Louis Pasteur

ThesynonymPasteurgenerallyreferstoLouisPasteur

Biography

Overview

LouisPasteur((4photos)

LouisPasteur(December27,1822-September25,1895),Frenchmicrobiologistandchemist,modernmicrobiologyFounderof.LikeNewtoninventedclassicalmechanics,Pasteuropenedupthefieldofmicrobiology,createdasetofuniquebasicmicrobiologyresearchmethods,andbegantouse"practice-theory-practiceHeisascientificgiant.

Pasteurhasconductedanumberofexploratorystudiesthroughouthislifeandachievedsignificantresults.Heisoneofthemostaccomplishedscientistsinthe19thcentury.

Heusedhislife’senergytoprovethreescientificproblems:

(1)Everykindoffermentationisduetothedevelopmentofakindofmicrobe.ThisFrenchchemistdiscoveredthatheatingcanbeusedKilltheannoyingmicroorganismsthatmakebeerbitter.Soon,"pasteurization"wasappliedtovariousfoodsandbeverages.

(2)EveryinfectiousdiseaseisakindofThedevelopmentofmicroorganismsinorganisms:Becauseofthediscoveryanderadicationofabacteriumthatinfestssilkwormeggs,PasteursavedtheFrenchsilkindustry.

(3)Infectiousmicroorganisms,inspecialCultivationcanreducethevirulenceandturnthemfromgermsintovaccinesfordiseaseprevention.Herealizedthatmanydiseasesarecausedbymicroorganisms,soheestablishedthetheoryofbacteria.

LouisPasteurwasrecognizedbytheworldPraisedas"themostperfectpersontoenterthekingdomofscience",heisnotonlyatheoreticalgenius,butalsoapersonwhoisgoodatsolvingpracticalproblems.

Hepublishedtwopapersin1843——""Doublecrystalphenomenon"and"crystalform"pioneeredthestudyofopticalpropertiesofmatter.

From1856to1860,heproposedanewtheoryoftheessenceoffermentationbasedonthemetabolicactivitiesofmicroorganisms.

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The"RecordonLacticAcidFermentation"publishedin1857isaclassicpaperrecognizedbythemicrobiologycommunity.

After1880,avarietyofvaccinessuchaschickencholeravaccineandrabiesvaccineweresuccessfullydeveloped.Itstheoryandimmunizationmethodhavecausedmajorchangesinmedicalpractice.Inaddition,Pasteur’sworkhasalsosuccessfullysavedFrance’sdistressedwineindustry,sericultureandanimalhusbandry.

PasteurHeisconsideredthemostimportantoutstandingpersoninthehistoryofmedicine.Pasteur'scontributionsinvolveseveraldisciplines,buthisreputationisfocusedondefending,supportinggerms,anddevelopingvaccinationagainstdiseases.

PasteurandhishusbandMaryandtheirchildrenandgrandchildren

Pasteurwasnottheearliestdiscovererofthebacteria.Kirula,HenryBaoandothershaveputforwardsimilarhypothesesbeforehim.However,Pasteurnotonlyenthusiasticallyandbravelyputforwardthetheoryaboutgerms,butalsoprovedthecorrectnessofhistheorythroughalargenumberofexperiments,whichconvincedthescientificcommunity.Thisishismainmajorcontribution.

Obviouslythecauseisbacteria,soitisobviousthatonlybypreventingbacteriafromenteringthebodycanyouavoidgettingsick.Therefore,Pasteuremphasizedthatdoctorsshouldusedisinfection.JosephSinster,whoproposedtotheworldtousesterilizationinsurgery,wasinfluencedbyPasteur.Toxicbacteriaenterthehumanbodythroughfoodandbeverages.Pasteurdevelopedamethodofsterilizationinbeverages,whichwaslatercalledpasteurization(heatsterilization).

WhenPasteurwas50yearsold,hefocusedhisattentiononmalignantcarbunclescars.Itisaninfectiousdiseasethatharmslivestockandotheranimals,includinghumans;Pasteurprovedthatthecauseisaspecialkindofbacteria.Heusedattenuatedmalignantcarbunclerod-shapedbacteriatoinjectanimals.

In1881,Pasteurimprovedthemethodofreducingthevirulenceofpathogenicmicroorganisms.Heobservedthatanimalsthathadcontractedacertaininfectiousdiseaseandwerecuredwouldbecomeimmunetothediseaseinthefuture.Accordingtothis,theattenuatedanthraxandchickencholerapathogenswereusedtoimmunizesheepandchickens,respectively,andsucceeded.Thismethodgreatlyarousedtheenthusiasmofscientists.Fromthenon,peopleknowthatthismethodcanbeusedtoavoidmanyinfectiousdiseases.

In1882,PasteurwasselectedasanacademicianoftheFrenchAcademy.Inthesameyear,hebegantostudyrabies,provingthatthepathogenexistsinthesalivaandnervoussystemoftheaffectedanimal,andmadealivevirusvaccine,whichsuccessfullyhelpedpeopleobtainImmunitytothedisease.AccordingtoPasteur'simmunizationmethod,medicalscientistshavecreatedvaccinestopreventseveraldangerousdiseases,successfullyavoidingthethreatsoftyphoidfever,polioandotherdiseases.

Whenitcomestorabies,peoplenaturallythinkofPasteur'spopularstory.Intheerawhenthedoctrineofbacteriawasdominant,Pasteurdidnotknowthatrabieswasaviraldisease,butfromscientificpracticeheknewthatinfectivesubstanceswouldreducetheirtoxicityafterrepeatedpassagesanddrying.Heinjectedthemedullaoblongataextractcontainingthepathogenicrabiesintotherabbitseveraltimes,andtheninjectedtheattenuatedliquidintothedog.Afterthat,thedogcanresistthenormalintensityofrabiesvirusinfection.

In1885,peoplesenta9-year-oldboywhowasbittenbadlybyamaddogtoPasteurtorequestrescue.Afterhehesitatedforawhile,Pasteurinjectedthechildtoreducethetoxicity.Theabove-mentionedextractswithlowlevelsarethengraduallyinjectedwithmoretoxicextracts.Pasteur'sideaistomakehimresistantbeforetheincubationperiodofrabieshaspassed.Asaresult,Pasteursucceededandthechildwassaved.

Pasteur(4photos)

In1886,PasteuralsorescuedanothercompanionwhowasseverelybittenwhilerescuingacompanionattackedbyamaddogZhuPiye,a15-year-oldshepherdboy,nowdescribestheyouth'srighteousdeedsandPasteur'sgreatachievements.ThesculptureislocatedoutsidethePasteurInstituteinParis.Pasteurinventedtherabiesvaccinein1889.Healsopointedoutthatthispathogenisakindof"filteringsupermicroorganism"thatcanpassthroughabacterialfilter.

ThemostfamousachievementofPasteurhimselfisthedevelopmentofatechniqueforvaccinatingpeople.Thistechnologycanprotectpeoplefromtheterriblerabies.OtherscientistshaveappliedPasteur'sbasicideastodevelopvaccinesagainstmanyseriousdiseases,suchastyphusandpolio.

Itwashewhodidmuchmoreexperimentsthanothers,convincinglyexplainedtheproductionprocessofmicroorganisms.Pasteuralsodiscoveredthephenomenonofanaerobiclife,whichmeansthatcertainmicroorganismscansurviveinanenvironmentlackingairoroxygen.Pasteur'sresearchonsilkwormdiseasehasgreateconomicvalue.Healsodevelopedavaccineagainstchickencholera.

