Definition
Intermsofshort-termmemory,theamountofinformationmaintainedbysensoryregistrationisrelativelylarge,buttheyareallinarelativelyunprocessedoriginalstate.Ifpeopledon'tpayattention,itfeelsthattheregisteredinformationwillbelostquickly,sotheretentiontimeisquiteshort.Itsimportantroleistomaintainenvironmentalstimuliforacertainperiodoftimeforfinerprocessing.Informationsourceanddestination:Informationreceptionroom-almostallinformationthatentersthesensescanberegistered;onlyinformationthathasreceivedspecialattentionorpatternrecognitioncanbetransferredtoshort-termmemoryandgivemeaningthere.CapacityandretentiontimeImagememory:retentiontimeis0.25-1second,capacityis9-20bits(item)Soundimagememory:retentiontimeisabout2seconds,notlongerthan4seconds,capacityis5bits.
Features
Theretentiontimeofsensoryinformationisabout1secondandiscodedinsensoryformaccordingtothephysicalcharacteristicsofthestimulus,andtheinformationcapacityislarge.Thiskindofmemoryretainstheoriginalstimulusform,asifregisteredintheoriginalform.Ifitreceivesattention,itwillberecognizedandtransferredtothenextshort-termmemoryforfurtherprocessing,otherwiseitwilldisappearsoon.AmericanpsychologistSperlingprovedtheexistenceofinstantaneousmemoryinaclassicexperimentconductedin1960usingthepartialreportingmethod.Translated"instantmemory".AnideaputforwardbypsychologistBroadbent.Heproposedthatinformationmustpassthroughseveralmemorysystems.Theinformationreceivedfromtheenvironmentisstoredinthessystem;afterfiltering,someofitentersthePsystem,andtheremainingpartislostduetothelimitedreservesofthePsystem.ThesandPsystemstogetherformimmediate,preliminarymemory,orshort-termmemory.Whenretelling,theinformationgoesfromthePsystemtothessystem,andthenbacktothePsystem,sotheinformationisretained.Ifthereisnoretelling,theinformationbeginstofade.TheinformationinthessystemandthePsystemcanalsobetransferredtothenext-levelsystem,orcalledthelong-termmemorysystem,anditsreservesareunlimited.
Physiologicalbasis
Inmedicine,the"hippocampus"isaninnerfoldareaofthecerebralcortex,forminganarcuatebulgearoundthe"choroidfissure"atthebottomofthe"lateralventricle".ItItiscomposedoftwofan-shapedparts,sometimesreferredtoasthehippocampusstructure.Thefunctionofthehippocampusisthemainhumanmemoryinthenearfuture,abitlikethememoryofacomputer,whichvividlypersiststhememorywithinafewweeksormonths.Forquickaccess.
Function
Whatistheuseofinstantaneousmemory?Inotherwords,whydoweneedinstantaneousmemory?Youmaybesittingonachair,scanningeverylineofwordsunconsciouslywithyoureyes.YouknowwhatI'mtellingyou,andatthesametimeyoucanvaguelyfeelthemovementaroundyou.Youcanhearthesoundofturningoverthebook,youfeelthecomfortofthechair,andyoucanestimatethattoday’stemperatureissimilartoyesterday.Maybeyoustillsmellthefragranceofbrushingyourteethinthemorning...Allthesefeelingsarewhenyouarereading.Theyallexist,it'sjustthatyouputtoomuchattentiononthebookandbarelyrealizethem.Butifsomeonepushesthedoorsuddenly,youmayraiseyourheadunconsciously,oryoumayhaveheardfromthefootstepswhoitisandwhyithappened.Inshort,youhavestoppedthebookinyourhand.Thisshowsthatyouareindeedawareofchangesinyoursurroundingsatanytime.Thefunctionofinstantaneousmemoryisthatittemporarilymaintainsalltheorganstimulationsyouhavereceivedforyourchoice.Weneeditbecauseittakestimetodeterminewhichstimuliinthesurroundingenvironmentareimportantandwhicharesecondary,andtheprocessofchoosingmeaningfulstimuliforus,andthistimecannotbetoolong,otherwise,wemaylosethefollowingMoreimportantinformation.