasofficiallyputintooperation.Itonlytakes90sforpassengerstotakethemaglevtrainfromtheairporttotherailwaystation.However,in1995,after11yearsofoperation,theoperationwassuspended.Atpresent,GermanyandJapanhavethemostmatureresearchonmaglevtrains.

Germanybegantostudymaglevtrainsin1968.Atthebeginning,boththenormal-conductingandsuperconductingtypeswereemphasized.In1977,thenormal-conductingandsuperconductingtesttrainsweredevelopedrespectively.However,afteranalysisandcomparison,itwasdecidedtoconcentrateonthedevelopmentofnormallyconductivemaglevtrains.Atpresent,Germanyhasmatureditstechnologyintheresearchofconstant-permeabilitymaglevtrains.

Japanbegantostudynormal-conductingmaglevtrainsin1962.Later,duetothedevelopmentofsuperconductingtechnology,Japanbegantostudysuperconductingmaglevtrainsinthe1970s.OntheMiyazakiMaglevRailwayTestLineinDecember1972,thespeedreached204km/h.Itwasfurtherincreasedto517km/hinDecember1979.InNovember1982,themannedtestofthemaglevtrainwassuccessful.Thespeedofthemannedmaglevtrainin1995wasashighas411km/hduringthetest.InDecember1997,aworldrecordof550km/hwassetonthetestlineinYamanashiPrefecture.Themaximumspeedisrelatedtothelengthofthetestline.TheGermantestlineiscircularatbothends,andthestraightpartisonlyabout7km.TheJapanesetestlineisstraightandverylong,soitcanreachahigherspeed.

Intheearly1980s,Chinabegantoconductresearchonlow-speednormallyconductivemaglevtrains.InOctober1994,SouthwestJiaotongUniversitybuiltthefirstmaglevrailwaytestline,andcarriedoutthemannedtestofthemaglevtrainatthesametime,andsuccessfullycarriedoutafour-seat,self-weight4t,levitationheightof8mm,andaspeedof30km/h.ThemaglevtraintestpassedtheexpertappraisalorganizedbytheMinistryofRailwaysinJanuary1996.Then,ontheindoormagneticlevitationtestlinewithagaugeof2m,alengthof36m,andadesignspeedof100kmperhourontheringtestlineoftheAcademyofRailwaySciences,thetestlinewassuccessfullyalignedwithalengthof6.5m,awidthof3m,andadeadweightof4t.Thereare15seatsinsideandadesignspeedof100kmperhour./hlow-speednormallyguided6tsinglebogiemaglevtestcarwastestedandpassedtheMinistryofRailwaysscientificandtechnologicalachievementappraisalinNovember1998,fillingthegapinChina'smaglevtraintechnologyfield.

In2016,the100kilometersperhourChangshaMaglevExpresstraindevelopedbyCRRCZhujiCo.,Ltd.wentonlineandwascalledChina'scommercialmaglevversion1.0trainbytheindustry.Commercialmaglevversion1.0trainsaremoresuitableforurbanareas.

InJune2018,China’sfirstcommercialmaglevversion2.0trainrolledofftheassemblylineofCRRCZhuzhouElectricLocomotiveCo.,Ltd.Thedesignspeedofthe2.0versionofthetrainhasbeenincreasedto160kilometersperhour,andathree-sectionmarshallingisadopted,withamaximumcapacityof500passengers.Inaddition,thetractionpowerofthevehicleisincreasedby30%,andthesuspensioncapacityisincreasedby6tons.Commercialmaglevversion2.0trainsaresuitablefortransportationbetweencentralcitiesandsatellitecities.

At10:50onMay23,2019,China's600km/hhigh-speedmaglevtestprototyperolledofftheassemblylineinQingdao.ThismarksChina'smajorbreakthroughinthefieldofhigh-speedmaglevtechnology.

Systemcomposition

Magneticlevitationtrainismainlycomposedofthreeparts:levitationsystem,propulsionsystemandguidancesystem.Althoughapropulsionsystemthathasnothingtodowithmagnetismcanbeused,inmostcurrentdesigns,thefunctionsofthesethreepartsarealldonebymagnetism.

Levitationmethod

(1)Maglevhasthreebasicprinciples.Thefirstprincipleisthatwhenthemagneticfieldclosetothemetalchanges,theelectronsonthemetalwillmoveandgenerateanelectriccurrent.Thesecondprincipleisthemagneticeffectofcurrent.Whenelectriccurrentflowsinawireorapieceofmetal,amagneticfieldisgenerated.Theenergizedcoilbecomesamagnet.Thethirdprincipleofmaglevisfamiliartous.Magnetswillinteractwitheachother,repulsingthesamepolarityandattractingeachother.Nowlet'slookathowthemaglevworks:amagnetpassesoverapieceofmetal,andtheelectronsonthemetalstarttomoveduetothechangeinthemagneticfield(Principle1).Theelectronsformaloop,soitalsogeneratesitsownmagneticfield(Principle2).Figure1expressesthisprocessinthesimplestway.Amovingmagnetmakesanimaginarymagnetappearinthemetal.Thisimaginarymagnetisdirectional,becauseithasthesamepolarity,soitwillrepulsetheoriginalmagnet.Inotherwords,iftheoriginalmagnethasthenorthpoleonthebottom,theimaginarymagnethasthenorthpoleonthetop;viceversa.Becausethesamepolesofthemagnetrepeleachother(Principle3),lettingthemagnetmoveoverapieceofmetalwillproduceanupwardforceonthemovingmagnet.Ifthemagnetmovesfastenough,theforcewillbelargeenoughtoovercomethedownwardgravityandliftthemovingmagnet.Sowhenthemagnetmoves,itwillmakeitselffloatontopofthemetalandmaintainitsbuoyancybytheforcegeneratedbythemovementofitsownelectrons.Thisprocessiscalledmaglev,andthisprinciplecanbeappliedtotrains.Thefollowingintroducesthespecificoperatingprinciplesofthenormallyconductive(EMS)andsuperconductingmagneticrepulsion(EDS)trains.

Normalconductivemagnetism(EMS)usesthenormallyconductivemagnets(suspensionelectromagnets)installedonthebogiesonbothsidesofthevehicleandthemagnetslaidonthetrackrailstogenerateattractiveforceundertheactionofamagneticfieldMakethevehiclefloat,asshowninFigure2inFigure2.Thegapbetweenthevehicleandtherailsurfaceisinverselyproportionaltothesizeoftheattractiveforce.Inordertoensurethereliabilityofthislevitationandthesmoothrunningofthetrain,thelinearmotormusthaveahigherpower,andthecurrentintheelectromagnetmustbeaccuratelycontrolledtomaintainastablestrengthandlevitationforcebetweenthecarbodyandtheguiderail.Keepagapofapproximately10mm.Theairgapsensorusedtomeasurethegapisusuallyusedforthefeedbackcontrolofthesystem.Thistypeofsuspensiondoesnotrequirespecialgroundsupportdevicesandauxiliarygroundwheels,andtherequirementsforthecontrolsystemcanalsobeslightlylower.

Superconductingmagneticrepulsiontype(EDS)Inthisform,asuperconductingmagnet(placedinaliquidheliumstoragetank)isinstalledonthebottomofthevehicle,andaseriesofaluminumringcoilsarelaidonbothsidesofthetrack.Whenthetrainisrunning,thecoil(superconductingmagnet)onthecarisenergizedtogenerateastrongmagneticfield.Thecoil(aluminumring)on​​thegroundistangenttoitandthedirectionofthesuperconductingmagnetonthecarisopposite,andthetwomagneticfieldsgeneraterepulsiveforce.Whentherepulsiveforceisgreaterthantheweightofthevehicle,thevehiclefloats.Therefore,thesuperconductingmagneticrepulsiontypeusestherelativemovementbetweenthesuperconductingmagnetplacedonthevehicleandthepassivecoillaidonthetracktogeneratethelevitationforcetoliftthevehiclebody.AsshowninFigure3inFigure2.Sincetheresistanceofthesuperconductingmagnetiszero,almostnoenergyisconsumedduringoperation,andthemagneticfieldstrengthisverylarge.Thestrongrepulsiveforcegeneratedbetweenthesuperconductorandtheguiderailcanmakethevehiclefloat.Whenthevehiclemovesdownwards,thedistancebetweenthesuperconductingmagnetandthelevitationcoildecreasesandthecurrentincreases,whichincreasesthelevitationforceandautomaticallyrestoresthevehicletoitsoriginallevitationposition.Thisgapisrelatedtothespeed.Generally,thevehiclebodycanonlybesuspendeduntil100km/h.Therefore,mechanicalauxiliarysupportdevices,suchasauxiliarysupportwheelsandcorrespondingspringsupports,mustbeinstalledonthevehicletoensurethatthetraincanlandsafelyandreliably.Thecontrolsystemshouldbeabletoachieveprecisecontrolofstartingandstopping.

Guidingmethod

Magneticlevitationtrainsareguidedbyelectromagneticforce.Abriefdescriptionofthetwocasesofpermanentmagneticattractionandsuperconductingmagneticrepulsionisasfollows.

Thenormallyconductivemagneticguidesystemissimilartothelevitationsystem.Asetofelectromagnetsspeciallyusedforguidingareinstalledonthesideofthevehicle.Keepacertaingapbetweenthecarbodyandthesideoftheguiderail.Whenthevehicledeviatesfromsidetoside,theguideelectromagnetonthevehicleinteractswiththesideoftheguiderailtorestorethevehicletoitsnormalposition.Thecontrolsystemmaintainsthislateralgapbycontrollingthecurrentintheguidemagnet,soastoachievethepurposeofcontrollingtherunningdirectionofthetrain.