PeopleoftencomparePasteurwiththeBritishdoctorEdwardJenner.Jennerdevelopedavaccineagainstsmallpox,andPasteur'smethodcanandhasbeenappliedtopreventandtreatmanydiseases.

InSeptember1854,theFrenchMinistryofEducationappointedPasteurasthedeanoftheLilleInstituteofTechnologyandtheheadofthechemistrydepartment.Therehebecameinterestedinthealcoholindustry,andanimportantprocessintheproductionofalcoholwasFerment.Atthattime,analcoholmanufacturingplantinLilleencounteredtechnicalproblemsandaskedPasteurtohelpstudythefermentationprocess.Pasteurwentdeepintothefactoryandbroughtvariousbeetrootjuicesandfermentationliquidsbacktothelaboratoryforobservation.Aftermanyexperiments,hefoundthatthereisaglobularbodyinthefermentationbroththatismuchsmallerthanyeast,whichgrowsupasyeast.

Afterawhile,budsgrowonthebacteria,andthebudsgrowupandfalloffandbecomenewglobularbodies.Inthiscycleofcontinuousprocess,thebeetrootjuice"fermented".Pasteurcontinuedhisresearchtofindoutthatthealcoholandcarbondioxidegasproducedduringfermentationwerederivedfromthedecompositionofsugarbyyeast.Thisprocesscanhappenevenintheabsenceofoxygen.Hebelievesthatfermentationistheanaerobicrespirationofyeastsandcontroloftheirlivingconditions,whichisakeylinkinwinemaking.

The"RecordsonLacticAcidFermentation"publishedbyLouisPasteurin1857isaclassicpaperrecognizedbythemicrobiologycommunity.

In1880,LouisPasteursuccessfullydevelopedavarietyofvaccinessuchaschickencholeravaccineandrabiesvaccine.Thetheoryandimmunizationmethodcausedmajorchangesinmedicalpracticeandisregardedastheancestorofbacteriology.

Comingintotheworld

OnDecember27,1822,PasteurwasborninDoleintheprovinceofJuraineasternFrance.Thereisaclearroadinthetown.Pasteur’shomeisbythesideofthestream.HisfatherwasaveteranoftheNapoleonArmycavalry.Heworkedasatannerafterhewasdischargedfromthearmy.Hismotherisapeasantgirl.Hehasonesisterandtwoyoungersisters.Attheageoffour,thefamilymovedtoArbois.Frenchsecondaryschoolsusuallyhavea7-yearsystem,andthelastacademicyearisdividedintophilosophyandmathematics.PasteurstudiedattheArboisHighSchoolfor6years,andintheseventhyearhetransferredtotheBoshanPineHighSchoolforscience.Whenhewasinmiddleschool,hewasordinaryinschool,buthelikedtoaskquestionsverymuch.Hegottothebottomofeverything,andevenbecameathornintheeyesofsometeachers.Inthisway,Pasteur,whokeptaskingandstudying,hadadeepinterestinchemistry,physicsandart,graduallybecameanexcellentstudent.

University

InAugust1840,hegraduatedfrommiddleschoolandwashiredasanassistantteacheratBushansongMiddleSchoolinOctober.Heteacheswhilepreparingforuniversityentranceexams.Atthattime,thereweretwofamousschoolsinFrance,namelyEcoleNormaleSuperieure(ENS)andEcolePolytechnic.

InAugust1843,PasteurwasadmittedtotheEcoleNormaleSupérieureinParistostudytheteachingmethodsofchemistryandphysics.Hehastouseexperimentstoverifytheknowledgelearnedinclass.Hespendshisheadinthelaboratoryallday,soheiscalledthe"laboratoryborer."

In1846,23-year-oldPasteurgraduatedfromtheÉcoleNormaleSupérieureinParisandpassedthequalificationexaminationforprofessorsofphysics.Theexaminerdiscoveredthathehadtheabilitytoteachchemistryandphysics,andevensaid:“OnlyPasteurhaseducationaltalentsamongthisyear'sgraduates.”HesoonreceivedaphysicsteacherfromLeLycéedeTournon.Appointmentletter.ButhewantstodoscientificresearchinParis.Sohedelayedasmuchaspossibletostarthisjob,plannedtostayatthenormalschoolforonemoreyear,andwrotetoJean-BaptisteDumas,oneofthefoundersoftheParisCentralPolytechnicInstitute(l'É;colecentrale),seekingOpportunitytoteachinParis.Dumadidn'thelpPasteurafterall.ButthismatterwasknownbyAntoineJérô(meBalard,1802-1876).Balediscoveredbrominewhenhewasyoung,andhewasveryfamous.HedecidedtohelpPasteurstayinParis.Inthisway,attheageoftwenty-six,PasteurenteredBarai’slaboratoryasanassistantontheonehandandadoctoralstudentontheother.HedidnotneedtogotoTournonHighSchoolasaphysicsteacherforthetimebeing.

Baraibelievesthathisresearchcareerhascometoanend.Hewantstoputallhisenergyonthestudentsandgivehisstudentsalotoffreedom,lettingthemchoosethemethodanddirectionoflearning.Hepaysattentiontotheoriginalityandimaginationofstudents,anddoesnotwantthemtousetheexistingexperimentalequipment.Iftheymustusetheequipment,theycanonlydesigntheirown.InordertostayinBale’slaboratory,Pasteurreadilyacceptedthisspecialrequest.Ayearlater(1847),Pasteur'sthesiswasapproved,andPasteurreceivedadoctorateofscience.Hesuccessivelyservedasaprofessorofphysicsandchemistrycourses.

Tartaricacid

PasteurconfirmedthathewantedtobecomeachemistinhislaboratoryinBale.

In1848,whenthestudyofcrystalsbegantoflourish,Pasteurwasalsoveryinterested,thinkingthatthestudyofcrystalswas"usefulscience".

Pasteurlikeswine.Henoticedthatthecrystalsoftartaricacidwouldbedepositedinthefermentationprocesswhenmakingwine,sohechosetartrateastheresearchsubject.Infact,notonlytartaricacidisdepositedinthefermentingtank,butalsocalled"tartaricacid"atthattime.Atthistime,themolecularformulasoftartaricacidandtartaricacidhavebeendetermined,andtheingredientsarethesame!However,thecharacteristicsoftartaricacidsolutionandtartaricacid-likesolutionarequitedifferent.When"polarizedlight"passesthroughthetartaricacidsolution,dextrorotationlightisgenerated,andnothinghappenswhenpassingthroughthetartaricacidsolution.Whydocompoundswiththesamemolecularformulahavecompletelydifferentopticalproperties?Manychemistscan'tstudyit,Pasteurthought:Ifitcan'tbedone,theremustbesomethingsthathavebeenoverlookedbyeveryone.

Pasteurdecidedtousehisknowledgeofchemistryandphysicstosolvethisproblem.Heintuitivelythoughtthatthestructureoftheircrystalsmightbedifferent,andthenslowlypickedoutthetartratecrystalswithtweezers.Carefulobservationrevealedthatthetartaricacidsaltcrystalshavealongsideandarenotcompletelysymmetrical.Therefore,thepolarizedlightofthetartaricacidsolutionproducesaright-handedphenomenon.

