International Communications Satellite

Launchhistory

Intelsat

FromApril1965toMarch1984,theInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationlaunched5generationsofsatelliteswith6differentperformances.35satellites,exceptfor6satellitesthatfailedtolaunchduetothefailureofthelaunchvehicleandtheapogeeengine,theremaining29satellitesweresenttothepredeterminedgeostationaryorbitposition.AroundAugust1984,InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationused15internationaltelecommunicationssatellitesdeployedovertheAtlantic,Pacific,andIndianOceanstoprovidetelephone,telex,telegraph,televisionanddatatransmissiontomorethan170countriesorregionsallovertheworld.Business;leasesatellitecommunicationtransponderchannels,establishdomesticsatellitecommunicationlinesforsomecountries;alsoprovidepartofmaritimemobilecommunicationservicesforshipsfromallovertheworld.Inordertomeettheneedsofinternationalcommunications,theInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationwillalsolaunchthree"InternationalTelecommunicationsSatellite"V-Aimprovedsatelliteswithanequivalentcommunicationcapacityof15,000voicechannels.Thelargerandmoreadvancedsixth-generationseriesofinternationalcommunicationsatellitesVIisunderdevelopment.

Successivesatellites

ThefirstgenerationofsatellitesbegantobedevelopedinNovember1963.AsaresultofthedirectsuccessionandadoptionofthetechnologicalachievementsoftheUnitedStates’firstgeostationaryexperimentalcommunicationssatellite"Xinkang",Itonlytookaboutayeartolaunch.Theoriginalnamewas"MorningBird",whichwaslaterchangedtoInt'lSatellite1.Thesatelliteisequippedwithtwocommunicationtransponders,oneofwhichisduetothefailureofthetravelingwavetube,andthecommunicationbandwidthisonly25MHz.BecausethereisonlyoneearthstationinNorthAmericaandEuropeeach,inordertocombinewiththefrequencydivisionmultiplexing-frequencymodulationtransmissionsystemcommonlyusedcommerciallyatthattime,asingle-addresscommunicationmethodwasadopted.Thereisnobatteryonthesatellite,andcommunicationisnotpossibleduringasatelliteeclipse.Thesecond-generationsatellitesweredesignedinanemergencyresponsetotherequirementsoftheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministrationinordertoensurereliablecommunicationsfortheApollomannedspaceprogramatthattime.Backuptravelingwavetubesandbatteriesareusedonthesatellite.Asingletransponderrealizesmulti-carriermultipleaccesscommunication.Themostprominenttechnicalachievementofthethird-generationsatellitesistheuseofmechanicalderotationantennas,whichplayanimportantroleinincreasingantennagainandimprovingcommunicationcapacity.Fivesatellitesaredeployedoverthethreeoceans,andaglobalcommercialsatellitecommunicationsnetworkhasbeenbuilt.Thefourth-generationsatelliteischaracterizedbytheapplicationofgyroscoperotationstabilizationtechnology,whichmakesthedual-spinstabilizedsatellitetechnologymature,sothatitispossibletoinstallawideandnarrowbeamhornparabolicantennaand12communicationtranspondersonthede-rotationplatformforthefirsttime,Sothattheequivalentomnidirectionalradiationpowerisincreased,andthecommunicationcapacityisincreasedto4000voicechannelsor12colorTVs.Inthetransponderdesign,thereisalsoatransitionfromlimitingpowertolimitingbandwidth.Inordertomeettheneedsofhigh-densityareasintheAtlanticOcean,thefourth-generationsatellitehasbeenimprovedtobecomethe"InternationalCommunicationSatellite"IV-A.Forthefirsttime,thespacebeamisolationmethodhasbeenusedtoachievefrequencyreuse,andthenumberofcommunicationtranspondershasbeenincreasedfrom12to20.A50%increaseincommunicationcapacity.Thefifth-generationsatelliteusesathree-axisattitudecontrolmethod,whichprovidesfavorableconditionsforinstallingmorelargeantennas.Inadditiontothe6/4GHzfrequencybandusedforuplinkanddownlink,anewfrequencybandof14/11GHzisadopted.Forthefirsttime,twofrequencymultiplexingmethods,spacebeamisolationandorthogonalpolarizationisolation,aresimultaneouslyappliedonasatellite,whichmakesthecommunicationequivalentbandwidthtwotimeswiderthanthatofitspredecessorimprovedsatellite,therebyincreasingthecommunicationcapacityofasatelliteMorethan12,000voicechannels.

Vsatellite

InternationalCommunicationsSatelliteVItisthelargestinternationalcommercialcommunicationssatelliteinthemodernworld.

Theentiresatelliteadoptsamodularstructureandconsistsofanantennacabin,acommunicationcabinandanauxiliarycabin.Theantennacabinisastructuraltowerwith4unfoldingparabolicreflectors,2feedarraycomponents,2spherebeamhorns,5telemetry,commandandbeaconantennas,and3earthsensors.Thecommunicationcabinisequippedwith15receivers,43travelingwavetubeamplifiers,inputmultiplexers,outputmultiplexersandmorethan140microwaveswitchesandothercommunicationsubsystemcomponents.High-powertravelingwavetubesareinstalledonthenorthandsouthpanelsofthesatellitetoradiateheattothespaceoutsidethecabin.Thesatellite'sauxiliaryfunctiondevices,suchasmomentumflywheel,propellanttank,pipelineandthrusterareallinstalledintheauxiliarycabin.Theapogeeengineisinstalledinthecentralsleeve.Theelectronicequipment,sensors,powersupply,telemetryandcommandsubsystemsforattitudecontrolareinstalledonthecentralmountingboardandthenorthandsouthshortsidepanels.Thesatelliteadoptspassivetemperaturecontrol,andkeycomponentssuchasapogeeenginesandthrustersareequippedwithelectricheaters.Afterthesatelliteentersthegeosynchronousorbit,theparabolicreflectorisdeployed,andasolarbatterywingof7meterslongand1.7meterswideisextendedonthenorthandsouthsides,anditautomaticallytracksthesuntoprovideelectricalenergyforthesatellite'sinstrumentsandequipment.