Thesuperconductingmagneticrepulsionguidancesystemcanbeconstructedinthefollowingthreeways:①Installamechanicalguidancedeviceonthevehicletoachievetrainguidance.Thiskindofdeviceusuallyusesthesideguideauxiliarywheelonthevehicletointeractwiththesideoftheguiderail(rollingfriction)togeneratearestoringforce.Thisforceisbalancedwiththelateralforcegeneratedwhenthetrainrunsalongthecurve,sothatthetrainRunalongthecenterlineoftheguiderail.②Installaspecialguidingsuperconductingmagnetonthevehicletogenerateamagneticrepulsionforcewiththegroundcoilandmetalbeltonthesideoftheguiderail.Thisforceisbalancedwiththelateralforceofthetraintokeepthetraininthecorrectrunningdirection.Thisguidingmethodavoidsmechanicalfriction.Aslongasthecurrentinthelateralgroundguidingcoiliscontrolled,thetraincanmaintainacertainlateralgap.③The"zeromagneticflux"guidancesystemthatusesmagneticforcetoguideislaidwith"8"-shapedclosedcoils.Whenthesuperconductingmagnetinstalledonthetrainislocatedonthesymmetricalcenterlineofthecoil,themagneticfieldinthecoiliszero;whenthetrainproduceslateraldisplacement,themagneticfieldinthe"8"-shapedcoiliszero,andareactionforceisgeneratedInordertobalancethelateralforceofthetrain,thetrainreturnstothepositionofthecenterlineoftheline.

Propulsionmethod

Themostcriticaltechnologyofthemaglevtrainpropulsionsystemistodeploytherotatingmotorintoalinearmotor.Itsbasicstructureandprincipleofactionaresimilartothoseofordinaryrotatingmotors.Afterunfolding,itstransmissionmodechangesfromrotarymotiontolinearmotion.Linearmotorsaredividedintoshort-statorasynchronouslinearmotorsandlong-statorsynchronouslinearmotors.Theshort-statorasynchronouslinearmotortractionmethodistoinstallafullsetoftractiondevicessuchasthree-phasearmaturewindings,tractiontransformersandconvertersonthevehicle,andinstallinductionrailsastherotoronthetrack.ThevehiclegenerallyusescontactcurrenttoobtainfromthegroundpowersupplysystemPowersupply.Thismethodisrelativelysimpleinstructure,easytomaintain,andlowincost.Itissuitableformediumandlow-speedurbantransportationandsuburbantransportationandasashort-distancetouristroutesystem;themaindisadvantagesarelowpowerandlowefficiency,whichisnotconducivetohigh-speedoperation.mycountry'sChangshaAirportLineandBeijingS1LineMaglevtrains,aswellasJapan'sHSSTtypeMaglevtrainsalladoptthispropulsionmethod.Thesuperconductingmagneticrepulsiontypemagneticlevitationadoptsalong-statorsynchronouslinearmotor.Thesuperconductingelectromagnetisinstalledonthevehicle,andpassiveclosedcoilsornon-magneticmetalplatesaresetalongthetrack.Theuseofasuperconductingmagneticcoilasamaglevdeviceprovidesconvenientconditionsfortheexcitationcoilofthelinearsynchronousmotortobeinasuperconductingstate.Theycancoexistinthesamecoolingsystem,orthesamecoilcanfunctionaslevitation,guidanceandpropulsionatthesametime.TheGermanTRserieshigh-speedmagneticlevitationistolaythestatorcoils(calledlongstators)onthetrack.Thesuspendedmagnetsonthevehiclesalsoserveastherotorsofthelinearmotors.Allthetractionpowersupplyandtransformation,convertercontrol,switchcontrolandotherequipmentareusedSetontheground.Takingintoaccountthepowerlossofthestatorcoil,backEMFandotherfactors,thestatorcoilonthelineshouldbedividedintomultiplesections(calledtractionzones),andeachtractionzoneisequippedwithacompletetractionpowersupplyandtransformationsystem.Onlythegroundtractionsystemofthesectionwherethetrainisrunningisworking,andthetrainisautomaticallyhandedoverbetweenadjacenttractionsectionswhenthetraincrossesthesection.Inordertoreducethenumberofgroundtractionequipment,thelengthofthetractionzoneshouldbeaslongaspossible(upto30to50km).Inordertofurtherreducethelossofthestatorcoil,atractionzoneisdividedintomultipleshorterstatorsegments(usually(Hundredstomorethan1kilometer),eachstatorsegmentcontrolswhethertoturnonthetractioncurrentthroughtheswitchstationontheground,sothatonlythestatorsegmentwherethetrainislocatedinatractionzoneispowered.Inordertoreducetheimpulsewhenthetrainswitchesbetweensegments,theswitchingpointsofthestatorsegmentsontheleftandrightsidesofthetrackarestaggeredtoeachother,soastoensurethatatleastonestatorsegmentontheleftandrightsidesisenergizedatthesametime.Theadvantageofthelongstatorlinearmotoristhatthetractionpowerislarge,theefficiencyishigherthanthatoftheshortstator,anditcanachieveahighertractionspeed.Thedisadvantageisthattherearemanygroundequipments,complexsystems,andhighengineeringcosts.Butthelong-statorlinearmotoristheinevitablechoiceforhigh-speedandultra-high-speedmaglev.

Trainkineticenergy

Theworkingprincipleofthe"normallyconductive"maglevtrainandthetrackandtheelectricmotorareexactlythesame.Justputthe"rotor"oftheelectricmotoronthetrain,andlaythe"stator"oftheelectricmotoronthetrack.Throughtheinteractionbetweenthe"rotor"and"stator",electricalenergyisconvertedintokineticenergyforadvancement.Weknowthatwhenthe"stator"ofthemotorisenergized,the"rotor"canbedriventorotatethroughtheactionofthecurrentonthemagneticfield.However,thepowerconsumptionishuge,justliketheelectricmotorscoveringthetrack.Whenpoweristransmittedtothe“stator”ofthetrack,throughtheactionofthecurrentonthemagneticfield,thetrainisdriveninastraightlinelikethe“rotor”oftheelectricmotor.

Classification

Accordingtothetypesofelectromagnetsusedinmaglevtrains,itcanbedividedintotwocategories:normallyconductiveattractiontypeandsuperconductingrepulsiontype.Normallyconductiveattractionandsuperconductingrepulsiontype

Normallyconductiveattractiontype

Normalconductiveattractiontypemagneticlevitationtrainusesnormallyconductivemagnetsandguiderailsasthemagnets,andairgapsensorsareusedtoadjustthetrainThesizeofthelevitationgapbetweenthelineandtheline.Undernormalcircumstances,thesizeofthelevitationgapisabout10mm.Theoperatingspeedofthismaglevtrainisusuallyintherangeof300-500km/h,whichissuitableforintercityandsuburbantransportation..

Superconductingrepulsiontype

Thesuperconductingrepulsiontypemaglevtrainusessuperconductingmagnetsandlowtemperaturetechnologytoachievelevitationbetweenthetrainandtheline.Thelevitationgapisgenerally100mmAround,thiskindofmaglevtraindoesnotlevitateatlowspeed,andonlylevitateswhenthespeedreaches100km/h.Itsmaximumoperatingspeedcanreach1000km/h.Ofcourse,itsconstructiontechnologyandcostaremuchhigherthanthatofthenormally-conductingattraction-typemaglevtrain.

(2)Accordingtothelevitationtechnology,themaglevtrainhaselectromagneticattractionlevitation(EMS),permanentmagneticlevitation(PRS)andinducedrepulsionlevitation(EDS)accordingtothelevitationmethod.

Existingsystems

Magneticlevitationtechnologyisdividedintofourmajorsystems:track,vehicle,traction,andoperationcontrol,with16coretechnologies.Germany,JapanandChinaarecountriesintheworldthatcurrentlyhavemaglevtraintrialsoroperatingroutes.

Testingproject

——SanDiego,USA:GeneralAtomicsoftheUnitedStatesbuilta120-meter-longmaglevtrackinSanDiegoforthepurposeofbeingbuiltbyUnionPacificRailroadinLosAngelesAn8kmcarrierlineprovidestesting.

——EmslandCounty,Germany:Transrapidhasa31.5-kilometertrackandregularlyrunsatspeedsofupto420kilometersperhour.

——JapanJRMaglev:ThesuperconductormaglevtraindevelopedbyJapanisledbytheTokaiRailwayandRailwayIntegratedTechnologyResearchInstitute.ThefirstexperimentaltrainJR-MaglevMLX01wasdevelopedinthe1970s,andafive-carexperimentalcarandtrackwerebuiltinYamanashiPrefecture.Thehighestspeedreached581km/h(361mph)onDecember2,2003.In2015,theL0maglevtrainsetaspeedof603km/h,settingthetopspeedonlandforvehicleswithcarriages.

——U.S.FederalTransportationAdministration(FTA)UrbanMaglevTechnologyDemonstration(UMTD)Program

——SouthwestJiaotongUniversity,China:In2003,SouthwestJiaotongUniversitywasinChengduQingshanMaglevTraininSichuanThelineiscompleted.Themagneticlevitationtesttrackis420meterslong,mainlyfortourists,andthefareislowerthanthetaxifare.

OperationSystem

——Japan:EasternJapanHillyLine

——Shanghai,China:ShanghaiMaglevDemonstrationOperationLine

——Incheon,SouthKorea:IncheonAirportMaglevLine

——Changsha,China:ChangshaMaglevExpress

——Beijing,China:BeijingS1Line

Systemunderconstruction

——Georgia,USA:PowderSprings:AMTTestTrack

——Japan:CentralShinkansen(Tokyo-Nagoya-Osaka)

Historyofoperatingspeed

1971:WestGermany,Prinzipfahrzeug,90km/h

1971:WestGermany,TR-02(TSST)—164km/h

1972Year:Japan,ML100,60km/h,(manned)

1973:WestGermany,TR04,250km/h(manned)

1974:WestGermany,EET-01,230km/h(unmanned)

1975:WestGermany,Komet,401.3km/h(propelledbysteamrocket,unmanned)

1978:Japan,HSST-01,307.8km/h(propelledbysteamrockets,manufacturedbyNissan,unmanned)

1978:Japan,HSST-02,110km/h(manned)

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December12,1979:Japan,ML-500R,504km/h(unmanned)brokethrough500km/hforthefirsttime

December21,1979:Japan,ML-500R,517km/h(unmanned)

1987:WestGermany,TR-06,406km/h(manned)

1987:Japan,MLU001,400.km/h(manned)

1988:WestGermany,TR-06,412.6km/h(manned)

1989:WestGermany,TR—07,436km/h(manned)

1993:Germany,TR-07,450km/h(manned)

1994:Japan,MLU002N,431km/h(unmanned)

1997:Japan,MLX01,531km/h(manned)

1997:Japan,MLX01,550km/h(unmanned)

1999:Japan,MLX01,548km/h(unmanned)

1999:Japan,MLX01,552km/h(manned/5vehicles)GuinnessWorldRecordRecognition

2003:China,TransrapidSMT(builtbytheGermantechnicalinstitute,thefirstcommercialoperationroute),501.5km/h

2003:Japan,MLX01,581km/h(manned/3sets)recognizedbytheGuinnessWorldRecords

2015:Japan,L0maglevtrain,590km/h(manned/7sets)

April2015:Japan,L0maglevtrain,603km/h(carryingwhitemice/7vehicles)

Ridingthesenses

Thewindowsofthemaglevtrainaresafetyglass,sopassengerscanenjoyitbetterThesceneryoutsidethewindow.Thedeceleratingglasshasacurvaturedeformationattheedgethatcontactsthecarbody.Itispreciselybecausethiscurvaturecandeformthesceneoutsidethecarwhenitpassesthroughthecurvature,whichaffectsthevisionofthepassengersinthecarandproducesavisualdecelerationeffect.Whendrivingfast,peoplewillfeeluncomfortablewithtinnitusandpalpitation.Therearefadingdottedblackdecorativeedgesontheedgeofthewindshield,whichalsohasacertainhighresistanceeffect.