Pasteurwentontohypothesizethatthetartrate-likecrystalsshouldbesymmetrical,andthereforethepolarizedlightpassingthroughthetartaricacidsolutionwillnotchange.However,whenhepickedoutthetartrate-likecrystalstoobserve,hewasshocked!Tartrate-likecrystals,liketartratecrystals,havealonger,asymmetriccrystalface.

Pasteur,whohadthoughttosolvethemystery,wasonceagainconfused.Whydotartratecrystalsandtartrate-likecrystalshaveasymmetriccrystalfaces,buttheformerisopticallyactive,butthelatterdoesnot?Afterthinkingaboutit,hecanonlymakeboldassumptions:somecrystalfaceswithlongercrystalsareontheleft,andsomecrystalfaceswithlongercrystalsareontheright.Onlyinthiswaycanexplainwhytartrate-likecrystalsareasymmetrical.Thecrystalfacehasnoopticalactivity.

Thinkingofthis,Pasteurexcitedlyre-examinedthetartrate-likecrystals.really!Hefoundthattherearetwotypesoftartrate-likecrystals,someofwhichhavelongercrystalfacesontheleft,andothersontheright,justlikeleftandrighthands.Whenhepicksoutanddissolvesallthecrystalswiththelongercrystalfacesontheleft,andthenpassesthesolutionthroughpolarizedlight,thephenomenonofleft-handednessoccurs;andifhepicksoutanddissolvesallthecrystalswiththelongercrystalfacesontheright,thenAfterthesolutionispassedthroughpolarizedlight,aright-handedphenomenonoccurs.Inotherwords,thetartaricacidsolutiondoesnothaveopticalactivity,becauseitisamixtureoftwokindsofcrystals,andithasbothleft-handedandright-handedopticalproperties,whichcanceleachotherout.

Withhisextremelycarefulobservation,carefulexperimentationandboldhypothesis,Pasteurdiscoveredthatthecrystalstructuresoftartrateandtartrate-likesaltsaredifferent.AfterknowingPasteur’sexperiments,PrudentBiotdecidedRepeatthisexperimentyourself.Whenhefinallyreachedthesameconclusion,heexcitedlysaidtoPasteur:"Dearchild,Ihavelovedscienceinmylife.Thisresulthasshakenmyheart."Sincethen,BiothasrepeatedlygivenPasteurexperimentalsuggestions.Healsobecamehisimportantmentorandfriend.

Marriage

Accordingtotheregulationsatthetime,graduatesofhighernormalschoolsmustteachonceinmiddleschool.

InNovember1848,PasteurregrettedthathewasawayfromresearchworkandwenttoDijonlycéeasateacher.Hismentors,BallardandPio,negotiatedwiththeMinistryofEducation,andPasteurwassoonappointedasanassociateprofessorattheUniversityofStrasbourg.AttheUniversityofStrasbourg,PasteurmetMarieLaurent,thedaughteroftheProvost(MarieLaurent:Figure3).HefellinlovewithMaryatfirstsight.

OnMay29,1849,PasteurandMarymarried.Maryunderstandsherhusband'sinterestinworkanddevotesherselftothehouseworkandhelpingherhusband.Theyhavefivechildrenandthreeofthemdiedoftyphoidfever.ThismaybethereasonthatdrovePasteurtotreatillnessesandsavepeople.Aftermarriage,Pasteurreinvestedinthestudyofcrystallizationchemistry.

InSeptember1854,PasteurwasappointedasthenewlyfoundedUniversityofLilleChemistryProfessorandChiefExecutive(theLilleFacultyofSciences).Whenhewasinoffice,thewineindustryinLillewenttotheuniversitytofindhimandaskedhimtofindoutthereasonforthesournessofthewineslicesforthem.

Sterilization

Atthattime,theFrenchbeerandwineindustrywasveryfamousinEurope,butbeerandwineoftenbecamesour,andthewholebarreloffragrantanddeliciousbeerbecameThesourslimehadtobepouredout,whichcausedthewinemerchantstogrumble,andsomeevenwentbankrupt.In1856,theownerofawineryinLilleaskedPasteurtohelpfindthecauseandseeifitcouldpreventthewinefrombecomingsour.

Pasteuragreedtostudythisquestion.Heobservedunderamicroscopeandfoundthattheunspoiledagedwinecontainedakindofsphericalyeastcellsintheliquid.Whenthewineandbeerbecamesour,thewineliquidTherearethinstick-likeLactobacillus,itisthis"badguy"thatmultipliesinthenutritiouswineandmakesthewine"sour".Heputtheclosedwinebottleinawirebasket,soakeditinwaterandheatedittodifferenttemperatures,tryingtokilltheLactobacilluswithoutboilingthewine.Afterrepeatedtests,hefinallyfoundone.Simpleandeffectivemethod:Aslongasthewineisplacedinanenvironmentof50or60degreesCelsiusforhalfanhour,thelactobacilliinthewinecanbekilled.Thisisthefamous"Pasteurization"(alsoknownaslowtemperaturesterilization)Thismethodisstillinusetoday,andthesterilizedmilksoldonthemarketissterilizedbythismethod.

Negationofthetheoryofnaturalgeneration

Pasteurstudiedthephenomenonoffermentationanddiscoveredyeastandlacticacidbacteria.Peopleinthepastdidn'tknowthis,butwheredidtheselittlethingscomefrom?Ancientlegend:Thelegendthatragscansuffocatemiceandrottinggrassbecomesfireflies,whichshowsthatmanylivesarebornnaturally.In1859,thetheoryofnaturalgenerationwasfinallyoverthrownbyPasteur.ItturnedoutthatDarwin's"TheOriginofSpecies"waspublishedduringsomedebatesaboutwhetherlivingbeingsoccurnaturally.ThisgavePasteuranimportantrevelationthatlifeisgraduallyevolving.,Moderncreaturesevolvedfrompreviouscreatures.Sotheseancientlegendsmayhaveproblems?Ontheonehandhethought,ontheotherhandhestartedexperimenting.Hetookouttwokindsofbottles(reflexbottleandstraightneckbottle),andputthegravyinthem,andheatedthemwithfiretosterilizethegravyandthebottle.Asaresult,thegravythathadbeenboiledintheretortwasnolongerintheair.After4years,thegravyhasnotspoiled(Figure4).Theothergravyinthestraight-neckedbottlequicklydeteriorated.Allthesecanexplainthateverythingdoesnothappennaturally,evenbacteria.inthisway.Pasteur'sexperimentsandinsightswerequicklyconvincedbythepublic.ItwasalsobecauseofPasteur'sdiscoverythatpeopleknewthatthedecayofthewoundandtheinfectionofthediseasewerecausedbybacteria.Methodsofdisinfectionandpreventionhavebecomepopularinthemedicalworld.

In1862,PasteurwaselectedamemberoftheFrenchAcademyofSciences.Itisthelong-termwishofhisteacherPiotomakehimanacademician.InthemorningafterPasteurofficiallybecameanacademicianoftheAcademyofSciences,Mrs.PasteurcametoPio’stombwithflowersinherhand,offeringflowersinsilentprayer,andreportinggoodnewstohermentorwhowassleepingunderground.Pasteurlow-temperaturesterilizationispasteurization,whichhasnotbeenpatented,anditispublished.Itisashameforscholarstouseresearchresultsforprofit,andthisbeliefhasnotchangedthroughouthislife.Whileachievingsuccessaftersuccess,between1859and1865,helostfourrelatives:afather,twodaughters,andason,whichmadehimdistraught.Butthegoodnewscame.InMay1867,hewontheOutstandingAwardforhisachievementsinthepasteurizationmethodatthe"ExpositionofAllNations"andwasalsohiredasaprofessorofchemistryatSorbonneUniv.