Satellitescanbelaunchedeitherbylaunchvehiclesorspaceshuttles.Ithasaflexiblepubliccabinthatcanadapttochangesincommunicationpayload.Thesatellitealsowidelyusedgraphitefiberreinforcedplasticstoreduceweight.

Thereare9satellitesintheInternationalCommunicationSatelliteVseries,and8satelliteshavebeenlaunchedasofMarch1984.ThefirstsixwerelaunchedbytheCosmosCentaurrocket,andthelasttwowerelaunchedbytheArianelaunchvehicle.Threeofthesatellitesarealsoequippedwith1.6/1.5GHzfrequencybandsdedicatedtomaritimecommunicationtranspondersformarinevesselcommunications,andnewlight-weightandhigh-efficiencynickel-hydrogenstoragebatteriesareusedtoreplacenickel-cadmiumstoragebatteries.

InternationalCommunicationsSatellitevisthefifth-generationsatelliteoftheInternationalCommunicationsSatelliteOrganization.ItsmaincontractorisFordSpaceandCommunicationsCo.,Ltd.Themainsubcontractorsare:MBB(MBB)company,responsibleforthesatellitesolararrayandattitudecontrolsubsystem;Snias(SNIAS)company,responsibleforstructureandtemperaturecontrolsystem;MELCOcompany,Responsibleforthemanufactureofelectricalequipment.InternationalCommunicationSatelliteVisathree-axisstablesatellitewithadesignlifeof7years.Thesatellitebodyisarectangularparallelepipedof1.65metersx2.01metersx1.7meters;electricalequipmentandpropulsionsystemsareinstalledinthebody.Atowerstructureequippedwithanantennapointstotheearthinorbit.Figure1showstheshapeofthesatelliteafterthesolararrayisdeployedintheorbit.Thesatellite’smainenergysourceistwosingle-axistrackingsolararraywings,eachofwhichisresponsibleforsupplyingpowertooneofthetwoindependentmainpowerbuses.Thesolararraywingusesalight-weightrigidstructure.Thedesignpowerduringtheseven-yearlifespanis1.24wattsofcontinuouspowersupply.ThesolarcellsareproducedbyAEG-Telefunken.

Eachwingofthesolararrayis7meterslongand1.7meterswide.Itconsistsofthreemutuallyhingedsolarpanelsandaconnectingbracket.Thetotalareaofthesolarpanelis18.12m²,whichiscoveredwith17580piecesofN/Psolarcells.Theweightoftheentiresolararrayis64.1kg,including22.8kgofelectroniccomponentsand37.4kgofstructuralparts.Thereleasemechanismis3.9kg.

ⅦPlan

Theexistinginternationalcommunicationsatellitenetworkiscomposedof12internationalcommunicationsatellitesV.Theservicelifeofeightsatelliteswillexpirein1990,threewillreach1993,andtheotherwilloperateuntil1995.Inordertoensurethattherewillbeatleast10internationalcommunicationsatellitesinoperationintheearly1990s,theInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationhasordered5internationalcommunicationsatellitesVIfromFordAerospace,3ofwhichwillbeusedtoreplacethecurrentPacificOrbitalRegion(POR)VA(F-10),(F-11),(F-12)intheIndianOceanOrbitalRegion(IOR);theothertwowillbeusedforthenext11launches(1InternationalCommunicationsSatelliteVA,5InternationalCommunicationsSatellites).AsabackupofcommunicationsatelliteVIand5internationalcommunicationsatellitesVI),theorganizationalsoplanstoordertwomoreinternationalcommunicationsatellitesVItoreplacethelasttwointernationalcommunicationsatellitesVAbetween1995and1996.

InternationalCommunicationSatelliteⅦadoptsthree-axisstabilizationtechnology,whichisasuccessfulresearchoftheSuperbirdProject.Thesatelliteusesanintegratedtwo-componentpropellantsystemwithasharedfueltanktocompletetheorbitcontrolandattitudecontroltasksafterenteringthegeosynchronousorbitfromapogeeandafterenteringtheorbit.Itsattitudecontrolsystemisequippedwithabackupmicroprocessoronthebasisofthesatellitecontrolcircuit.Thismarkstheentirestageafterthesatelliteentersorbit,includingthetelemetryandcommandfunctionsduringoperation,whichhavemadeconsiderableprogress.

Theorbitdesignlifeofthesatelliteis10.9years.Duringthisperiod,allperformanceparametersofthesatellite,includingtheorbitkeepingaccuracyof0.05°,canbemet.