Keytechnology

EMS

Thismethodusestheattractiveforcebetweenthemagneticmaterialandtheelectromagnet,andmostsuspensionsusethismethod.

PRS

Thisisthesimplestsolution.Itusestherepulsiveforcebetweenthesamepolesofthepermanentmagnet,andthegeneralrepulsionforceis0.1MPa.Itsdisadvantageistheunstablefactoroflateraldisplacement.

EDS

Relyingontherelativemotionoftheexcitationcoilandtheshort-circuitcoiltoobtainrepulsion,thetrainmusthavesufficientspeedtolevitate,about100km/h,whichisnotsuitableforlowspeeds.

Applicationprospects

Lowandmediumspeed

Thepromotionofhigh-speedmaglevintheworldisextremelybumpy,butthemediumandlow-speedmaglevlineshavefoundadifferentway,andrelatedpromotionhasagreatstart.Thetrend.

ThefirstcountryisJapan.OnMarch6,2005,themaglevlinefromthedowntownareaof​​NagoyaCitytotheAichiWorldExpositewascompleted.Thetotallengthisabout9kilometers.Thewholejourneyisunmannedandthemaximumspeedis100kilometersperhour.

ThesecondcountryisSouthKorea.ThedevelopmentprocessofKorea'smagneticlevitationhasgonethroughthreestagesofindependentresearchanddevelopment(1985-1993),foreigncooperation(1994-1998)andcommercializationattempts(1999-present).InJuly2014,themagneticlevitationlinefromIncheonInternationalAirporttoIncheonYongyouStationwasputintooperation.Thetotallengthis6.1kilometers.ThetrainisindependentlydevelopedbySouthKoreaandisunmanned.Themaximumspeedcanreach110kilometersperhour.

Chinaisthethirdcountryintheworldwithlow-to-medium-speedmagneticlevitationtechnology.After2000,therehavebeenmanyrumorsaboutthepromotionoflow-andmedium-speedmagneticlevitationinChina,includingtheBeijingBadalingLine,theChengduQingchengMountainProject,theBeijingDongzhimentoCapitalAirportLine,andtheShanghai-HangzhouMaglevLine,buttheyallendedinnotime.

AftertheOlympics,China'slow-andmedium-speedmagneticlevitationbegantoaccelerate.InMay2008,TangshanPassengerCarFactorybuilta1.547-kilometerlow-andmedium-speedmaglevtrainengineeringtestdemonstrationline.InJanuary2012,thelow-to-medium-speedmaglevtraindevelopedbyChinaSouthLocomotiveCo.,Ltd.rolledofftheassemblyline,withamaximumspeedof100kilometersperhourandamaximumcapacityof600passengers.OnMay16,2014,theconstructionofthemaglevprojectfromChangshaHigh-speedRailwayStationtoHuanghuaInternationalAirportstarted,anditisexpectedtobecompletedbytheendof2015.Thisismycountry’sfirstfullyindependentlydeveloped,commerciallyoperatedmaglevline.OnApril21,2015,theconstructionofS1lineofBeijing'smediumandlowspeedmaglevtransportationlinestarted.

OnMay6,2016,China'sfirstlow-to-medium-speedmaglevcommercialoperationdemonstrationlinewithcompletelyindependentintellectualpropertyrights-ChangshaMaglevExpresswasputintotrialoperation.

Chinaisrealizingtherapiddevelopmentofhigh-speedrailwheelandrailtechnology,andmagneticlevitationhasbeenabolished.

Hightemperaturesuperconductivity

Therearecurrentlythreetypicalmagneticlevitationtechnologies:oneistheelectromagneticlevitationtechnologyinventedinGermany,whichisusedintheShanghaimaglevtrain,themaglevtrainunderconstructioninChangshaandBeijingThesecondisthelow-temperaturesuperconductingmagneticlevitationtechnologyinventedbyJapan,suchastheCentralShinkansenmaglevlineunderconstructioninJapan;thethirdisthehigh-temperaturesuperconductingmagneticlevitation,whichiscooledbyliquidheliumandthelow-temperaturesuperconductingmagneticlevitation(minus269degreesCelsius)Different,thehigh-temperaturesuperconductingmagneticlevitationadoptsliquidnitrogencooling(minus196degreesCelsius),andtheworkingtemperaturehasbeenimproved.

DengZigang,associateprofessoroftheInstituteofSuperconductingTechnology,StateKeyLaboratoryofTractionPower,SouthwestJiaotongUniversity,revealedinaninterviewwithareporterfromChinaScienceNewsthatin2000,ProfessorWangJiasuheoftheInstituteofSuperconductingTechnologyofSouthwestJiaotongUniversityWangSuyusuccessfullydevelopedthefirstmannedhigh-temperaturesuperconductingmagneticlevitationexperimentalvehicleintheworld.However,duetofundingconstraints,inthe10yearsfrom2001to2011,therewasalmostnomajorapplicationprogressinHTSmagneticlevitation.

WuXueshi,deputygeneralmanagerofBeijingEnterprisesMaglev,saidinaninterviewwithareporterfromChinaScienceDailythattheapplicationoftechnologywillnotonlyconsiderthematurityofthetechnology,butalsoconsiderissuessuchasoperationandmaintenance.

"Incomparison,themaintenanceofsuperconductingmagneticlevitationisstillmoretroublesome.Theso-calledhigh-temperaturesuperconductorisonlyrelativelyhightemperature,thetemperatureisstillverylow,andthemaintenanceisrelativelyfarfromtheactualapplication.AndelectromagneticlevitationThereasonwhythetechnologyiswidelyusedisthatthefeasibilityoftheapplicationhasbeenconfirmed."WuXueshisaid.

Intheinterview,DengZigangadmittedthatthecurrenthigh-temperaturesuperconductingmagneticlevitationtechnologyisnotmatureenough,andpilotlineresearchisneededbeforeapplication.

"Ittook66yearsforGermanelectromagneticlevitationtechnologyfrominventiontocommercialapplication.Japan’slow-temperaturesuperconductingmagneticlevitationtook45years,andIestimatethatthehigh-temperaturesuperconductingmagneticlevitationwilltakeabout30years.Wehavebeenresearchingfor16years,soforhigh-temperaturesuperconductingmagneticlevitation,thenext5to10yearsareverycritical."DengZigangsaid.

DengZigangsaidthatthecurrentinternationalcompetitionisveryfierce.In2011,Germanybuiltan80-meterhigh-temperaturesuperconductingmagneticlevitationloopline,andthisyearBrazilisabouttobuilda200-meterexperimentalline."Ifthestate'ssupportandinvestmentcan'tkeepup,mycountry'shigh-temperaturesuperconductingmagneticlevitationtechnologywilldefinitelybeovertakenbyforeigncountries."

ChineseJournalofScience(2014-05-284theditioncomprehensive)

Technicalsystem

Magneticlevitationtrainismainlycomposedoflevitationsystem,propulsionsystemandguidancesystem.Althoughpropulsionsystemindependentofmagneticforcecanbeused,inmostdesigns,Thefunctionsofthesethreepartsarealldonebymagnetism.

Suspensionsystem

Thedesignofthesuspensionsystemcanbedividedintotwodirections,namelythenormal-conductingtypeusedinGermanyandthesuper-conductingtypeusedinJapan.Intermsoflevitationtechnology,itiselectromagneticlevitationsystem(EMS)andelectriclevitationsystem(EDS).

Magneticlevitationtrain

(EMS)isakindofsuctionlevitationThesystemistocombinetheelectromagnetonthelocomotiveandtheferromagnetictrackontheguiderailtorepeleachothertogeneratesuspension.Whenthenormallyconductivemagneticlevitationtrainisworking,theelectromagneticrepulsiveforceofthelevitationandtheguidingelectromagnetatthelowerpartofthevehicleisadjustedfirst,andthemagnetsreactwiththewindingsonbothsidesofthegroundtracktofloatthetrain.Underthereactionoftheguideelectromagnetandthetrackmagnetatthelowerpartofthevehicle,thewheelandthetrackarekeptatacertainlateraldistance,sothatthewheelandthetrackcanbesupportedandguidedwithoutcontactinthehorizontalandverticaldirections.Thesuspensiongapbetweenthevehicleandthedrivingtrackis10mm,whichisensuredbyahigh-precisionelectronicadjustmentsystem.Inaddition,becausethesuspensionandguidanceareactuallyindependentoftherunningspeedofthetrain,thevehiclecanstillenterthesuspensionstateevenwhenthevehicleisparked.

(EDS)usesmagnetsonmovinglocomotivestogeneratecurrentontheguiderails.Sincetheelectromagneticrepulsionwillincreasewhenthegapbetweenthelocomotiveandtheguiderailisreduced,theelectromagneticrepulsiongeneratedtherebyprovidesstablesupportandguidanceforthelocomotive.However,thelocomotivemustbeequippedwithawheel-likedevicetoeffectivelysupportthelocomotiveduring"takeoff"and"landing".ThisisbecauseEDScannotguaranteesuspensionwhenthelocomotivespeedislowerthanabout55km/h.TheEDSsystemhasachievedgreaterdevelopmentunderthelow-temperaturesuperconductingtechnology.