SilkwormDoctor

Inthe1860s,silkwormeggsincontinentalEuropewereinfectedwithdisease.ThesericultureindustryinFrancealsosufferedbadluck.The3,600mayors,chairpersons,andsilkwormbreedersacrossthecountrypetitionedtheHouseofLordsforhelp,soacommitteetostudysilkwormdiseasewasestablished.Pasteur'steacher,J.B.Dumas,servedasthechairmanofthecommittee,andDumasimmediatelyselectedPasteurtofacethisthornyissue.Pasteurthoughthedidn'tknowanythingaboutsilkworms,andhedidn'tevenknowtheshapeofsilkworms,soherefusedtoaccepttheteacher'sorder.ButwhenhethoughtthatFrancewouldlose100millionfrancseveryyearduetosilkwormdisease,heagreed.InJuly1865,PasteurarrivedinAlais(acityofsilkwormrearing)topersonallyparticipateintheresearchonsilkwormdisease.

Thediseasedsilkworm’sbodyiscoveredwithbrown-blackspots,likepepper.TheFrenchcallthisdisease"pepperdisease."Someoftheinfectedsilkwormsdiesoonafterhatching,andsomestruggletosurvivetothe3rdand4thinstars.Averysmallnumberofsilkwormsformcocoons,butthesilkwormmothsthatcanemergefromthecocoonsareincomplete,andtheiroffspringarealsodiseasedsilkworms.Thelocalsilkwormbreederstriedeverymeansandstillcouldn'tcurethesilkwormdisease.

Pasteurobservedwithamicroscopeandfoundasmall,oval-shapedbrownparticlethatinfectedthesilkwormandmulberryleaves.PasteuremphasizedthatallinfectedsilkwormsandcontaminatedmulberryTheleavesmustbedestroyed,andhealthysilkwormsmustbeusedfromscratch.Inordertoprovethecontagiousnessof"pepperdisease",hebrushedmulberryleaveswithsuchdisease-causingparticles.Aftereatinghealthysilkworms,heimmediatelycontractedthedisease.Healsopointedoutthatthepathogenicmicroorganismsofthesilkwormsplacedintheupperlatticeofthesilkwormframecanbetransmittedtothesilkwormsinthelowerlatticethroughthefallensilkwormmanure.

Pasteuralsodiscoveredanotherdiseaseofsilkworm,bacterialsoftening.Thebacteriathatcausethiskindofsilkwormdiseaseareparasiticinthesilkworm’sintestines,causingthewholesilkwormtoblackentodeath.Pasteurtoldpeoplethatthewaytoeradicatesilkwormdiseaseisverysimple,bycheckingandeliminatingdiseasedmoths,curbingthespreadofdisease,andhatchingsilkwormswithoutusingdiseasedmotheggs.ThismethodsavedthesericultureindustryinFrance.

Beer

In1870,theFranco-PrussianWarstarted,andFrancewasdefeatedandsurrendered.FacingtheatrocitiescommittedbythePrussianarmy,PasteurangrilyreturnedthemedicaldoctoratecertificateawardedtohimbytheUniversityofBonn,Germany,inprotest.Thewardestroyedcitiesandschools,andthehometownwasoccupiedbyGermany.Hethought,whatelsecanhedo?Atthistime,Italywaswillingtogivehimahouse,alaboratory,andarichsalary.HeinvitedhimtostudyinItaly,butPasteurrefused.Hefeltthatthecountrywassufferingandcouldnotleavethesufferingbecauseofthecomfortofhispersonallife.home.

Atthattime,FrenchbeerwasnotasgoodasGermany.HetookhisfamilytoCullermontinsouthernFrance,wherehewasengagedinbeerpreservationresearch.HewasdeterminedtomakeFrenchbeersurpassGermanbeer,sohestartedhisresearchfrombeeryeast.Hefoundthatifotherbacteriaaremixedinthebeer,itwilldeterioratethebeer.Afterfindingoutthereason,FrenchbeerwasbetterthanGermanbeer.

Pasteurtriedtoexploreamedicalmystery:whethercertaindiseasesofhumansandanimalsarealsoinvolvedinmicroorganisms.In1873,whenhewas50yearsold,hewaselectedanacademicianoftheAcademyofMedicalSciences(theAcademiedeMedicine).Atthattime,medicinewasverybackward,andpatientsoftendiedofsepsisduetosurgicaloperationsperformed.DoctorGransuspectedthatthewoundpurulentwasrelatedtomicroorganismsintheair.HeinvitedPasteurtostudytogether.Pasteurusedexperimentstoprovethattherealcauseofinfectiousdiseasesandsuppurationismicroorganisms.Hesuggestedthatsurgicalinstrumentsbeburnedonaflametokillmicroorganisms.ButatthattimemostdoctorsstilldidnotrecognizePasteur'sdoctrine.

PasteurreceivedtheNationalAwardfromtheNationalAssemblyforhisresearchonsilkwormdiseaseandyeast.InSeptember1876,herepresentedFranceattheInternationalSericultureConferenceinMilan,Italy.Pasteur’sThetheoryandexperimentwereunanimouslyaffirmedbytheconference.AfterreturningtoChina,hedraggedthesickbodythatwasnotveryhandy,andbegantostudyanthracnoseagain.

Anthracnose

Anthracnoseismainlyaninfectionofcattle,sheepandlivestock,andoccasionallyhumanscanalsobeinfected.Inparticular,95%ofthemwillsufferfromskinanthracnose.Therewillbeapainlessulcerwithadiameterof1-3cmonthewound,withablacknecroticescharinthecenter,soitiscalledanthracnose.In1877,anthracnosespreadineasternFrance.PasteurwasaprofessoratSorbonneUniversityatthistime.Whenhewasinvestigatingchickencholera,heaccidentallydiscoveredthatthetoxicityofoldculturesincontactwiththeairwouldbecomeweaker.Accordingtohisexperience,thisbacteriamayhaveanimmuneeffectandcansolvetheanthracnoseepidemicinFrance.

Soheextractedthebacteriafromanimalsthatdiedofanthracnosedisease,andcultivatedthesebacteriaintesttubestoreducetheirtoxicity.Hetriedtoinjecttheseweakenedbacteriaintohealthyanimals.Thensometimelater,heinjectedthevirulentbacteriaintothesameanimal,anditturnedoutthattheanimaldidnotactuallygetsick.However,manyotheranimalsinthesamegroupwiththisanimaldiedofanthrax.Thisprovesthattheinjectedanimalhasgainedtheabilitytoresistthedisease.