PerformanceI-VI

TheInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteSystemisaglobalcommercialsatellitecommunicationssystemoperatedbytheInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization.TheInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationwasfoundedin1964.Whenitwasfirstestablished,ithadonly11memberstates.Nowithasdevelopedintoahugeinternationalorganizationwith106memberstates.Soonaftertheestablishmentofthisorganization,onApril6,1965,theworld’sfirstpracticalcommercialcommunicationssatellite,theInternationalCommunicationsSatellite1(alsoknownas"MorningBird"),waslaunched,officiallyprovidingservicesbetweenNorthAmericaandEurope.Communicationservices,thususheringinaneweraofsatellitecommercialcommunications.Sincethen,theInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationhasdesignedanddevelopedfivegenerationsofsixdifferentperformancesatellites.Atpresent,theInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteSystemisusing16satellitessuchasInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteIV,IV_AandVdeployedoverthethreeoceanstoprovide310groundstationsdistributedin135countriesorregionsaroundtheworld.Variouscommunicationservicesmayprovidedomesticcommunicationservicesforsomecountries.Inordertomeettherequirementsoftherapidgrowthofinternationalcommunicationsservices,theInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationhascommissionedtheHughesCorporationoftheUnitedStatestodevelopamoreadvancedinternationalcommunicationssatelliteVl.ThefirstInternationalVIsatelliteisscheduledtobelaunchedin1986.

From1965totheendof1982,theInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationhaslaunched32satellites,ofwhich6satellitesfailedtoenterthesynchronousorbitduetothefailureofthelaunchvehicleandtheapogeeengine,andtheremaining26satellitesWassuccessfullysentintothepredeterminedtrackposition.Ofthesesixlaunchfailures,fourofthemwerecausedbyafailureofthelaunchvehicle,andtheothertwowerecausedbyamalfunctionoftheapogeeengine.Itcanbecalculatedfromthisthatthereliabilityofthelaunchvehicleis0.875,thesatellitefixed-pointsuccessrateis0.928,andthetotallaunchsuccessrateis0.812.Inthepast17years,theInternationalCommunicationSatelliteSystemhasnotonlyencounteredtheabove-mentionedcatastrophiclaunchfailures,butalsovariouslevelsoffailureshaveoccurredinthe26satellitesthathavebeenlaunchedintoorbit.

Launch

Currentsituation

Relatedorganizations

1.Overview

(a)Missionsandservices

InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization(CommunicationSatelliteOrganization)wasoriginallyItwastemporarilyestablishedby11countriesin1964.Thesecountriesformedaglobalcommercialcommunicationssatellitesystemtoprovideawiderrangeoftelecommunicationsservicestoallcountrieswithoutdiscrimination.In1973,themembersoftheTelecommunicationSatelliteOrganizationpassedapermanentagreementtoreplacethetemporaryarrangementanddecidedtopooltheirresourcestoworktogethertorealizethemanypolitical,economicandbusinessbenefitsthattheTelecommunicationSatelliteOrganizationsystemcanbring.ThemissionoftheCommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationhascontinuedtothisday,whichistoprovideawiderrangeoftelecommunicationsservicestoallregionsoftheworldwithoutdiscriminationinordertoenhanceworldpeaceandunderstanding.

CommunicationSatelliteOrganizationisthefirstorganizationtoprovideawholeseriesoftelecommunicationservicesthroughsatellitecoverageandcommunication.Itsglobalsatellitesystemprovidestelephone,televisionanddatatransmissionservicestohundredsofmillionsofpeopleonfivecontinents.

Today,TelecommunicationSatelliteOrganizationownsandoperatesaglobalsatellitesystem,providingtwotypesofservicestousersinmorethan200countries,regionsandaffiliatedterritoriesonfivecontinents.Theseservicecategoriesarevoice/dataandimage.Intercom/dataservicesinclude:publicswitchedtelephonenetwork(intermediatedatarate,Internet,timedivisionmultipleaccess,on-demanddistributionmultipleaccess)andprivatenetworkservices(commercialservicesofcommunicationsatelliteorganizations,commercialservicesofverysmallearthstations,andPrivatepoint-to-pointandmultipointnetworkservices).Imageservicesincludebroadcasting,satellitenewsgathering,specialeventservices,homebroadcastandtelemedicine/distanceteaching.

Whenthetransoceanicsubmarinefiberopticcablewasinterrupted,theresourcesofthecommunicationssatelliteorganizationwerealsousedtorestorecableservices.Theseservicesinclude:therestorationofsingle,multipleandsecondarycablesandtherestorationofcablelines.

Inaddition,thecommunicationssatelliteorganizationalsoprovidesexternalcustomerswithlaunchsupportservicesdesignedbycustomers.Launchsupportservicesdesignedaccordingtocustomerrequirementsincludetransferorbitsupportservices,commandservices,telemetryandbeaconsignalstrength,trajectoryandrangingservices,voiceanddatacommunicationsbetweenthecustomermissioncontrolcenterandthecommunicationssatelliteorganizationsatellitecontrolcenter,Andflightdynamicssupportservices.

AnymemberoftheInternationalTelecommunicationUnion(ITU)canjoinasamember.Allcountries(memberstatesandnon-memberstates)canusethecommunicationssatelliteorganizationsystem.Memberstates/ownersinvestaccordingtotheirrelativeusageofthesystemandobtainareturnontheirinvestment.Allusersofthecommunicationssatelliteorganizationservicesarerequiredtopayusagefees.Thefeevariesaccordingtothetype,quantityanddurationoftheservice.Inthisway,theTelecommunicationSatelliteOrganizationallocatesitscapacitytoitsusers,andtheseusersthenprovidetheservicesoftheTelecommunicationSatelliteOrganizationtotheendusersinitsservicearea.Somecountrieschoosetoapprovemorethanoneorganizationtoprovidecommunicationssatelliteorganizationservicesintheircountry.