Themostimportantfeatureofthesuperconductingmagneticlevitationtrainisthecompleteconductivityandcompletediamagnetismofitssuperconductingelementsatarelativelylowtemperature.Asuperconductingmagnetiscomposedofasuperconductingcoilmadeofsuperconductingmaterial.Itnotonlyhaszerocurrentresistance,butalsocanconductastrongcurrentthatordinarywirescan’tmatch.Thisfeaturemakesitpossibletomakeasmall-sizedandpowerfulelectromagnet..

Thevehicleofthesuperconductingmagneticlevitationtrainisequippedwithon-boardsuperconductingmagnetsandconstitutesinductionpowerintegrationequipment,whilethedrivingwindingandlevitationguidewindingofthetrainareinstalledonbothsidesofthegroundguiderail.TheinductionpowerintegrationequipmentonthevehicleItiscomposedofthreeparts:powerintegratedwinding,inductionpowerintegratedsuperconductingmagnetandsuspensionguidesuperconductingmagnet.Whenthedrivewindingsonbothsidesofthetrackaresuppliedwithathree-phasealternatingcurrentthatisconsistentwiththespeedandfrequencyofthevehicle,amovingelectromagneticfieldwillbegenerated,whichwillgeneratemagneticwavesonthetrainrails.Atthistime,theon-boardsuperconductingmagnetsonthetrainwillreceiveaThethrustsynchronizedwiththemovingmagneticfieldispreciselythisthrustthatpropelsthetrainforward.Theprincipleislikesurfing.Asurferstandsonthetopofawaveandispushedforwardbythewave.Similartotheproblemfacedbysurfers,thesuperconductingmagneticlevitationtrainhastodealwiththeproblemofhowtoaccuratelycontrolthepeakmotionofmovingelectromagneticwaves.Forthisreason,ahigh-precisioninstrumentfordetectingthepositionofthevehicleisinstalledonthegroundrail,andthethree-phasealternatingcurrentsupplymodeisadjustedaccordingtotheinformationfromthedetector,andtheelectromagneticwaveformisaccuratelycontrolledtomakethetrainrunwell.

Propulsionsystem

Thedrivingofthemaglevtrainusestheprincipleofsynchronouslinearmotor.Thesupportingelectromagnetcoilunderthevehicleactsliketheexcitationcoilofasynchronouslinearmotor,andthethree-phasemovingmagneticfielddrivewindingontheinnersideofthegroundtrackactsasanarmature,whichislikethelongstatorwindingofasynchronouslinearmotor.Itcanbeknownfromtheworkingprincipleofthemotorthatwhenthearmaturecoilasthestatorisenergized,therotorofthemotorisdriventorotateduetoelectromagneticinduction.Similarly,whenthesubstationsarrangedalongthelineprovidethree-phaseFMandAMpowertothedrivewindingsontheinnersideofthetrack,thecarryingsystemtogetherwiththetrainisdriventomoveinastraightlinelikethe"rotor"ofthemotorduetoelectromagneticinduction.Sointhesuspendedstate,thetraincancompletelyrealizenon-contacttractionandbraking.

Guidesystem

Guidesystemisakindoflateralforcetoensurethatthesuspendedlocomotivecanmovealongthedirectionoftheguiderail.Thenecessarythrustissimilartothesuspensionforce,andcanalsobedividedintogravitationandrepulsion.Thesameelectromagnetonthelocomotivefloorcanprovidepowerfortheguidancesystemandthesuspensionsystematthesametime,oranindependentelectromagnetfortheguidancesystemcanbeused.

AdvantagesandDisadvantages

Becausethemaglevtrainhastheadvantagesoffastspeed,lowconsumption,environmentalprotectionandsafety,ithasaverybroadprospect.Normallyconductivemaglevtrainscanreach400to500km/h,andsuperconductingmaglevtrainscanreach500to600km/h.Itshighspeedmakesitsuperiortotravelingbyplaneinatraveldistancebetween1,000and1,500kilometers.Duetotheabsenceofwheelsandfriction,itconsumes30%lesselectricitythanthemostadvancedhigh-speedtrains.Ataspeedof500km/h,theenergyconsumptionperseat/kmisonly1/3to1/2ofthatofanairplane,anditconsumes30%lessenergythanacar.Becausethereisnowheel-railcontact,thevibrationissmallandthecomfortisbetter,butthelargeturbulencealsorequiresextremelyhighmaintenancecostsforvehiclesandrails.Themaglevtraindoesnotrubagainstthetrackwhenitisrunning,andemitslownoise.Maglevtrainsgenerallypassoverflatgroundoroverhillswithanelevatedheightofmorethan5meters,whichwillinevitablycausedamagetotheecologicalenvironmentbytrenching.Themaglevtrainrunsontherailsandisconfiguredinaccordancewiththeaircraft'sfireprotectionstandards.

Eveniftherearemeanstosolvetheabovetechnicalproblems,anotherproblemisinvolved-money.ThedesigninvestmentfortheShanghaisectionofabout30kilometerswillcost10billionyuan,whilethetwoGermanroutes,one36.8kilometerslong,willcostabout2.6billioneuros;theother78.9kilometerslongwillcost3.2billioneuros.Euro(1Euroisapproximatelyequalto8RMB).Inactualconstruction,dependingonthetopography,roadsurfaceanddesignedtransportationcapacity,ofcoursethecostwillvarygreatly.Butinanycase,aone-kilometerrouterequiresatleast800millionyuanofinvestment,thatistosay,aone-centimeterroutewillcost8,000yuantobuild.

Controversy

ThefirstmaglevlineintheworldwastheBirminghamInternationalAirportlineintheUnitedKingdom.Itwasbuiltin1984andhasatotallengthof600meters.Itwaslaterabandonedduetoreliabilityissues.Changedtoamonorail.

GermanyusedtoinstallamaglevtrainsysteminBerlininthe1980s,withalengthof1.6kilometers.ItbegantotestpassengersinAugust1989andofficiallyservedinJuly1991.AfterthereunificationofthetwoGermanys,theywerealsoabandoned.

Later,Germanyfinallybuiltanothertestline.OnSeptember22,2006,aderailmentaccidentoccurredonthemaglevtestlineinRatten-Delpen,Germany,causing25deathsand4seriousinjuries..ThisfurtheraffectedthepromotionofmaglevtraintechnologyinGermany.Germanystilldoesnothaveacommerciallyoperatedmaglevline,andevenintheGermanmediacircles,themaglevtraintechnologyiscalledan"expensivehigh-techtoy."

Japan'smaglevtechnologybeganin1962.InNovember1982,themannedtestofthemaglevtrainwassuccessful.In1997,the18.4kmlongmaglevtestlineinYamanashi,Japanwasconstructedandsuccessfullystartedtheoperationtest.In2003,theMLX01maglevtrainsetaworldrecordof581km.

However,theactualoperationofthemaglevhigh-speedraillineplannedbyJapanhasnotbeenapprovedduetohighcostandotherreasons.InAugust2013,JapanonceagainlaunchedtheCentralShinkansenprojectconnectingTokyotoNagoya,strivingtoopenitin2027;andthreatenedtobuildamaglevlinefromTokyotoOsakain2045.The603-kilometermaglevtraintestconductedontheYamanashiLinethistimeisfortheChuoShinkansen.

ThemaglevtrainontheShanghaiPudongAirportLineinChinahadafireaccident,andtheaccidenttrainwastowedawayaweeklater.

Typesoftrains

The“air-trackmagneticlevitation”trackissupportedbyasteelframe,directlyabovethecar,fromadistance,itlookslikethecarissuspendedintheair.Maglevtrainisanewtypeoftransportationconsistingofnon-contactelectromagneticlevitation,guidanceanddrivingsystems.Maglevtrainsaredividedintotwocategories:superconductingandnormal-conducting.Simplyput,intermsofinternaltechnology,thereisadifferencebetweenthetwosystemsusingmagneticrepulsionormagneticattraction.

Experimentaltype

InMay2008,TangcheCompanybuiltthefirstdomesticpilotdemonstrationlineformediumandlowspeedmaglevtrainswithalengthof1.547kilometers,whichwasestablishedbytheMinistryofScienceandTechnologyThelow-speedmaglevtransportationtestbaseforthenationalscienceandtechnologysupportplanhasledtounanimousabuseandoppositionfromShenzhenresidents.

OnMay13,2009,thedomesticfirstpracticallow-to-medium-speedmaglevtrainwithcompletelyindependentintellectualpropertyrightswasassembledatTangcheCompanyandrolledofftheassemblylinesmoothly,andthetraincommissioningbeganimmediately.Thecarhasundergonealotofpracticalimprovementsonthebasisoftheoriginalengineeringprototype.Thewholetrainisathree-carmarshallingmodel,consistingoftwoendcarswiththesamestructureandamiddlecar.Therunningspeedis100to120kilometersperhour.Thecapacityis100peoplepercar,120peopleinthemiddlecar,andtheservicelifeismorethan25years.Thecarusesanaluminumalloybodyandawidebody.ThepowersupplyvoltageisincreasedfromDC750VtoDC1500V,andtheclimbingabilityreaches70‰.Itismoresuitablefortheoperationofcomplexurbansubwaylinesandgreatlyreducesthecostoflineconstructionanddemolition..

Othertypes

Themagneticlevitationtrainthatusestheattractionofmagnetstofloatthevehicleusesa"T"-shapedguiderail.Anelectromagnetwithstrongmagneticforceisinstalledontheinvertedpartofthelowerpartofthevehicle,andasteelplateisarrangedonthebottomoftheguiderail.Thesteelplateisonthetopandtheelectromagnetisonthebottom.Theso-calledelectromagnetisametalcoil.Whencurrentflowsthroughthecoil,itcangeneratemagneticforcetoattractthesteelplate,sothevehicleisliftedupward.Whentheattractiveforceisbalancedwiththegravityofthevehicle,thevehiclecanbesuspendedatacertainheightabovetheguiderail.Changingthecurrentalsochangestheintensityofthemagneticfield,sothattheheightofthesuspensioncanbeadjusted.Anothertypeofmaglevtrainusesrepulsivemagneticforcetofloatthevehicle,anditstrackisa"U"-shapedgroove.Whenthetrainmovesforward,theelectromagnetunderthevehicleinducescurrentinthecoilburiedinthetrack,sothatthecoilinthetrackalsobecomesanelectromagnet,anditgeneratesrepulsivemagneticforcewiththemagnetunderthevehicle.Thevehicleispushedupoffthetrack.