Atthistime,manypeoplestilldon’tbelievethatcowsandsheepwillnotgetanthracnoseiftheyareinjectedwiththeweaklytoxicanthracnosebacteria.Inordertoprovethathewasright,Pasteurconductedapublicexperimentwith50healthysheep.Heinjectedtheweakanthracnosebacteriainto25sheep.Twoweekslater,heinjectedthestronganthracnosebacteriaintoall50sheep.Insideasheep.Hepredictedtoeveryone:"The25sheepthatwereinjectedwiththeweakanthracnosebacteriaatfirstwillnotgetsick,buttheother25sheepthathavenotbeeninjectedwiththeweakanthracnosebacteriawilldie."Twodayslater,agroupofpeoplegatheredinthegrassland.Lookingattheresultsoftheexperiment,itturnedoutthat25sheepwerealiveandwell,andtheother25died.Pasteurinventedapreventiveinjectionmethodandsuccessfullydefeatedanthracnose.

In1881,hewasawardedtheDistinguishedCrossMedalforthiscontribution.

InAugust1881,PasteurpresentedareportonthechickencholeraanthraxvaccineattheInternationalMedicalConference.Participantsexpressedtheirsincererespecttothistirelessscientistwithprolongedapplause.In1882,PasteurwaselectedasamemberoftheFrenchAcademy(AcademieFrancaise),andbeingelectedasamemberoftheAcademyisthehighesthonorforascholar.

Rabies

Rabiesisaterribleinfectiousdisease.Peopleanddomesticanimalscanalsogetrabiesafterbeingbittenbysickdogs.ItkillshundredsofFrenchpeopleeveryyear.Atthattime,therewasnovaccineandnoimmuneglobulin.Todealwithrabies,peoplecouldonlyuseredironrods.Europeansinthe19thcenturybelievedthatflamesandhightemperaturescouldpurifypeople.Everything,includingbacteriainvisibletothenakedeye.Atthattime,aslongaspeoplebittenbyanimals,theywouldbeforcedintotheironshopbythestrongmeninthevillage.Theblacksmithswereaskedtoburnthewoundswithredironrods,inorderto"burn"theinvisiblepathogens,butsoPrimitiveandcruelmethodsdonotcurerabies,andoftenjustacceleratetheonsetofdeath.

Attheendof1880,aveterinarianbroughttwosickdogstovisitPasteurandaskedforhelp.Canarabiesvaccinebemade?

Pasteurandhisassistantstooktheriskofcollectingrabiessalivaandinjecteditintothebrainsofhealthydogs.Thehealthydogsimmediatelybecameillanddied.Afterseveralanimalexperiments,PakistanSteerdeducedthattherabiesvirusshouldbeconcentratedinthenervoussystem,soheboldlytookasmallpieceofspinalcordfromthedeadrabbitandhungitinasterileflaskto"dry"it.Hefoundthatthespinalcordthathasnotbeendriedisextremelylethal.Ifthespinalcordisgroundandmixedwithdistilledwaterandinjectedintoahealthydog,thedogwillundoubtedlydie;onthecontrary,thedriedspinalcordanddistilledwateraremixedandinjectedintothedog'sbody.,Buttheyallsurvivedmagically.Pasteurthenconcludedthatthevirusinthespinalcordafterdryingwasdead,atleastveryweak.Sohegrindsdryspinalcordtissueandaddswatertomakeavaccine,injectitintothedog'sbrain,andthenexposethevaccinateddogtothedeadlyvirus.Afterrepeatedexperiments,thevaccinateddogswillnotgetsickeveniftheyareinjectedwithrabiesvirusintheirbrains!Pasteurispleasedtoannouncethesuccessfuldevelopmentoftherabiesvaccine!In1885,analmostdesperatemother,witha9-year-oldboyJosephMeisterwhowasbittenbyarabiddog,cametothedoorofPasteur'slaboratoryandbeggedPasteurtosaveherchild.Inordernottowatchtheboydie,Pasteur,whowasatwarbetweenheavenandman,decidedtogiveJosephinethefirstshotofmankind.Atthistime,ithasbeenfourorfivedayssinceJosephinewasbittenbyadog;Pasteurwasat10.InTianzhong,adozeninjectionsofvaccinesofdifferenttoxicityweregiventotheteenagersinsuccession.Everynight,theanxiousPasteurwaitedawakeallnight.After5days,10days,and1monthpassed,theyoungmanwashealthyandhealthy,andfinallyreturnedhomesafely.Thenewsspread,andanendlessstreamofpatientsfromhomeandabroadflockedtoit.Pasteurandhisassistantsarebusydayandnight.YearsofoverworkseverelydamagedPasteur'shealth(Figure5).OnthemorningofOctober23,1887,hehadacerebralhemorrhageagain,andfellonthedeskwithanumbtongueandspeechless.In1888,the"InstitutPasteur"wascompleted,andtheFrenchpresidentandpeoplefromallwalksoflifeattendedthegrandinaugurationceremony.Lookingatthespaciouslaboratoryandgoodequipment,thelong-cherishedwishhasfinallycometrue,andPasteur,whocan'tspeak,feelsgreatjoy.OnPasteur’s70thbirthday,Franceheldagrandcelebration.TheauditoriumoftheSorbonneUniversityinPariswasfullofseats.JosephListercameforwardtocongratulatePasteur.PasteurwasassistedbytheFrenchpresident.Pasteurwalkedtotherostrumfromtheenthusiasticcrowdandwasadmiredbypeople.Theconferencegavehimacommemorativemedalwiththeinscription:"TocommemoratePasteur's70thbirthday,athankyouFrance,athankyouhumanbeing."

Sleeping

OnSeptember28,1895,whenhewas72yearsold,hewassurroundedbyrelatives,friendsandstudentsinVilleneuveL'Etang)passedaway.

Foralmosthalfacentury,theworldofsciencewasdominatedbyhim,andaquarterofthemwererushedforwardwhenhewashemiplegia.Nowhehasfallenasleepforever,hisspirit,Thelegacyofknowledgeandthebenefitofthepeoplewillalwaysexistintheworld.

Results

Lactobacillus

Pasteurfiguredoutthemysteryoffermentation.Fromthenon,Pasteurfinallybecameagreatmicrobiologist.Becamethefounderofmicrobiology.

Pasteurinhisownlaboratory(2photos)

Atthattime,theFrenchbeerindustrywasveryfamousinEurope,butbeeroftenchangedSour,thewholebarreloffragrantanddeliciousbeer,turnedintoagrinningslime,whichhadtobepouredout,whichmadethewinemerchantscomplainandsomeevenwentbankrupt.In1865,theownerofabreweryinLilleaskedPasteurtohelptreatthediseaseofbeer,toseeifachemicalcouldbeaddedtopreventthebeerfrombecomingsour.

Pasteuragreedtostudythisproblem.Heobservedunderamicroscopeandfoundthattherewasasphericalyeastcellintheunspoiledagedwineandbeer.Whenthewineandbeerbecamesour,therewasakindofyeastcellintheliquor.Lactobacillus,likerootsandsticks,isthis"badguy"thatmultipliesinnutrient-richbeerandmakesthebeer"sick".Heputtheclosedwinebottleinawirebasket,soakeditinwaterandheatedittodifferenttemperatures,tryingtokilltheLactobacilluswithoutboilingthebeer.Afterrepeatedtests,hefinallyfoundone.Asimpleandeffectivemethod:aslongasthewineisplacedinanenvironmentof50or60degreesCelsiusforhalfanhour,thelactobacilliinthewinecanbekilled.Thisisthefamous"pasteurizationmethod",whichisstillinusetoday.Sterilizedmilksoldinthemarketissterilizedinthisway.