Inadditiontoenjoyingtheadvantagesofmoderncommunicationsprovidedbythecommunicationssatelliteorganizationsystem,memberstatesalsoenjoyrelatedrightsandbenefits,includingtherighttoattendallconferencesandmeetingsofthecommunicationssatelliteorganizationandparticipateinthecommunicationssatelliteorganizationThedecision-makingprocessoftheITUanditsdepartments(radiocommunications,telecommunicationstandardizationandtelecommunicationDevelopment),theInternationalOrganizationforStandardization,theEuropeanTelecommunicationsStandardsInstituteandothermemberstatescanrelyonthisknowledgetosolvetechnical,business,financial,planningandservicedevelopmentissues,aswellastechnologytransferthroughresearchanddevelopmentactivitiesorganizedbycommunicationssatellites.

(b)Structure

Thestructureofthecommunicationssatelliteorganizationisbasedontheprincipleofcommercialactionandinternationalcooperation.TelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationhasadualframeworkthatappliestogovernmentandtelecommunicationsentitiesrespectively.Thisframeworkconsistsoftwoseparatebutinterrelatedagreements:theTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationAgreement,whichisconcludedbetweengovernmentsandstipulatesgeneralprinciples;andtheOperationalAgreement,whichisbetweengovernmentsordesignatedbygovernments.Betweentelecommunicationsentities,whichstipulatesmoredetailedtechnical,businessandfinancialstandards.

Eachmemberstateparticipatesinthemanagementofthecommunicationsatelliteorganizationthroughthethreedecision-makingorgansofthecommunicationsatelliteorganization.Thethreeorgansare:theassemblyofthecontractingstatesandtheboardofdirectorsoftheconferenceofthesignatories.MostofthedecisionsofthememberstatesoftheTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationaremadebyconsensus.

TheConferenceofContractingStatesiscomposedofrepresentativesofallgovernmentsthathavesignedthe"CommunicationSatelliteOrganizationAgreement".Itgenerallymeetseverytwoyearstoreviewtheorganization'sgeneralpoliciesandlong-termgoals.TheConferenceofSignatoriesiscomposedofrepresentativesofallsignatoriesofthe"OperationalAgreement"(membergovernmentsortheirdesignatedtelecommunicationsentities).Itholdsameetingonceayeartoconsiderthefinancial,technicalandoperationalissuesofthesatellitecommunicationsystem.TheboardofdirectorsoftheCommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationiscomposedofrepresentativesofsignatorieswhoseindividuallyorcollectivelyinvestedshareshavereachedtheminimumsharestandardforboardmembershipdeterminedbythemeetingofsignatorieseachyear.Thecouncilmeetseverythreemonthstomakedecisionsonmattersrelatedtothedesign,development,construction,establishment,operationandmaintenanceofthespacesegmentofthecommunicationssatelliteorganizationandotherbusinessmatters.Thecouncilisassistedbyitstechnicalissuesadvisorycommittee,planningadvisorycommittee,budgetandfinancecommittee,andauditcommittee.

Thedailymanagementandactionsofthecommunicationsatelliteorganizationareinchargeofthemanagementdepartmentofthecommunicationsatelliteorganization.Themanagementdepartmentiscomposedofmorethan600stafffrommorethan90countriesandisundertheunifiedleadershipofthedirectorgeneralandchiefadministrativeofficer.Themanagementdepartmentofthecommunicationssatelliteorganizationisaccountabletothecouncil.

(c)Spacesegmentandgroundsegment

Aspacesegment

Thecommunicationsatelliteorganizationhasagroupofmorethan20advancedtechnologiesinthegeostationaryorbit.Thespacecraftisdeployedin4serviceareaswithoverlappingcoverage:theAtlanticregion,theIndianOceanregion,theAsia-PacificregionandthePacificregion.ThespacecraftoftheCommunicationSatelliteOrganizationinclude:INTELSATV/V-Stypesatellite;LNTELSATVItypesatellite;INTELSATVII/VII-AtypesatelliteandINTELSATVIIItypesatellite.Inaddition,theCommunicationSatelliteOrganizationhasanINTELSATKfullKu-bandsatelliteinoperation.TwoINTELSATVIIIsatelliteswillbelaunchedin1998.

SecondGroundSection

Thegroundstationofthesatellitecommunicationsystemisanimportantlinkconnectedwiththeglobalcommunicationserviceofthecommunicationsatelliteorganization.Groundstationsareownedandoperatedbygovernmententitiesorotherentitiesandenterprises.Thecommunicationsatelliteorganizationformulatesthetechnicalandoperatingstandardsofthegroundstation,andallusersofthecommunicationsatelliteorganizationmustabidebyit.

Thedifferenttypesofgroundstationsareasfollows:

(a)StandardsA,BandCareusedforallservicesofthecommunicationssatelliteorganization:voice/dataandimageservices,antennadiameterThesizesare15-19meters,10-13metersand11-14metersrespectively;

(b)ThestandardD1andD2ofthelow-densitytelephoneserviceofthevideocallsatelliteservice,theantennadiameterusedis4.5-11Meters;

(c)StandardsE1,E2,E3,F1,andF2areusedforcommercialservicesandintermediatedatarateservicesofcommunicationsatelliteorganizations,withantennadiametersof3.5-4.5metersand5.5-7meters,respectively,8-10meters,4.5-5metersand7-8meters.Duetooperationalconstraints,standardE1andF1groundstationscanonlybeusedforintermediatedataratecarriersunderlimitedcircumstances;

(d)StandardF3isusedforinternationalvoiceanddatacommunications,includingCommunicationsatelliteorganizationcommercialserviceandintermediatedatarateservice,antennadiametersizeis9-10meters;

(e)StandardGisusedforinternationalanddomesticleasingservices,usingvariousantennasizes;

(f)StandardsH2,H3andH4areusedforon-demanddistributionofmultipleaccessandVSATcommercialservices,withantennadiametersof1.8meters,2.4metersand4.7metersrespectively;

(g)StandardsK2andK3areusedforcommercialservicesofverysmallearthstations,withantennadiametersof1.2metersand1.8metersrespectively;

(h)StandardsA,B,D1,D2,F1,F2,F3,G,H2,H3,andH4usethe6/4GHzband.StandardCusesthe14/11gigahertzfrequencyband,whilethestandardsE1,E2,E3,G,K2,andK3usethe14/12gigahertzfrequencybandatthesametime.