Thetrainthatusesrepulsivemagneticlevitationcanacceleratetoaspeedof50kilometersperhourassoonasitstarts.Afterrunningadistanceof100meters,itlevitatesonthetrack.Thetrains"fly"alongthegroundfasterandfaster,upto450kilometersperhour(intheory,higherspeedscanbereached,asisthecasewithhigh-speedtrains,buthowdoesthecountrylimitthespeedofoperation?).

Domestictrains

SouthwestJiaotongUniversitydevelopedtheworld’sfirstmannedhigh-temperaturesuperconductingmagneticlevitationtrain"Century"in2000,andlaterdevelopedmannednormal-temperatureandnormal-conductivitymagneticlevitationtrains"Future"andothershavebeenhighlyconcernedandfullyaffirmedbythepartyandleaders.Accordingtoreports,asearlyas1994,SouthwestJiaotongUniversitysuccessfullydevelopedChina'sfirstlow-speedmaglevtraincapableofmannedandnormal-guided,butitransuccessfullyunderperfectlaboratoryconditions.

In2003,SouthwestJiaotongUniversitycompletedtheconstructionofthemaglevtrainlineatQingshan,Chengdu,Sichuan.Themaglevtesttrackis420meterslongandismainlyfortourists.Thefareislowerthanthetaxifare?Whowillbuildifitisnotprofitable.Theprincipleofthesuspensiontrainisnotesoteric.Itusesthepropertyofmagnetstorepelthemagneticpolesofthesamenameandattractthemagneticpolesofdifferentnamestomakethemagnethavetheabilitytoresistgravity,thatis,"magneticlevitation".Scientistsapplytheprincipleof"magneticlevitation"totherailwaytransportationsystem,sothatthetrainiscompletelyseparatedfromthetrackandtravelsinsuspension,becominga"wheelless"trainwithaspeedofseveralhundredkilometersperhour.Thisistheso-called"magneticlevitationtrain",alsoknownasthe"magneticcushioncar".

Undertheactionofmagneticforce,themaglevtrainfloatsthevehicleandrunsalongaspecialguiderail.Ithasthecharacteristicsoffastspeed,lownoiseandlowcost.

ShanghaimaglevtrainisChina’sfirstmaglevtrain(GermanTR08),​​withamaximumoperatingspeedof431km/h(duetotheshortdistanceandhighspeed,thetrainstartstodecelerateafterreachingthehighestspeedforabouttensofseconds)Theturningradiusof8000metershasbeenabolished,whichhasaccumulatedexperienceformycountry’sexperimentalmaglevtrains.

Asof2018,CRRCZhuzhouElectricLocomotiveManufacturingPlanthassuccessivelydevelopedversions1.0and2.0oflow-andmedium-speedmaglevtrains.Amongthem,the1.0versionofthemodelhasbeenputintouseintheChangshaMaglevExpressLine,withaconstructionspeedof120km/h;the2.0versionofthemodelisexpectedtorollofftheassemblylineinJune2018,withaconstructionspeedof160km/h,andthescopeofservicewillbeextendedtointercityrailtransit.Positionedasafastmaglevtrain._{(Referencematerial:HunanNewsNetwork)}

Developmentsignificance

Mainobstacles

Article1Therailwayappearedin1825.After160yearsofhardwork,itsoperatingspeedonlyexceeded300km/h.Ittooknearly30yearstogofrom300km/hto380km/h.Althoughthetechnologyisstillbeingimprovedanddeveloped,thespeedcontinuestoincrease.Thereisalotofroom.Itshouldalsobenotedthatthecostofa350km/hhigh-speedrailwayisnearlytwiceashighasthatofa160km/hhigh-speedrailwayandthreetimeshigherthanthatofanordinaryrailwaywith120km/h.

Comparedtothis,theworld'sfirstsmallmodelofamaglevtrainappearedinGermanyin1969,andJapanwasbuiltin1972.Butonlytenyearslater,in1979,themaglevtraintechnologycreatedaspeedrecordof17km/h.Thetechnologyisimmatureandcanentertheconstructionphaseof300km/hpracticaloperation.

Maximumspeedperhour

Normalmagneticlevitationcanreach400-500km/h,andsuperconductingmagneticlevitationcanreach500-600km/h.

Forpassengertransportation,themainpurposeofincreasingspeedistoshortenthetraveltimeofpassengers.Therefore,therequirementsforoperatingspeedarecloselyrelatedtothelengthoftraveldistance.Accordingtotheirowncharacteristicsofspeed,safety,comfortandeconomy,variousvehiclesplayakeyroleindifferenttraveldistances.Experts’analysisofthetotaltraveltimeandtraveldistanceofvariousmeansoftransportshowsthatconsideringthetotaltraveltime,the350km/hhigh-speedwheeltrackissuperiortoairplaneswhenthetraveldistanceislessthan800kilometers.Thehigh-speedmagneticlevitationof500km/hwillhaveasuperiortraveldistanceofmorethan1,000kilometersthananairplane.

Accordingtotheresultsoftheenergyconsumptionstudyandactualtestofthemaglevtrain,theenergyconsumptionperseatkilometerofthemaglevtrainisonly1/3ofthatoftheaircraftatthesamespeedof500km/h.AccordingtoaGermantest,whentheTRmaglevtrainreaches400kilometersperhour,itsenergyconsumptionperseatkilometeristhesameasthatofa350kilometersperhourhigh-speedwheel-railtrain;whenthemaglevtrainalsodropsto300kilometersperhour,itsenergyperseatkilometeriscomparableThewheel-railrailwayis3.3%lower,butthecostismuchhigher.

Developmenthistory

GermanyusedtoinstallamaglevtrainsysteminBerlininthe1980s.

BirminghamInternationalAirportintheUnitedKingdomusedlow-speedmaglevtrainsfrom1984to1995,withatotallengthof600meters.Duetoreliabilityissues,thelinewaslaterswitchedtomonorailtrains.

GermanTransrapidcompanybuiltamaglevtrainsystemfromShanghaiPudongInternationalAirporttoLongyangRoadStationofthesubwayin2001,anditwasofficiallyopenedin2002.Thelinehasatotallengthof30kilometersandamaximumspeedof430kilometersperhour.Itonlytakes8minutesfromthestartingpointtotheterminal.

Duringthe"TwelfthFive-YearPlan"period,Chinahasputforwardnewhopesforthedevelopmentofmagneticlevitationinthetransportationdevelopmentplan.Inaccordancewiththerequirementsofsafety,reliability,advancedefficiency,economicalandenvironmentalprotection,relyingonmajorengineeringprojects,Throughdigestion,absorption,re-innovation,systemintegrationinnovation,andoriginalinnovation,strengthenindependentdevelopmentcapabilitiesandcorecompetitiveness,andfurtherimprovetheleveloftechnologyandequipment.Increasethedevelopmentandapplicationofnewtransportationtechnologiesandequipment,acceleratethemarketizationandindustrializationoftechnologiesandequipmentwithmycountry'sindependentintellectualpropertyrights,andpromotetheupgradingandgrowthofrelatedindustries.Researchandsetenergyconsumptionandemissionlimitstandards,researchandformulateequipmenttechnologypolicies,andpromotethemodernizationoftechnicalequipment.Promotethedevelopmentandapplicationofadvancedandapplicablerailtransittechnologyandequipment,andfullyrealizemodernization.Improvethesafetyandreliabilityofadvancedequipmentsuchasrailwayhigh-speedEMUs,high-powerelectriclocomotives,andheavy-dutytrucks,increasetheproportionofair-conditionedpassengercarsandspecialfreightcars,andpromotethepedigreeofhigh-speedEMUs,aswellasintercitytrainsandurbanrailtransitvehicles,etc.Developmentandapplicationofadvancedtechnologyandequipment.Drivetechnologyresearchanddevelopmentthroughengineeringapplications,breakthroughkeycoretechnologiessuchasrailtransitcommunicationsignals,tractionbraking,andoperationcontrol,systematicallymasterhigh-speedmagneticlevitationtechnology,andoptimizeandimprovemid-to-low-speedmagneticlevitationtechnology.

Inthecorridoreconomiczonebetweensmallandmediumcitiesandtownsanddenselydistributedamongtowns,dependingonthetransportationneeds,itisrelativelyopentoencrypthigh-gradehighwaynetworks,upgradethetechnicallevelofprovincialhighways,orconstructurbanexpressways.Andpayattentiontotheconnectionwiththeinter-regionaltransportationnetwork.Ontheotherhand,in2012,Chinahadatotalurbanpopulationof712million,accountingfor52.6%ofthetotalpopulation,anincreaseof1.3percentagepointsfromtheendofthepreviousyear.Thismeansthatifmigrantworkerswhohaveworkedandlivedincitiesandtownsformorethansixmonthsarecounted,theurbanizationrateinChinahasreached52.6%.Undertheurbanizationand"TwelfthFive-YearPlan"plan,themaglevtrainhasonceagainbecomethefocusofattentionandastrategicgoalforthecountryinthefuture.Thelow-to-medium-speedmaglevtrainin2012isanewlydevelopednewtypeofgreenrailtransitequipment.Itusestheattractionofelectromagnetstomakethetrain"float"intheairandrunsmoothly,withnofriction,zeroemission,lownoise,andsafetyguarantee.Anewexperienceforpassengersflyingclosetotheground.Maglevtrainshavetheadvantagesoffastspeed,highefficiency,environmentalprotection,safety,lownoiseandnopollution.Thedevelopmentofmaglevtrainscoincideswiththenationaldevelopmentplan.Itcanbeseenthatwiththematurityofthemarketizationofmagneticlevitationinthefutureandtheimprovementoftechnology,itsprospectsareimmeasurable.

Memorabiliaabroad

In1922,GermanengineerHermannKemperconsideredtheelectromagneticlevitationrailwayforthefirsttime.

In1934,HermannKemperobtainedthebasicpatentforthemanufactureofmagneticlevitationrailways.

In1935,HermannKemperusedanexperimentalmodeltoverifythemagneticlevitation.

From1939to1943,HermannKempercarriedoutbasicresearchworkontheelectromagneticlevitationrailwayattheInstituteofAerodynamicsinGottingen.

In1953,HermannKemperwroteascientificreport"ElectronicSuspensionOrientedElectricDriveRailroadRollingStock".