Atthattime,theownerofthebrewerydidnotbelieveinPasteur’smethod.Pasteurwasnotinahurry.Heheatedsomesampleswhileothersdidnotheatthem,tellingtheownertowaitpatiently.Months,asaresult,thetasteofthewineisstillpureaftertheheatedsampleisopened,whiletheunheatedsampleisalreadysour.

Treatingsilkwormdisease

WhenPasteurbecamealegendaryfigureinFrance,thesericultureindustryinsouthernFrancewasfacingacrisis.Adiseasecausedalargenumberofsilkwormdeaths.Thesilkindustryinthesouthwasseverelyhit,andpeopleturnedtoPasteurforhelp.Pasteur'steacherDumasalsoencouragedhimtotakeupthisburden.

"ButIhaveneverdealtwithsilkworms!"Pasteursaiduncertainly.

"Isn'tthisbetter?"TeacherDumaencouragedhim.

WhenPasteurthoughtthatFrancewouldlose100millionfrancsayearduetosilkwormdisease,henolongerhesitated.Asascientist,hehastheresponsibilitytosavethesericultureinFrance,whichisonthevergeofdestruction.PasteuracceptedtheappointmentoftheMinisterofAgriculture,andin1865wenttoAllaisaloneinthesericulturedisasterareainsouthernFrance.

Thesilkwormgotamysteriousandstrangedisease,whichmakespeoplefeelveryuncomfortable.Eachdiseasedsilkwormoftenraisesitsheadandstretchesoutitsfeetlikecat'sclawstocatchpeople;Thesilkworm'sbodyiscoveredwithbrown-blackspots,likeacoatofpepper.Mostpeoplecallthisdisease"pepperdisease."Someofthesilkwormsthatgotsickdiedsoonafterhatching,andsomestruggledtosurvivetothe3rdand4thinstars,andeventuallycouldn'tescapedeath.Averysmallnumberofsilkwormsformcocoons,butthesilkwormmothsthatcanemergeareincomplete,andtheiroffspringarealsodiseasedsilkworms.Thelocalsilkwormbreederstriedeverymeansandstillcouldn'tcurethesilkwormdisease.

Pasteurobservedwithamicroscopeandfoundasmall,oval-shapedbrownparticlethatinfectssilkwormsandthemulberryleavesthatbreedsilkworms.PasteuremphasizedthatallinfectedsilkwormsandmulberryleavesContaminatedfoodmustbedestroyed,andhealthysilkwormsmustbeusedfromscratch.Inordertoprovethecontagiousnessof"pepperdisease",hebrushedmulberryleaveswithsuchdisease-causingparticles.Aftereatinghealthysilkworms,heimmediatelycontractedthedisease.Healsopointedoutthatthepathogensofthesilkwormsplacedintheupperlatticeofthesilkwormframecanbetransmittedtothesilkwormsinthelowerlatticethroughthefallensilkwormdung.

Pasteuralsodiscoveredanotherdiseaseofsilkworms-boweldisease.Thebacteriathatcausethiskindofsilkwormdiseaseareparasiticinthesilkworm’sintestines.Itmakesthewholesilkwormblackanddie.Thecarcassisassoftasanairsacandiseasytorot.

Pasteurtellspeoplethatthewaytoeradicatesilkwormdiseaseisverysimple.Bycheckingandeliminatingdiseasedmoths,thespreadofdiseasecanbestopped,andtheeggsofdiseasedmothsarenotusedtoincubatesilkworms.ThismethodsavedthesericultureindustryinFrance.

ChickenCholera

Pasteurinventedmanyinhislifeandmadeoutstandingcontributionstobiologicalscienceandmedicine.Bychance,hefoundapanaceatoovercomechickencholera.

LouisPasteur(3photos)

ChickenCholeraisarapidlyspreadingplague.Itisveryfierce.OncethechickensraisedinthefamilyareinfectedwithCholeraWilldieinbatches.Sometimespeoplesawthatsomechickenswerejustlookingforfood,butafterawhiletheirlegstremblesuddenly,andthentheyfelldown,strugglingforafewtimesanddied.Whensomepeasantwomenclosedthechickencoopatnight,theywerefortunatetoseethatthechickenswereallaliveandkicking,buttheywerealldeadthenextday,lyinginthecoopeverywhere.In1880,theterriblechickencholerawasprevalentintheFrenchcountryside,andPasteurwasdeterminedtofighttheplague.

Inordertoclarifythecauseofchickencholera,Pasteurusedthecultivationofpurechickencholerabacteriaasabreakthrough.Hetriedavarietyofculturemedia.Heconcludedthatchickenintestinesarethemostsuitablebreedingenvironmentforchickencholerabacteria,andthevectorofinfectionisIt'schickenfeces.Hewentthroughmanyexperiments,buttheyallfailed.Atalossanddisorder,hehadtorelax,stophisresearchwork,andrestforawhile.

Afterafewdaysofrest,Pasteurbeganhisresearchexperimentagain.Atthistime,hediscoveredthe"NewWorld".Heinoculatedthechickenswitholdculturefluid,butthechickenswerenotinfected,asifthecholerabacteriahadnoeffectonthechickens.Whatisgoingonhere?Pasteurwalkedalongthevineandfinallydiscoveredthatthetoxicityofcholerabacteriawasgraduallyweakeningduetotheactionofoxygenintheair.So,heinjectedafewdays,1month,2months,and3monthsofbacteriaintohealthychickens,anddidasetofcomparativeexperiments.Themortalityofchickenswas100%,80%,and50%respectively.%And10%.Ifalongerinjectionofbacteriaisused,thechickenwillnotdieeventhoughitisalsosick.Thematterdidnotendhere.Heusedfreshbacteriatoinoculatethesamebatchofchickensagain.Tohissurprise,almostallthechickensthathadbeeninoculatedwiththestalebacteriaweresafeandsound,whilethechickensthathadnotbeenvaccinatedwiththestalebacteriadied.Netlight.Practicehasprovedthatanychickenthathasbeeninjectedwithalow-toxicbacterialiquid,andtheninjectedwithcholeragallinarumthatistoxicenoughtokill,italsohasresistance,thediseaseismild,andevenhasnoeffect.

Thewaytopreventchickencholerahasbeenfound!Pasteur'saccidentaldiscoveryledtohisconfirmationoftheprincipleoftheweakenedimmunitymethod,whichledhimtotheideaof​​makingavaccineagainstanthrax.Althoughbeforehim,theBritishdoctorJennerinventedthevacciniavaccinationmethod,butheconsciouslycultivatedandmanufacturedsuccessfulimmunevaccines,andwaswidelyusedtopreventmanydiseases.Pasteuristhefirstperson.

"Will,work,andsuccessarethethreemajorelementsoflife.Willwillopenthedoortoyourcareer;workisthepathtothehouse;attheendofthispath,thereisasuccesstocelebrateyourhardworkAsaresult...Aslongasyouhaveastrongwillandworkhard,therewillbeadayofsuccess."ThisisPasteur'sfamoussayingaboutsuccess.