(d)Supportforthedevelopmentoftelecommunications

Communicationsatelliteorganizationssetupspecialprogramstoprovideexperienceandtrainingintheoperationandmanagementofsatellitecommunicationsystems.Thebeneficiariesoftheprogramareindividuals,sponsoringsignatoriesandcommunicationssatelliteorganizations.

Theestablishmentofthetelecommunicationssatelliteorganizationtrusteeprogramistoenablethetechnicalpersonnelnominatedbythesignatorycountriestohavetheopportunitytogainexperienceatthetelecommunicationsorganizationheadquartersandadifferentperspectiveofthetelecommunicationssatelliteorganizationsystemmanagement.TheYoungProfessionalsProgramhelpsprofessionalswhoarejuststartingtheircareersgainvaluableexperienceinamulticulturalbusinessenvironment.TheinternprogramoftheTelecommunicationSatelliteOrganizationistoprovideundergraduatesandgraduatestudentswiththeopportunitytogainpracticalworkexperienceindifferentdepartmentsoftheorganization.

TheTelecommunicationSatelliteOrganizationBenefitProgramprovidesusersofTelecommunicationSatelliteOrganizationwithawholeseriesoftechnical,operationalandfinancialassistance,dependingonthelevelofassistancerequired,andtheseassistanceareprovidedtousersfreeofcharge.TheseprogramsincludeTelecommunicationSatelliteOrganization’sassistanceanddevelopmentprogram,TelecommunicationSatelliteOrganization’ssignatorytrainingprogramanddigitalequipmentloanprogram.Underthefirsttwoprograms,signatoriesanduserscanobtaintechnicalandoperationalassistanceandtrainingrelatedtotheiruseofthecommunicationsatelliteorganizationsystem.UndertheTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationDigitalEquipmentLoanProgram,signatoriescanborrowmoneytopurchasedigitalequipmentusedintheTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationsystem.

Inadditiontotheaboveassistanceprograms,theProjectThoroughfareProgram(aprogramestablishedbytheCommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationin1977)encouragestheuseofsatellitetechnologytopromotedevelopmentprojects,andprovidesuserswhohaveestablisheddailybusinessservicesandfinancialplansTheopportunitytousecommunicationsatellitestoorganizespacesegmentcapabilitiesfreeofchargefordemonstrationofhealthcare,educationorcloselyrelatedsocialservices.Theprojectpathplanisdesignedtoassistareaswithlimitedcommunicationconditionsorwherenewcommunicationconditionscanbedeveloped.

(e)Facilities

ThecommunicationssatelliteorganizationisheadquarteredinWashington,thecapitaloftheUnitedStates,andhasregionalservicecentersinSingapore,Mumbai,IndiaandLondon.Inaddition,TelecommunicationSatelliteOrganizationhasrecognizedspacecraftprogrammeofficesinCaliforniaandEastWindsor,UnitedStates,Toulouse,France,andPortsmouth,UnitedKingdom.

TheCommunicationSatelliteOrganizationmaintainssixtelemetry,tracking,commandandmonitoringstationsaroundtheworldtomonitorsatellitesinorbit,checktheirflightattitudesandcontinuouslytransmitimportantinformationabouttheiroperations.MonitoringstationsarelocatedinPerth,Beijing,Australia,Resting,Germany,Fozino,Italy,ClarksburgandPomalu,USA.Thesemonitoringstationsprovideadvancedtelemetry,tracking,commandandmonitoringnetworkcapabilities,streamlinedoperatingprocedures,andcanreduceoperatingcosts.

2.Activities

(a)Pastactivities

Onepolicy

Areflectionofthejointeffortsofthecountries.TheseeffortsareembodiedinthedeliberationsanddecisionsoftheConferenceofStatesParties,theConferenceofStatesPartiesandtheCouncil,aswellastheimplementationofthesedecisionsbythecommunicationssatelliteorganizationmanagementdepartment.Overtheyears,thememberstatesoftheTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationhaveconsideredvariousmattersandhavetakenactionsonthesematterstoensurethatthefutureprospectsoftheTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationreflectnewcompetitiverealitiesandsuccessfulcompetitivestrategies.

Inordertoadapttothechangingtelecommunicationsenvironment,thedecision-makingbodyoftheCommunicationSatelliteOrganizationdiscussedkeyissuesrelatedtothefutureandstructureoftheorganization,andformulatedandimplementedaneffectivestrategicplantoguidetheorganization’sTheprocessoftransformation.TheCommunicationSatelliteOrganizationhaschangedthebasicdesignprinciplesofitsspacecraft,adoptedanewfinancingmethodforitsacquisitionofsatellites,changedthecommunicationarrangementstoadapttothevariousregulationsandregulationsofitsrespondingcountries,andprovidedcommunicationforthosewhowishtoallowpublicexchangestocommunicate.ThememberstatesthatuseaseparatesystemforInternetservicescanceledArticle14(d)'scoordinationrequirementforeconomicdamage.InApril1997,theConferenceoftheStatesPartiesmadeanimportantdecisiononthefutureoftheTelecommunicationSatelliteOrganization.Thesedecisionsinvolvetheestablishmentofacommercialsubsidiarytoprovideimagesandnewservicesunderfavorablecompetitiveconditions.Beforetheestablishmentofthiscommercialsubsidiary,someoutstandingissueswerestillbeingresolved.AftertheExtraordinaryAssemblyofStatesPartiesinMarch1998,thefinaltextwillbesubmittedinaccordancewiththedecisionofthefinalreformproposal.