In1969,theHigh-speedRailwayResearchAssociationofLargeCapacitybeganbasicresearch.Krauss-MaffeihasproducedtheelectromagneticlevitationmodelTR-01.ThesupportingandguidingsystemisdesignedaccordingtotheHermanKempelprincipleandisdrivenbyashortstatorlinearmotor.

From1971to1974,theTR02,TR03,andTR04testcarsweremanufacturedsuccessively.

In1975,thefirstequipmentwithlongstatorelectromagneticdrivingtechnologywasdeveloped,developedandtested.ItwascarriedoutbyThyssenHenschelonthetestplatformMB1intheKasselplant.

In1976,theproductionofthefirstmannedtestvehicleHMB2withlongstatorelectromagneticdrivingtechnologywascarriedoutinKasselbyThyssenHenschelinthefactory.Itadoptselectromagneticsupportandguidancesystemwith10mmairgap,2.5tonsweight,4seats,andamaximumspeedof36km/h.

In1977,theFederalMinistryofResearchandTechnologymadeadecisiontofacilitatethedevelopmentofelectromagneticlevitationdrivesystems.PreparingtobuildatestfacilityfortheEmslandmaglevtrain.DeathofEngineerHermannKemper(April5,1892-July13,1977).

In1979,theTR05,whichwasputintoproductiononMay17,wasexhibitedattheInternationalTransportationExhibitioninHamburgandcausedasensation.

In1980,constructionofTR06began.

In1984,theEmslandmaglevtraintestfacilitywasputintooperation,andtheTR06wasusedfordrivingtest.Itreachedaspeedof302km/honAugust17.

In1986,theTR07prototypewasdevelopedinThyssenIndustries(Henschel).

In1987,thesecondphaseofconstructionoftheEmslandmaglevtraintestfacilitywasfinallycompletedandputintouse.AssemblingstartedonTR07.OnNovember11,TR06reachedaspeedof406km/h.

In1988,thespeedofTR06reached412.6km/honJanuary22.TheTR07wasexhibitedattheMunichInternationalTransportExhibition.

In1989,thetestofTR07beganattheEmslandMaglevTrainTestFacility.Therapidtraintechnologyofthemaglevrailwayhasmatured.

OnJune30,2000,theChineseandGermangovernmentsformallysignedanagreementtocooperateinthefeasibilitystudyoftheShanghaiMaglevExpressTrainOperationLineproject.

InAugust2000,theStatePlanningCommissionapprovedtheprojectproposal;inthesamemonth,ShanghaiShentongGroupandother6companiesjointlyinvested2billionyuantoregisterandestablishShanghaiMaglevTransportationDevelopmentCo.,Ltd.(laterexpandedto8companies,Registeredcapitalof300millionyuan),theShanghaiMunicipalPartyCommitteeandMunicipalGovernmentapprovedtheestablishmentoftheShanghaiMaglevExpressTrainProjectCommand.Belowisthemagneticlevitationmodel.

Domesticmemorabilia

In1989,theNationalUniversityofDefenseTechnologydevelopedChina'sfirstsmall-scalemaglevprincipleprototypevehicle.

Theearlydevelopmentofdomesticmaglev(6photos)

In1990,thefirst"maglevtrainandlinearmotortechnologyseminarwasheldatSouthwestJiaotongUniversity.1992,Thedevelopmentofmannedmaglevtrainwasofficiallyincludedinthenational"EighthFive-YearPlan"keyscientificandtechnologicalproject.

In1994,SouthwestJiaotongUniversitysuccessfullydevelopedChina’sfirstmannedandnormal-conductinglow-speedmaglevtrain.

Butitcanonlyrunsuccessfullyunderperfectlaboratoryconditions.

OnMay11,1995,China’sfirstmannedmagneticlevitationtrainwassuccessfullydevelopedattheNationalUniversityofDefenseTechnology,makingChinaasuccessortoGermanyandJapan.,TheUnitedKingdom,theSovietUnion,andSouthKorea,thesixthcountrytosuccessfullydevelopamaglevtrain.

In2000,theInstituteofMaglevandMaglevTechnologyofSouthwestJiaotongUniversityinChinasuccessfullydevelopedtheworld’sfirsthigh-temperaturesuperconductingmannedmaglev.Experimentalvehicle.OnJanuary23,2001,ShanghaiMaglevTransportationDevelopmentCo.,Ltd.signedthe"ShanghaiMaglevTrainProjectSupplyandServiceContract"withaconsortiumconsistingofSiemensAG,ThyssenRapidTrainSystemsandMaglevInternational.ThecontractThetotalamountis1.293billionDeutschmarks;onJanuary26,2001,the"MagneticLevitationRapidTrainConcreteCompositeTrackBeamSystemTechnologyTransferContract"wassignedwiththeGermanRailwayandTrackBeamTechnologyConsortium(TGC).Thecontractusedatotalof100millionGermangovernmentgrants.DeutscheMark.TheprojectofficiallystartedonMarch1,2001.InMay,thededicatedroadswerecompleted.InJuly,thetrackbeamproductionbasewasputintooperation.OnAugust14,2001,theChangchunCoachFactory,SouthwestJiaotongUniversityandZhuzhouElectricLocomotiveResearchInstitutejointlyThefirstmaglevbusdevelopedinChinawascompletedandrolledofftheproductionlineatChangchunBusPlant,makingChinathethirdcountryintheworldtomastermaglevbustechnologyafterGermanyandJapan.

CombinedAtlas

OnNovember24,2001,thefirstmaglevtrainofBeijingEnterprisesMaglevPassedtheevaluationofthepilottest.

OnFebruary28,2002,thesubstructureprojectoftheShanghaiMaglevTrainDemonstrationLinewascompletedandbeamerectionbegan.

Themaglevtrainpassedthe30-kilometercommercialoperationofPudong.Aftermorethantwoyearsoftesting,itshouldbegraduallyextended.

In2003,theQingshanmaglevtrainlineinChengdu,Sichuanwascompleted.Themaglevtesttrackis420meterslongandismainlyfortourists.Thefareishigherthanthatoftaxis.Fare.

Chinahassuccessfullydevelopedanewtechnology──permanentmagnettechnologyMAS-3,whosecostislowerthanthatofGermanyandJapan.

InMay2005,China’sself-developed"ZhonghuaNo.06"hangingrailpermanentmaglevtrainatJulianwasunveiled,anditsspeedissaidtobeupto400kilometersperhour.

InJuly2005,thesecondmaglevvehicleofBeijingEnterprisesMaglevwaslaunched.CNRTangshanLocomotiveFactoryrolledofftheassemblyline.

mycountry’strialproductionofmagneticlevitationandQingchengshanmagneticlevitation(5photos)

InSeptember2005,China’sChengduAircraftCorporationbegantodeveloptheCM1"Dolphin"high-speedmaglevtrainwithamaximumspeedof500kilometersperhour.ItwasoriginallyexpectedtobeinJuly2006TrialinShanghai.However,duetotechnicaldifficulties,SouthwestJiaotongUniversitygaveupthedevelopment,andthecarwastransferredtotheNationalUniversityofDefenseTechnologytocontinueitsdevelopment.ThecarisintheJiadingbranchofTongjiUniversityinShanghai.

Inthesameyear,anotherhigh-speedmaglevcarproducedbyChangchunLocomotiveFactorywasalsosuccessfullydevelopedinTongjiUniversity.

OnApril30,2006,China’sfirstlow-andmedium-speedmaglevtrainwithindependentintellectualpropertyrightssuccessfullypassedanoutdoorfieldoperationjointtestatatestbaseinQingchengMountain,Chengdu,Sichuan.Usenormallyconductivemagneticlevitationtopromote.

InJanuary2008,theQingchengMountaintestlinewasdestroyed.

In2009,thethird-generationmaglevtrainoftheBeikongTangshantestlinewasruninmarshalling.

BeijingmediumandlowspeedmaglevS1line(5photos)

OnApril8,2010,China’sfirsthigh-speedmaglevlocalizedprototypevehiclemanufacturedbyChengduAircraftCompanyThedeliveryinChengduindicatesthatChengfeihasthecapabilityoflocalizeddesign,vehicleintegrationandmanufacturingofmaglevvehicles.

OnJanuary20,2012,alow-to-medium-speedmaglevtrainrolledofftheassemblylineinChinaSouthLocomotiveZhuzhouElectricLocomotiveCo.,Ltd.Themaglevtrainusesathree-sectionmarshalling,withamaximumoperatingspeedof100kilometersperhour,andamaximumcapacityofabout600passengers.

OnMay16,2014,theChangshaMaglevProjectfromChangshaSouthStationoftheHigh-speedRailwaytoChangshaHuanghuaInternationalAirportofficiallystartedconstruction.Thisismycountry'sfirstfullyindependentlydeveloped,commerciallyoperatedmaglevline,anditisexpectedtobeputintooperationinthefirsthalfof2016.Bythen,passengersfromChangshaSouthRailwayStationtoChangshaHuanghuaAirportTerminalT2willonlytake20minutes.

ChangshaSouthStation-HuanghuaAirportMaglev

InAugust2014,China'slow-andmedium-speedmaglevtraintechnologyachievedanewbreakthroughinChangzhou:TheStateKeyLaboratoryofTractionPowerofSouthwestJiaotongUniversityandtheChangzhouRailTransitResearchInstituteofSouthwestJiaotongUniversityjointlydevelopedanindependentdevelopmentA40-kilometermaglevtrainframe.

OnApril20,2015,Beijing’sfirstlow-to-medium-speedmaglevlineandthesecondmedium-to-low-speedmaglevtrainlineS1inmycountrystartedfull-scaleconstruction.Itisplannedtoopentrialoperationin2016.

OnDecember8,2015,theevacuationplatformoftheHunanChangshamediumandlowspeedmaglevrailwayproject,whichwasdesignedandconstructedbyChinaRailwayConstructionRailwayFourthInstitute,wascompletedandwillbeputintotrialoperationinthenearfuture.ItisunderstoodthattheChangshamediumandlow-speedmaglevrailwayisChina'sfirstself-developedmaglevline.ItstartsfromChangshaSouthStationinthewestandendsatHuanghuaAirportintheeast.Thelineis18.5kilometersinlength.ConstructionstartedinMay2014.