Negatingthespontaneousoccurrenceofmicroorganisms

Freshfoodwillspoilanddeteriorateifitisleftintheairforalongtime,andmicroorganismswillbefoundinit.Wheredidthesemicroorganismscomefrom?Atthattime,therewasaviewthatmicroorganismscomefrominanimatesubstancesinfoodandsolutions,andtheyoccurnaturally-thetheoryofnaturalgeneration.Pasteurisoneoftheopponentsofthishypothesis.Afterstudyingthefermentationprocess,Pasteurguessedthatthemicroorganismsthatappearedonthedecaywerealsopresentintheair.Hefurtherinferredthatifthefoodisalsousedtoremovethelivingcontaminantsonthesurfaceinthesameway,thatis,ifitisasepticallyprocessedandkeptinisolation,itshouldnotdeteriorate.

Pasteurusedhisowningeniousexperimentstoforcefullyrefutethosewhoholdthisview.

Pasteurdesignedagooseneckflask(retorqueflask),nowknownasthePasteurflask.Theflaskhasalongcurvedtubecommunicatingwiththeoutsideair.Thesolutioninthebottleisheatedtotheboilingpoint.Aftercooling,theaircanre-enter,butbecausethereisalongdownwardbendingtube,thedustandmicroorganismsintheaircannotcontactthesolution,sothatthesolutionremainssterile.Thesolutioncanbekeptforalongtime.corruption.Ifthebottleneckruptures,thesolutionwillquicklydecayanddeteriorate,andalargenumberofmicroorganismswillappear.Theexperimentgotaconvincingconclusion:themicroorganismsinthespoilagearefrommicroorganismsintheair,andthegooseneckflaskexperimentalsoledtoPasteur'screationofaneffectivesterilizationmethod-pasteurization.

Pasteurizationisalsocalledlow-temperaturesterilization.Thematerialtobesterilizedisheatedto65°Cfor30minutesor72°Cfor15minutes,andthenrapidlycooledtobelow10°C.Inthisway,itdoesnotdestroythenutrients,butalsokillsthevegetativebodyofbacteria.ThismethodinventedbyPasteursolvedtheproblemofsourwineandsavedtheFrenchwineindustry.Themodernfoodindustrymostlyadoptsintermittentlow-temperaturesterilizationforsterilization.ItcanbeseenhowmuchPasteur'smeritsare.

Thegermofdisease

Startingfromstudyingsilkwormdisease,Pasteurgraduallysolvedthemysteryofhigheranimaldiseases,thatis,diseasescausedbygerms,andfinallyconqueredthelong-termthreatHumanrabies.

From1865to1870,heconcentratedallhisenergyontheresearchofsilkwormdisease.Thisresearchinvolvestwopathogenicmicroorganisms.Afterclarifyingthecauseofsilkwormdisease,Pasteurproposedreasonableandfeasiblecontrolmeasures,whichfreedtheFrenchsilkindustryfromthepredicament.

Afterwards,Pasteurconcentratedonstudyinganimalanthracnose.Hesuccessfullyisolatedandpurifiedapathogenfromthebloodofanthracnoseanimals(suchascattleandsheep),andconfirmedthatthisisthecase.Bacteriainfectanimalsanddie.Thisisthepointofviewofthegermtheoryofanimalinfections.However,physiciansandveterinariansatthetimegenerallybelievedthatdiseaseswereproducedinanimals,andthatcertaintoxicsubstanceswereproducedbydiseases,andthen,perhaps,thesetoxicsubstancesturnedintomicroorganisms.Later,Pasteurstudiedpuerperalfeveringynecologicaldiseases.Hebelievesthatthediseaseiscausedbythenursingandmedicalstaffbringingmicroorganismsfromwomenwhohavebeeninfectedwiththediseasetohealthywomen,makingthemsick.

ItcanbeseenthatalthoughPasteurisnotadoctor,hiscontributiontomedicineisimmeasurable.Helaidthefoundationformedicalbiology.

Immunology

Inadditiontostudyinganthracnose,Pasteuralsostudiedcholerainchickens.Thisdiseasemakesthemortalityrateofchickensashighas90%.Aftermanyattempts,Pasteurdiscoveredthatthispathogenicmicroorganismcangrowwellonaculturemediummadeofchickencartilage.Asmalldropoffreshculturecanquicklykillachicken.

ThemostfortunatethingaboutPasteur’sresearchonthisdiseaseisthatwhenachickenwasinoculatedwithanold,staleculture,theyalmostallhadmildsymptomsandrecoveredquicklyhealthy.Whentheywereinoculatedwithfresh,virulentcultures,thesechickenswereveryresistanttothedisease,soPasteurmadehisexperimentalchickensacquiredimmunitytochickencholera.ThisiscomparabletotheabilityofE.Jennertousecowpoxtoproduceimmunityagainsthumansmallpox.

AfterPasteursuccessfullydevelopedamethodtopreventchickencholera,hebegantostudythemethodtodealwithanthracnose.Hecultivatedtheanthracnosebacteriainchickensoupatatemperatureof42-43°C.Inthisway,thepathogendoesnotformspores,andanon-virulentstrainisselectedasavaccineforvaccination.

Pasteurwasthefirstpersonintheworldtosuccessfullydevelopanattenuatedactivevaccineforanthrax,therebyprotectingtheanimalhusbandryfromthecatastrophe.

Characterstory

Researchculmination

Pasteur’sresearchonrabiesvaccinesinhislateryearsistheshiningculminationofhiscareer.

Althoughrabiesisnotacommondisease,themortalityrateatthattimewas100%.In1881,Pasteurformedathree-personteamtodeveloparabiesvaccine.Intheprocessofsearchingforthepathogen,despitemanydifficultiesandfailures,averytoxicpathogenwasfoundinthebrainandspinalcordofanimalssufferingfromrabies.Abullet-likerod-shapedvirus).

Inordertoobtainthisvirus,Pasteuroftenriskedhislifetoextractitfromsickanimals.Once,inordertocollectthesalivaofamaddog,Pasteuractuallykneltatthefeetofamaddogandwaitedpatiently.Isn'tthisloftyspiritofdedicationthatputslifeanddeathoutforthesakeofscientificresearch,isn'titworthyofourdescendantstolearnandpraise!

Pasteursuccessivelyinoculatedtheisolatedvirusintorabbitbrainstopassthemdown.Whentherabiesviruspassedthroughtherabbitbrain100timeswasinjectedintohealthydogs,amiraclehappened,andthedogsdidnotgetsick.,Thisdoghasimmunity.

Pasteurtookouttherabiesvirusfrommultiplepassagesalongwiththerabbitspinalcord,hungitinadry,sterilizedhut,andallowedittodrynaturallyfor14daystoattenuatethevirus,andthengrindthespinalcordintoanemulsifier,DilutedwithsalinetomaketheoriginalPasteurrabiesvaccine.

OnJuly6,1885,Mestre,anine-year-oldFrenchchild,wasbittenbyarabiesin14places.Afterthedoctor'sdiagnosis,hedeclaredthathewashopelesstosurvive.However,Pasteurinjectedhimwitharabiesvaccineeveryday.Twoweekslater,thechildbecamesafe.Pasteurwasthefirstpersonintheworldwhocouldsavelivesfromrabies.In1888,inrecognitionofhisoutstandingcontribution,thePasteurInstitutewasestablished,andhepersonallyservedasthedirector.

Pasteur'srigorousandscientificexperimentaldesign,hisnoblesentimentofindifferenttofameandfortune,andhisdedicationtopursuingthetruthregardlessofpersonalsafetywillalwaysremaininourhearts.