Contributionsofthesecondsystem,serviceanddevelopment

Inthepast30years,theenergyandsatellitelifeofthesatellitesystemofthecommunicationsatelliteorganizationhaveundergonemajorchanges,enablingthecommunicationsatelliteorganizationtocontinuetomeetmarketneedsProvidenewandbroaderservicecapabilities.Newmethodsofspacecraftdesignarecurrentlybeingexploredtomeettheincreasingdemandforspacetelecommunicationsservices.

Nowadays,communicationsatellitesorganizepowerfulmulti-functionalsatellites,suchasINTELSATVII/VII-AandINTELSATVIII/VIII-A,withfurtherexpansionofcoverage,redundancyandreliability,andsignalperformancemoreperfect.ThecommunicationcapacityoftheINTTELSATVIIsatellitecansimultaneouslytransmit18,000telephonelines(upto90,000channelsusingdigitallinemultiplyingequipment)andthreeTVchannels,andtheVII-Aenhancedsatellitecantransmit22,500telephonecommunications(usingThedigitallineincreaseequipmentcanreach112,500channels).TheservicelifeofINTELSATVII/VII-Asatellitesis10-15years,andthesatellitecoveragecanbeinstantlyreconfiguredondifferentandchangingorbitsaccordingtothecommunicationconditionsandservicerequirementsofeachoceanarea.Thesesatellitesarealsocompatiblewithverysmallearthstations,providingfurtherenhancedC-bandandKu-bandcapabilities.

TheINTELSATVIII/VIII-Asatellitecansimultaneouslytransmit22,500two-waytelephonecommunicationsandthreeTVchannels(usingdigitallinemultiplyingequipment,upto112,500telephonecommunications).Thesesatelliteshavealifespanof14-18years,andtheirperformanceincludessix-foldmultiplexingofC-bandfrequency,double-frequencymultiplexingofextendedC-bandcapacity,andthemaximumpowerofgroundC-bandthatINTELSATsatelliteshavenotreachedinthepast.ThefunctionsoftheINTELSATVIIIsatelliteinclude:interconnectionbetweentwoindependentlyadjustableKu-bands;spotbeamscanbeconnectedtoprovideawiderrangeofsatellitenewsgatheringservices,includingKu-bandportableforvoice/datacommunicationsAloopofsatellitenewsgatheringstations.

INTELSATVIII-Asatellites,alsoknownas"continental"satellites,willuseorbitalstationsabovethemainlandtoprovidemorecommunicationchannelsandgreaterflexibilityforregionalandinternationalapplications.

Sincethecommunicationsatelliteorganizationfirstbegantoprovidecommercialcommunicationsatelliteservicesin1965,theservicesprovidedhavebeencontinuouslyenhancedandimprovedtomeetthecompetitivechallengesraisedbythemarket.Theredefinitionofvoiceanddataservicesinthecommunicationssatelliteorganizationfacilitatestheintroductionofnewflexibleservices,suchasmicro-pathon-demandallocationofmultipleaccess(on-demandallocationofmultipleaccess),low-costtime-division,multi-access,AnewverysmallearthstationservicefortheInternetandotherdatanetworkingapplications,andanInternetproductline.Inaddition,italsoprovidesnewimageservices,twoofwhichprovidediscountsbasedonfrequencyusage(sequentialserviceandrecurringservice),andoneserviceusesdigitalcompressiontechnology(digitalC-bandsatellitenewsgathering)bythecommunicationsatelliteorganization.Theleadingroleoftheaspect.

Toachieveitsgoals,theTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationcontinuestostreamlineitsproceduresandstrengthenitsregionaloffices.In1996,TelecommunicationSatelliteOrganizationopenedacustomerservicecenter,whichisacontactpointdedicatedtoprovidingservicereservationsandansweringcustomerinquiries.Inthesameyear,theTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationestablishedregionalservicecentersinIndia(Mumbai),Europe(London)andAsiaandthePacific(Singapore),thusgettingclosertothesignatoriesandcustomersinkeyareasoftheworld.In1997,inordertobetterservetheAfricanregion,TelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationandtheAfricanRegionalSatelliteCommunicationsOrganizationestablishedajointprogramtopromotetelecommunicationsservicesinAfrica.

In1996,amajorachievementunderthebenefitprogramoftheTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationwastheestablishmentofaregionaltrainingandinternshipcenterinLomé.ThecenterwasestablishedincollaborationwiththeAfricanRegionalSatelliteCommunicationsOrganization,theEconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStatesandtheITU.ItwillbeusedtoprovidepracticaltrainingonsatellitesandothertelecommunicationsequipmentforengineersandtechniciansfromAfricaandothercountries.

InOctober1997,theTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationbroadcastedtheliveTelefood(TVSymposiumonFoodIssues)totheworldfreeofchargethroughitsprojectaccessprogram.ThiswasthefirsttimethattheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsorganizedAworldmarathon-styleTVprogramtoraiseawareness,encourageglobalunityandfighthungertogether,andcollectdonationsfromgovernments,companiesandindividualstoimplementanactionplanforruralpopulationsindevelopingregions.Morethan70broadcastingcompaniesinmorethan60countriesaroundtheworldareintegrated,andthefreecommunicationservicesoftheCommunicationSatelliteOrganizationenablecountrieswithseriousfoodshortagestojointheproductionoftheprogram.In1996,someorganizationsappliedtheprojectaccessplan,suchastheWorldBankfortheAfricanAirUniversityproject,andtheInternationalTelecommunicationsandTelephoneCorporation,theJapanesesignatoryoftheTelecommunicationSatelliteOrganization,forscientificexperimentactivities.