OnDecember2,2015,theChangshamaglevtraincarriedoutthe18.55-kilometerthermalsliptestforthefirsttime.Afterpassingthemaglevpearstationandarrivingatthemaglevairportstation,itsmoothlyreturnedtothemaglevdepotintegratedbase.Jointdebuggingandjointteststage.

OnMay6,2016,China'sfirstlow-to-medium-speedmaglevcommercialoperationdemonstrationlinewithcompletelyindependentintellectualpropertyrights-ChangshaMaglevExpresswasputintotrialoperation.Thislineisalsothelongestmediumandlowspeedmaglevoperatinglineintheworld.

OnDecember30,2017,Beijing'sfirstmaglevrailtransitS1lineopenedfortrialoperation,withatraindesignspeedof100km/h.

OnMay23,2018,itwaslearnedfromtheNationalUniversityofDefenseTechnologythatthenew-typemaglevtrainengineeringprototypedevelopedbytheschoolhasbeensuccessfullytested,andthespeedcanreachmorethan160kilometersperhour.Thesuccessofthisoperationtestisaphasedachievementofthenational"13thFive-YearPlan"advancedrailtransitkeyspecialproject.Itindicatesthatmycountryhasmasteredthecorekeytechnologyofmedium-speedmaglevtransportation,whichisofgreatsignificancetopromotethedevelopmentofmycountry'smaglevtransportationtechnology..

OnMarch3,2019,ZhouQinghe,arepresentativeoftheNationalPeople’sCongressandchairmanofCRRCZhuzhouElectricLocomotiveCo.,Ltd.,revealedthatChina’sfirstcommercialmaglevversion3.0trainwithcompletelyindependentintellectualpropertyrightsisunderintensedevelopment.Itisplannedtobeofflineinearly2020.Thisunmannedmaglevtrainhasadesignspeedof200kilometersperhour.

OnJuly20,2021,mycountry’s600km/hhigh-speedmaglevtransportationsystem,whichwasdevelopedbyCRRCandhascompletelyindependentintellectualpropertyrights,wassuccessfullyrolledofftheassemblylineinQingdao.Thisistheworld’sfirstsetof600-kilometer-per-hourdesign.Thekilometer-longhigh-speedmaglevtransportationsystemindicatesthatmycountryhasmasteredthecompletesetofhigh-speedmaglevtechnologyandengineeringcapabilities.

Developmentstatus

Statusquo

Becausemaglevtrainshavethecharacteristicsofhighcost,highpowerconsumption,largeradiation,andunreliability,theprospectsarenotideal.Normallyconductivemaglevtrainscanreach400to500km/h,andsuperconductingmaglevtrainscanreach500to600km/h.Itshighspeedmakesitsuperiortotravelingbyplaneinatraveldistancebetween1,000and1,500kilometers.Duetotheabsenceofwheelsandfriction,itconsumes30%moreelectricitythanthemostadvancedhigh-speedtrains.Ataspeedof500km/h,theenergyconsumptionperseat/kmisonly1/3to1/2ofthatofanairplane,anditconsumes30%lessenergythanacar.Becausethereisnowheel-railcontact,thevibrationislargeandthecomfortisnotgood.However,themaintenancecostofthevehicleandtherailisalsoextremelyhigh.Themaglevtraindoesnotrubagainstthetrackwhenitisrunning,andemitslownoise.Maglevtrainsgenerallypassoverflatgroundoroverhillswithanelevatedheightofmorethan5meters,whichwillinevitablycausedamagetotheecologicalenvironmentbytrenching.Themaglevtrainrunsontherailsandischargedaccordingtotheaircraft'sfireprotectionstandards.

Difficulty

Althoughthemaglevtrainhassomanybenefits,onlytheShanghaiPudongMaglevRailwayisactuallyputintocommercialoperationatalossintheworld.AlthoughJapanandGermanyalreadyhaveexperimentalroutes,the30-kilometer-longlinefromShanghaiPudongAirporttotheurbanareahasbeenofficiallyputintooperationin2005,butifthemaglevtrainistobecomeadailymeansoftransportationforthepeopleliketoday’sordinarywheel-railrailways,Itseemstobenowhereinsight.So,whatisthereason?

Firstofall,thesecurityaspect.Sincethemagneticlevitationsystemmustbesupplementedbyelectromagneticforcetocompletelevitation,guidanceanddriving,thesafetyofthefollowingvehiclesintheeventofapowerfailureisanissuethatcannotbeignored.Inaddition,whenrunningathighspeeds,thestabilityandreliabilityoftrainsalsorequirelong-termpracticalinspections.Also,itisatechnicalproblemduringconstruction.Becausethetrainneedstobesuspendedataspecificheightduringoperation,therequirementsfortheflatnessofthelineandtheamountofsubgradesubsidenceareveryhigh.Moreover,howtoavoidtheimpactofstrongmagneticfieldsonthehumanbodyandtheenvironmentmustalsobeconsidered.

Ahugeloss,ShanghaiMaglevlosesbillionsofdollarseveryyearandnoonerides.TheelectricpowerexpertswhoparticipatedintheconstructionofShanghaiMaglevfasttrainintroducedthatthecableslaidontheentirelineoftheMaglevprojectareakindofordinaryaluminumcoreimportedfromGermany.Thehigh-voltagecablewillgenerate20KVhighvoltageafterreceivingpower.Expertsremindrelevantdepartmentstopayattentiontoconstructionsafetyaroundtheprojectandstrengthentheprotectionofcablesalongthelinetopreventaccidents.

Eveniftherearemeanstosolvetheabovetechnicalproblems,anotherproblemisinvolved-money.ThedesigninvestmentfortheShanghaisectionofabout30kilometerswillcost10billionyuan,whilethetwoGermanroutes,one36.8kilometerslong,willcostabout2.6billioneuros;theother78.9kilometerslongwillcost3.2billioneuros.Euro(1Euroisapproximatelyequalto8RMB).Inactualconstruction,dependingonthetopography,roadsurfaceanddesignedtransportationcapacity,ofcoursethecostwillvarygreatly.Butinanycase,aone-kilometerrouterequiresatleast800millionyuanofinvestment,thatistosay,aone-centimeterroutewillcost8,000yuantobuild.

Controversy

Withregardtotheradiationproblemofmagneticlevitation,domesticexpertshavetwovoices.OnerepresentativeisChangWensen,anauthoritativeexpertinthefieldofmagneticlevitationtechnologyinChinaandthechiefdesignerofBeijingEnterprisesMaglevTransportationResearchCenter.Itbelievesthatelectromagneticradiationisaproposition.Aclosedmagneticfieldthatattractseachotherbetweentheironsisformed.Outsideofthismagneticfield,thereisalmostnoradiation.

TheotherrepresentativeisWangMengshu,anacademicianoftheChineseAcademyofEngineeringandanexpertintunnelandundergroundengineering.Hispointofviewistit-for-tattheformer.HebelievesthatACcoils(ieelectromagnets)arelaidonthetracksofmaglevtrains.Notonlydoesthetrainemitradiation,butelectromagneticradiationisalsogeneratedonthetrack.SincetherearenosafetystandardsforelectromagneticradiationinChina,hedoesnotagreewiththesetests.

Somenetizensexpressedoppositiontothedevelopmentofmagneticlevitation.SomeShenzhennetizensbelievethatforthemanyresidentsofLuohuLiantangandYantian,thesubwaywasoriginallybuiltfortheconvenienceoftransportation,andthemagneticsuspensionlimitstheloadlimit.Then,duringthepeakperiodofcommutingandholidays,isitnotnecessaryatall?Andmanycountrieshaveissuedelectromagneticfieldmagneticinductionintensitystandards,amongwhichthemoststringentisSwitzerland,whosestandardis0.2μ/T.IftheSwissstandardisadopted,500metersonbothsidesofthemagneticlevitationroadmaynotbeenough.Accordingtothisstandard,Shenzhen'srepairofmagneticlevitationmayaffectthehealthofresidents.Netizenseventhinkthatthemaglevtrainisanexpensiveandunhealthytransportationtoy.

Commercialoperation

China

Theworld’sfirstmaglevtraindemonstrationoperationline——Shanghaimaglevtrainb>FromPudongLongyangRoadStationtoPudongInternationalAirport,itonlytakesmorethan30kilometers8minutes.TheShanghaiMaglevSpecialLinestartsfromthewestShanghaiRailTransitLine2LongyangRoadStation,reachestheeastb>ShanghaiPudongInternationalAirportThespeciallineis29.863kilometerslongandisjointlydevelopedbyChinaandGermany.ThefirstshovelwasduginPudongonMarch1,2001,anditwasputintotrialoperationonDecember31,2002.CommercialoperationofficiallystartedonJanuary4,2003.Itistheworld'sfirstcommercialmaglevdedicatedline.TheShanghaimaglevtrainisa"normallyconductivemagnetictype"(referredtoas"normallyconductivetype")maglevtrain.Itisdesignedbyusingtheprincipleof"oppositeattraction".Itisakindofsuctionlevitationsystem.Ituseslevitationelectromagnetsinstalledonthebogiesonbothsidesofthetrainandthemagnetslaidonthetrack.Therepulsiveforcegeneratedbythemagneticfieldmakesthevehiclefloat.Up(usingthemagneticpolesofthesamenametorepeleachother).

Shanghaimaglevtrainrunsat430kilometersperhour.Onlyonetrainisallowedtoruninapowersupplyarea.Thereareisolationnetsat25metersonbothsidesofthetrack,andtherearealsoprotectiveequipmentontheupperandlowersides.Theturningradiusisupto8000meters,whichisalmostastraightlinewhenviewedwiththenakedeye;thesmallestradiusisalsoashighas1300meters.

Thecarriagewiththefrontis27.196meterslongand3.7meterswide.Thecarriageinthemiddleis24.768meterslongandcantravelbackandforthbetweendowntownShanghaiandPudongAirportin14minutes.

Electromagnetsareinstalledatthebottomofthetrainandthetopsofthebogiesonbothsides.Areactionplateandaninductionsteelplateareinstalledabovethe"I"railandbelowtheupperarmparttocontrolthecurrentoftheelectromagnettomaketheelectromagnetandKeepagapof1cmbetweenthetracks,sothattherepulsiveforcebetweenthebogieandthetrainisbalancedwiththegravityofthetrain,andtherepulsiveforceofthemagnetisusedtofloatthetrainabout1cm,sothatthetrainissuspendedonthetrack.Thismustaccuratelycontrolthecurrentoftheelectromagnet.