Pasteurhasmadeimmortalcontributionstomicrobiology,immunology,medicine,especiallymicrobiology,andhisreputationasthe"fatherofmicrobiology"iswell-deserved.

Works

Pasteurconductedanumberofexploratorystudiesthroughouthislifeandachievedsignificantresults.Heisoneofthemostaccomplishedscientistsinthe19thcentury.Heusedhislife'senergytoprovethreescientificproblems:1.Akindoffermentationisduetothedevelopmentofakindofmicrobe.TheFrenchchemistfoundthatheatingcankilltheannoyingmicrobesthatmakebeerbitter..Soon,"pasteurization"wasappliedtovariousfoodsandbeverages.2.Akindofinfectiousdiseaseisthedevelopmentofakindofmicro-bacteriaintheorganism:Becauseofthediscoveryanderadicationofabacteriumthatinfestssilkwormeggs,PasteurrescuedtheFrenchsilkindustry.3.Infectedmicrobescanreducetheirvirulenceunderspecialcultivation,turningthemfrompathogenicbacteriaintodisease-preventingmedicine.Herealizedthatmanydiseasesarecausedbymicroorganisms,soheestablishedthebacteriatheory.

Twopapershepublishedin1843-"ResearchonTwinCrystals"and"CrystalMorphology",pioneeredthestudyofopticalpropertiesofmatter.

From1856to1860,heproposedanewtheoryoftheessenceoffermentationbasedonthemetabolicactivitiesofmicroorganisms.

The"RecordonLacticAcidFermentation"publishedin1857isaclassicpaperrecognizedbythemicrobiologycommunity.

After1880,avarietyofvaccinessuchaschickencholeravaccineandrabiesvaccineweresuccessfullydeveloped.Thetheoryandimmunizationmethodcausedmajorchangesinmedicalpractice.

Inaddition,Pasteur'sworkhasalsosuccessfullysavedFrance'sdistressedwineindustry,sericultureandanimalhusbandry.

In1881,Pasteurimprovedthemethodofreducingthevirulenceofpathogenicmicroorganisms.

In1882,hebegantostudyrabies,provingthatthepathogenexistsinthesalivaandnervoussystemoftheaffectedanimal,andmadealivesalt-toxinvaccine,whichsuccessfullyhelpedpeoplegainimmunitytothedisease.Itwasinventedin1889.Rabiesvaccine.Atechniqueforvaccinatingpeoplehasbeendeveloped.

Pasteurization

PasteurizecomesfromPasteur’seffortstosolvetheproblemofbeersour.Atthattime,theFrenchbrewingindustrywasfacingaheadache,thatis,thebeerwouldbecomesourafterbrewing,anditwasnotdrinkableatall.Andthiskindofsourphenomenonoftenoccurs.Pasteurwasinvitedtostudythisissue.Afteralongperiodofobservation,hediscoveredthatLactobacilluswastheculpritresponsibleforthesournessofbeer.Nutrient-richbeerissimplyaparadiseforthegrowthoflactobacilli.AsimplemethodofboilingcankillLactobacillus,butinthiswaythebeerisalsoboiled.PasteurtriedtousedifferenttemperaturestokillLactobacilluswithoutdestroyingthebeeritself.Finally,Pasteur'sresearchresultsare:heatingbeeratatemperatureof50to60degreesCelsiusforhalfanhourcankilltheLactobacillusandsporesinthebeerwithoutboiling.ThismethodsavedtheFrenchwineindustry.Thiskindofsterilizationisalsocalled"pasteurization"

Pasteurizationisamoistheatsterilizationmethod.Usually,wehavetwomethods(thestatementmaybeslightlydifferent),oneisheatingat61.7℃~62.8℃for30minutes(lowtemperatureandlongtimetreatment),andtheotherisheatingat71.6℃orhigherfor15minutes(hightemperatureandshortTimeprocessing).Ifitispressurized,theeffectwillgenerallybebetter.

Usually,thepackagedmilkwedrinkisproducedbypasteurization.Freshmilkiscollectedfromthefactory,processedatlowtemperature,andthensterilizedbypasteurization.Thebaggedmilkproducedinthiswaycanusuallybestoredforalongerperiodoftime(afewdaysorso,milkisnotwine,whatdoyoustoreitfor?).Ofcourse,thespecifictreatmentprocessandcraftaremuchmorecomplicated,butthegeneralprincipleislikethis.

Itshouldbepointedoutthatdrinkingfreshmilk(referringtomilkthathasjustbeensqueezedout)isnotsafebecauseitmaycontainbacteriathatareharmfultothehumanbody.Anotherpointisthatpasteurizationisnotapanacea,andthepasteurizedmilkmuststillbestoredatalowertemperature(usually<4°C),otherwisethereisstillthepossibilityofdeterioration.Therefore,weseethatmanymethodsofsellingmilkinbagsonthestreetareveryirregular.Ofcourse,withtheadvancementoftechnology,peoplealsouseultra-hightemperaturesterilization(higherthan100℃,buttheheatingtimeisveryshort,thedamagetothenutrientsissmall)toprocessmilk.Milkthathasbeentreatedinthiswayhasalongershelflife,andmostofthemilkpackedincartonsusesthismethod.

Patriotic

LouisPasteurcommemorativestamps(2sheets)

PasteurwasanoutstandingFrenchscientistinthe19thcentury.Thefounderofmicrobiology,becauseoftheinventionoftheinfectiousdiseasevaccinationmethod,hasmadegreatcontributionstothepreventionandcontrolofdiseasesofhumansandlivestockandpoultryraisedbyhumans.Becauseofoutstandingachievementsinscience.Asaresult,heenjoysahighreputationthroughoutEurope.TheUniversityofBonninGermanysolemnlyawardedthehonorarydegreecertificatetothisprestigiousscholar.However,aftertheoutbreakoftheFranco-PrussianWar,GermanyseizedFrenchterritory.OutofdeepfeelingsforhiscountryandgreathatredfortheinvaderGermany,PasteurresolutelyreturnedhishonorarydegreecertificatetotheUniversityofBonn.Hesaid:"Althoughscienceknowsnoborders,scientistshavetheirowncountry."

Evaluation

Sincethemiddleofthe19thcentury,lifeexpectancyinmostpartsoftheworldhasroughlydoubled.Thesignificantincreaseinhumanlifespanhasahugeimpactoneveryone,anditislikelytoexceedtheimpactofanyotherdevelopmentintheentirehumanhistoryonpeople.Thisdevelopmentofmodernscienceandmedicinehasprovidedalmosteveryoneofuswithasecondlife.AlthoughnotallcreditforextendinglifeisattributedtoPasteur,Pasteur'scontributionissoimportantthatthereisnodoubtthatmostofthecreditforreducinghumanmortalityshouldbeattributedtoPasteur.Pasteurisnotonlyoneofthemostinfluentialpeopleinhumanhistory,butalsothepersonmostworthyofallrespect.

Commemoration

TorecognizePasteur'scontributiontothefieldofrabiesresearch,theFrenchgovernmentestablishedthePasteurInstituteinParisin1888.Atfirst,thestudywasonlyusedasaclinicalcenterforthetreatmentofrabiesandotherinfectiousdiseases.Today,thePasteurInstitutehasbecomeawell-knownbiomedicalresearchcenter,whosemaindirectionistheresearchandproductionofantiseraandvaccines.