(b)Currentactivities

Thecommunicationssatelliteorganizationiscontinuingtofocusitsresourcesonmarketingandcustomerservice,developingnewspacecraftassets,andcollaboratingwithotherorganizationsfortelecommunicationsTheprocessofdevelopmentandimplementationofstructuralreforms.ThegoaloftheCommunicationSatelliteOrganizationistoremaincommittedtoitsmissionandfundamentalprinciples-universalglobalserviceandnon-discriminatorypricing,whileachievinghigh-qualityserviceandcustomersatisfactioninthechangingglobalmarket.

Inordertomeettheincreasingneedsofcustomers,theCommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationhasawardedtwocontractsforthenewspacecraft-INTELSATLXandK-TV.TwosetsofINTELSATLXspacecraftarebeingpurchasedfortheIndianOceanregiontoreplacetheINTELSATVIsatelliteandtomeettheincreasingneedsofcustomersintheAsia-PacificregionoftheCommunicationsSatelliteOrganization.Thetwonewsetsofspacecraftwillhave44C-bandtranspondersand12Ku-bandtransponders,withanorbitaloperatinglifeof13-15years,acapacityof32,000telephones,orupto160usingdigitallinemultiplyingequipment.000telephones,makingittheINTELSATsatellitewiththelargestcapacitybuilt.TwootherINTELSATLXspacecraftwithAtlanticregionalconfigurationandanothersetofIndianOceanregionalhemisphere/regionaltransmissionarraysarebeingpurchasedtoensurethecontinuityofservicestotheseregions.ThefirstINTELSATLXsatelliteisscheduledtobelaunchedin2000andwillbedeployedovertheIndianOceanregion.

K-TVisanewtypeofINTELSATsatellitewithhigh-powerimagecapabilities,whichwillenhancethecommunicationsatelliteorganizationtoprovidethelatestimagedisseminationanddistributionserviceapplications(suchashomelivebroadcastandotherverysmallearthstationimageProduct).TheK-TVsatellitewasputintoserviceinearly1999andwillhave30Ku-bandtransponderscapableofbroadcasting210TVprogramssimultaneously.

Currently,theservicesanddevelopmentactivitiesofcommunicationsatelliteorganizationsinvolvecommercialproductsthatmaybeprovidedinseveralkeyserviceareas,suchastheInternet,Ku-bandandKa-bandmultimediaservices,homelivebroadcasts,andbroadbandservices(suchasairtrafficmanagement).Andtime-divisionmultipleaccess),aswellasaruraltelephonesystemthatcombinesradioandverysmallearthstationtechnologies.TelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationisalsoworkingtoenhanceexistingservicestoenablesignatoriestoexpandtheirservicescopeorcustomerbase,suchasexpandingtheInternetservicesprovidedbyTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationthroughtheuseofterrestrialnetworktechnologyandtheuseofhomebroadcastandvideodistributionsystems,andThecommercialservicesofTelecommunicationSatelliteOrganizationhavebeenextendedtothereceptionrangeofVSATantennas.

(c)Futureactivities

Infulfillingitsmission,theCommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationwillcontinuetoplayaroleinreducingthetelecommunicationsgapbetweenthedevelopedworldandthedevelopingworld.Satelliteswillinevitablyplayanincreasinglyimportantandcriticalroleinglobalcommunicationsandthedevelopmentofglobalinfrastructure.Inthedevelopingworld,themostdifficulttaskofthecommunicationssatelliteorganizationwillcontinueintothenextcentury.Thisistoprovidevoiceanddataservicesthatareavailableeverywhereandataffordableprices,andareliablebackbonecommunicationnetworktocommunicatewiththedevelopedworld.

ThefutureservicedevelopmentandtechnicalsolutionsoftheCommunicationSatelliteOrganizationwillcontinuetotakeintoaccountthefollowingservicesortechnologicalfieldswiththerapidtechnologicalandmarketdevelopment;CCTVservices,video,personalcommunicationservices,Ka-bandmultimediaservicesandpublicVoiceanddataservicesoftheexchangecommunicationnetwork.Thenewsatellitesbeingpurchasedwillexpandthescopeofthecurrentsystemstructure,addnewflexibilitytotheglobalnetwork,andprovidenewspacecraftoptions,andexpandtheservicesprovidedbythecommunicationssatelliteorganizationinthenextfewyears,whileensuringcontinuedprovisionCorebusinessservices.

3.Internationalcooperation

TheDirectorGeneraloftheCommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationshallsubmitacopytotheSecretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNationsandotherrelevantspecializedagenciesinaccordancewithArticle21(c)oftheCommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationAgreementAnnualreportontheactivitiesofthecommunicationssatelliteorganization.TelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationalsoparticipatesinandcontributestothemeetingsoftheCommitteeonthePeacefulUsesofOuterSpace,andsupportstheUnitedNationsSpaceApplicationsProgram.

InternationalTelecommunicationUnion

CommunicationSatelliteOrganizationinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofArticle13ofits"OperationalAgreement"andtherelevantITUregulations,withdueconsiderationofvariousITUdepartmentsregardingradioRelevantrecommendationsandproceduresforcommunicationandtelecommunicationsstandardization,design,development,manufacturingandoperationofthecommunicationsatelliteorganizationsystem.