Thedrivingprincipleofthesuspensiontrainisexactlythesameasthatofthesynchronouslinearmotor.Inlayman'sterms,themagneticforceresemblingamotoronbothsidesofthetrackrepels.

OnMay16,2014,theChangshaMaglevProject,thefirstmedium-to-low-speedmaglevtransportationlinewithindependentintellectualpropertyrightsinChina,officiallystarted.Afterthelineiscompletedandopenedtotrafficinthefirsthalfof2016,mycountrywillbecomethesecondcountryintheworldwiththisadvancedrailtransitoperationtechnology.Bythen,passengersfromChangshaSouthRailwayStationtoChangshaHuanghuaAirportTerminalT2willonlytakeabout10minutes.YiLianhong,memberoftheStandingCommitteeoftheProvincialPartyCommitteeandSecretaryoftheMunicipalPartyCommittee,announcedthestartofthefaceproject.DeputyGovernorZhangJianfei,ChairmanofChinaRailwayConstructionCo.,Ltd.andSecretaryofthePartyCommitteeMengFengchaodeliveredspeeches.DeputySecretary-GeneralGuoZhengguioftheProvincialGovernmentpresidedoverthecommencementceremony.HuHenghua,ChenXianchun,YaoCityleadersincludingYingjieattendedthemeeting.

OnMay6,2016,China'sfirstlow-to-medium-speedmaglevcommercialoperationdemonstrationlinewithcompletelyindependentintellectualpropertyrights-ChangshaMaglevExpresswasputintotrialoperation.Thislineisalsothelongestmediumandlowspeedmaglevoperatinglineintheworld.

ComparedwiththeShanghaihigh-speedmaglevtrain,whichwasintroducedfromGermanyanddroveontheworld’sfirstcommercialmaglevline,theChangshamediumandlow-speedmaglevtrainhasthecharacteristicsofsafety,lownoise,smallturningradius,andstrongclimbingability.Anumberofachievementshavereachedtheinternationalleadinglevel.Asaresult,Chinahasbecomeoneofthefewcountriesintheworldthathasmasteredthetechnologyoflow-andmedium-speedmaglevtrains.

AccordingtoCRRC’sofficialWeibonewsonOctober21,thefirstbatchofthreekeyspecialprojectsforadvancedrailtransitundertheNationalKeyR&DProgram(including600kilometersperhourhigh-speedmaglev,400kilometersperhourvariablegaugehighTrain,railtransitsystemsafetyassurancetechnology,etc.)Thekick-offmeetingwasheldinBeijingonthe21st.Thisismycountry'sfirstnationalkeyspecialprojectorganizedandimplementedundertheleadershipofanenterprise,markingthebeginningofaspecialpilotprojectforthereformofmycountry'sscienceandtechnologymanagementsystem.

SouthKorea

AccordingtoaSouthKoreanmediareportonMay15,2014,SouthKorea’sfirstself-developedcommercialmaglevtrainwasputintotrialoperationonthe14thandwillofficiallycarrypassengersinmid-Julyrun.Themaglevtrain,designedandmanufacturedjointlybyKoreantrainmanufacturer"HyundaiRothem"andtheKoreaInstituteofMachineryResearch,receivedanoperatinglicenseissuedbyrelevantagenciesonthe14th.

Thetrainiscompletelyunmannedandhasamaximumspeedof110kilometersperhour.ItstartsfromIncheonInternationalAirportandrunstoIncheonYongyuStation.Thetotallengthis6.1kilometers.Thelineisexpectedtobefurtherexpandedinthefuture.

HanHyung-suk,headoftheUrbanRailwayPerformanceCertificationCenteroftheKoreaInstituteofMachinery,saidatthelaunchceremonyofthetrialoperationthatcomparedwithtraditionallightrailtrains,maglevtrainsdonotgeneratetrackfrictionduringoperation,sotheyhavelownoise,Lowvibrationandotheradvantages.Inaddition,becausethebogieofthemaglevtrainwrapsthetrack,theriskofderailmentandoverturningofthetrainisalsoreduced.

HanJiuhuan,CEOofHyundaiRotem,saidthatthecostperkilometeroftheIncheonAirportmaglevlineis42.7billionwon(approximatelyUS$41.56million),whichisclosetothetraditionallightrailline.However,sincethetraindoesnothaveconsumablepartssuchaswheelsandbearings,themaintenancecostafteroperationismuchlowerthanthatofthelightrail,whichcansave2%to5%ofenergy.

TheMinistryofLand,InfrastructureandTransportofSouthKorealaunchedtheUrbanMaglevProjectin2006,whichbroughttogetherdozensofdomesticscientificresearchinstitutions,commercialgroupsandgovernmentagenciestoparticipateinthedevelopmentofcommercialurbanmaglevtrainssuitablefordemonstrationroutes.

YonYongze,directoroftheKoreaMachineryResearchInstitute,saidthatafterthesuccessfuloperationoftheIncheonAirportmaglevproject,SouthKoreaplanstobuildDaejeonMetroLine2initsmidwestintoanewmaglevroute.Thetotallengthofthelineis36kilometers,thereare30stations,anditwillbeabletocarrynearly10,000passengers.

Thefastestmagneticlevitation

Japan

OnApril16,2015,Japan’sTokaiRailway(JRTokai)issuedacommuniquThetestlineusedtheL0maglevtraintocarryoutahigh-speedoperationtestandreachedtheworld'shighestspeedof590kilometersperhourformannedvehicles.

Previously,themaximumspeedofmannedsuperconductingmagneticlevitationwas581kilometersperhour,whichwasachievedbyJRTokaiin2003ontheYamanashimaglevtestlineusingthe"MLX01"train.TheL0maglevtrainbrokethisrecordandsetanewrecordformannedspeedinthehistoryoftheworld'srailways.OnApril21,2015,amannedtestoperationwascarriedoutona42.8-kilometertestroutelocatedinYamanashiPrefecture.ThespeedoftheL0maglevtraininthetunnelofthetestlinereached600kilometersperhour.Thetrainranatthisspeedfor1.8seconds.

Chineseexperts

AccordingtoHongKongmedia,Chinaisdevelopingasupermaglevtrain,whichisdesignedwithvacuumsteelpipes,andthespeedcanreach2000kilometersperhourinthefuture.AttheInstituteofSuperconductingTechnologyoftheStateKeyLaboratoryofTractionPoweratSouthwestJiaotongUniversity,Chinesescientistssuccessfullycompletedthemannedhigh-temperaturesuperconductingmagneticlevitationlooptracktestforthefirsttime.ThisprojectisledbyanexpertDengZigang,whohasbeenresearchingthistechnologyforseveralyears.

DengZigangsaidthatinordertofurtheradvancethisproject,twophasedgoalsmustbecompleted.Hesaid:"Thefirststageistodevelopahigh-temperaturesuperconductingmagneticlevitationorbit.ThisgoalhasbeenachievedinFebruary2013,promptingresearcherstoenterthenextstageofresearch.Thesecondstageistoinstallvacuumtubesfortheorbit,thatis,Createavacuumtubehightemperaturesuperconductingmagneticlevitationtrain.Intermsofdesign,thistraincanreachamaximumspeedof50kilometersperhourwithoutcarryingpassengers."

Vacuumsteelpipe

ThescientistwhointroducedthevacuumpipelinemaglevconcepttoChinaisZhangYaoping,whograduatedfromSouthwestJiaotongUniversity.HesuccessfullyappliedfortheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChinaproject"basicresearchonvacuumpipelinemaglevtransportation"in2007.Hisresearchwasfundedbythegovernment.WiththesupportofrelevantpartiesinShaanxiProvince,hewastransferredtoXijingCollegeoftheprovinceandestablishedtheVacuumPipelineTransportationResearchInstitutetofullypromotethis"pseudo-transportationrevolution"intotheUnitedStates.

ThefirsttoputforwardtheconceptofvacuumpipelinemagneticlevitationtransportationwastheexpertsfromtheRandConsultingCompanyoftheUnitedStatesandtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.DarylOster,afteryearsofresearchanddesign,DaiRuiappliedforapatentforthevacuumpipelinetransportation(ETT)systemintheUnitedStatesin1999.

In2001,ZhangYaoping,whometandbecameaclosefriendofDaiRui,introducedthistechnologytoChinaforthefirsttime.In2002,DaiRuiandhiswifewenttoChinatohelpZhangYaopingandhiscolleaguessetupaspecialresearchinstituteatSouthwestJiaotongUniversity.Afteryearsofhardwork,ZhangYaoping'sresearchhasreceivedall-roundsupportfromtheChineseacademiccommunityandthegovernment.Hebelievesthatthetechnologyrequiredforthistechnologyisfullymature."The600-1000km/hspeedproposedbytheexpertsattheexpertconferenceisaconservativeexternalcaliber.Infact,allresearcherssettheconventionaloperatingspeedofthismodeoftransportationas40010km/hfromthebeginning.Aftertechnicalimprovements,,6500kilometersperhourisamedium-termgoal.Overcomingtechnicalobstaclesisequivalenttoacannonball.Whentheauthordiscussedwithascholarandhisgraduatestudents,theyproposedthatthetheoreticallimitspeedofthevacuumtubemaglevtrainisclosetothefirstcosmicspeed.Itisachievabletoreach120,000kilometersperhour.Intheeventofunforeseensafetyissuesorsafetyaccidentssuchasterroristattacksandrear-endcollisions,thetrainhasnoairandnoescapeenvironmentinthevacuumtubeandatsuchhighspeeds,passengersmayThereisnodeadslag,justlikeanatomiccolliderexperiment.Themeaningofhigh-speedtrainsissimilartotheoriginalsteamenginereplacinghorsepower,whichwillbringepoch-makingchanges.Civilaviationandordinaryrailwaytransportationwillbereplacedbyalargearea,andhumanswillenteracleaner,cleaner,Efficienttravelage.

Inordertosolvetheproblemsinconstructionandoperation,ZhangYaopingandhisteamworkeddayandnight,"theisolationchamberinthevacuumpipeline","akindofmagneticlevitationvehicleinthevacuumpipelinetransportationsystem"Patentssuchasdockingdevicebetweenstations","asealeddoorusedinvacuumpipelinesystem",and"vacuumpipelinehigh-speedtransportationairextractionsystem"havebeenpublished.