Inaddition,theTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationandtheInternationalTelecommunicationsUnionarealsocooperatinginactivitiesofmutualinterest,especiallyinthedevelopmentoftelecommunications.TelecommunicationSatelliteOrganizationparticipatesinvariousinternationalandregionalconferencesandforumsofITU(WorldRadiocommunicationConference,WorldTelecommunicationPolicyForum,WorldTelecommunicationStandardizationConferenceandWorldandRegionalTelecommunicationDevelopmentConferencesandvarioustelecommunicationconferences).TelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationhasmadeactivecontributionstotherelevantresearchgroupsoftheITURadiocommunication,TelecommunicationStandardizationandTelecommunicationDevelopmentDepartments,andhasparticipatedintheRadioAdvisoryGroup,TelecommunicationStandardizationAdvisoryGroupandTelecommunicationDevelopmentAdvisoryCouncilandotheradvisorybodies.

CommunicationSatelliteOrganizationsignedthe"MemorandumofUnderstanding"fortheimplementationofpowerarrangementsforglobalmobilepersonalsatellitecommunications,includingregionalsystems.Asthenameimplies,theglobalmobilepersonalsatellitecommunicationsystemincludesanysatellitesystem,thatis,fixedormobile,broadbandornarrowband,globalorregional,geostationaryornon-geostationary,existingorplannedYes,thesesystemsprovidetelecommunicationservicesdirectlyfromthesatelliteconstellationtoendusers.Thesatelliteconstellationmayincludeoneormoresatellitesthatactastheentiresystem,whetheritisageostationaryorbitsatelliteoranon-geostationaryorbitsatellite.The"MemorandumofUnderstandingonGlobalMobilePersonalSatelliteCommunications"wasproducedinthefirstITUWorldTelecommunicationPolicyForumheldinNovember1996.Althoughthememorandumofunderstandingisnon-binding,itcanfacilitatethefreecirculationofglobalpersonalsatellitecommunicationequipmentamongthesignatories.Thesignatoriesofthememorandumofunderstandingincludenationaladministrativeauthorities,membersofvariousITUdepartments,operatorsofglobalmobilepersonalsatellitecommunicationsystems,globalmobilepersonalsatellitecommunicationserviceprovidersandglobalmobilepersonalsatellitecommunicationterminalequipmentmanufacturers.

EuropeanTelecommunicationsStandardsInstitute

In1994,TelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationbecameanassociatememberoftheEuropeanTelecommunicationsStandardsInstitute.TelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationparticipatesintheactivitiesoftheEuropeanTelecommunicationsStandardsInstitute,especiallytheactivitiesoftheSatelliteEarthStationWorkingGroup.

InternationalOrganizationforStandardization

Since1998,TelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationhasbeencloselyfollowingandparticipatingintheactivitiesofthetwosubcommitteesoftheFirstJointTechnicalCommitteeoftheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization.Thesetwosubcommitteesarethesixthsubcommitteeresponsibleforinformationtechnologystandardization(layers1-4protocol)servicesandtheoneresponsibleforopensysteminterconnection,datamanagement,andopendistributedprocessingstandards(layers5-7protocols,servicesandsystemstructure).21stSubcommittee.Notlongago,the21stSubcommitteewasdissolved,anditsworkwastransferredtothe32ndSubcommittee(DataManagementServices)andthe33rdSubcommittee(DistributedApplicationServices).

InternetEngineeringTaskForce

ThecommunicationsatelliteorganizationparticipatesintheworkoftheInternetEngineeringTaskForce(InternetEngineeringGroup),anditsparentorganizationistheInternetSociety.TheInternetEngineeringGroupisresponsibleforformulatingInternetprotocolsandfacilitatingtechnologytransferbytheInternetResearchTaskForce(InternetResearchGroup).

681.TelecommunicationSatelliteOrganizationhasestablishedformalandinformalrelationswithotherinternationalandregionalorganizations.Theseorganizationsinclude:InternationalMaritimeOrganization;ArapaiSatelliteCommunicationsOrganization;ArapaiTelecommunicationsUnion;AsiaPacificTelecommunicationsCommunity;CaribbeanTelecommunicationsUnion;CentralAfricanCustomsandEconomicUnion;CommonwealthSatelliteTelecommunicationsOrganization;WestAfricanEconomicCommunity;EuropeanPostandTelecommunicationsManagementConference;EuropeanTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization;AmericanSpanishCommentFamilyResearchCenterandAssociationofTelecommunicationsCompanies;Inter-AmericanTelecommunicationsCommission;IntergovernmentalInformationScienceAgency;InternationalMobileSatelliteOrganization;PacificTelecommunicationsCouncil;Pan-AfricanTelecommunicationsUnion;InternationalSpaceTelecommunicationsOrganization;RegionalCommunicationsAssociation;SouthPacificEconomicCooperation,etc.;CentralAmericanTelecommunicationsTechnicalCommittee;AfricanPostalandTelecommunicationsUnion;Variouspublicinformationmaterialsfororganizingactivities,productsandservices,technicalinformationaboutitssatellitesystem,includingannualreportsinthethreeofficiallanguages(English,FrenchandSpanish)oftheCommunicationsSatelliteOrganization.TheseinformationcanalsobeinquiredonthehomepageoftheCommunicationSatelliteOrganization.

TheagenciesandadvisorycommitteesoftheTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationwillissueofficialdocumentsinofficiallanguagestoallmembersoftheTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization.

5.Contactpoint

Vice-President,ExtemalAfflirs

InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization

3400InternationalDrive,NW

Washington,DC,2008-3098,UnitedStatesofAmerica

Telephone:+(1(202)944-7011

Facsimile:+(1)(202)944-7661and(1)(202)944-7890