Introduction
Theorderofthefourtreasuresofthestudyisthatsomepeoplethinkthatpaperhasthemostpatternsandtypes,withpaperasthefirst.Othersthinkthatinkstonecanbealifelongcompanion,unswervingly,withinkstoneasthehead.Therearealsopeoplewhousepentotakethelead.Withoutpen,inkisuseless.Inkstoneisuseless,butifinkisnotinthefirstplace,itwillbeinasecondarypositionforalongtime.
Theliteratialsoattachedgreatimportancetoink,andoftencalledit"Xuanxiang","WuJu","BlackPineMessenger",etc.,whichbelongedtothehermitcharacter.Infact,inkisimportant,qualitative,andtangible:thefluidity,tanning,uniformity,andclearnessofinkcanaffecttheemotionsoftheuseronthespot,aswellasthequalityandlong-termpreservationofthepaintingandcalligraphyartifacts.Themakingandshapingoftheinkingotisanotherelementbesidestheapplication.Theso-calledshapingincludestheexquisiteartofstyle,text,drawing,engraving,andexteriordecorationaftermolding.Themostadvanced,canToachievethelong-termownershipvaluethatsatisfiesthevisionandheart.
Mainrawmaterials
Themainrawmaterialsofinkarecarbonsmoke,rubbermaterials,additivesandsolutions,etc.,whicharegenerallyprocessedbymachinery.Therearemanykindsofcharcoalsmoke,includingallkindsofminerals,plantsandanimalmaterialsthatareburnedorthermallydecomposed.Inadditiontoanimalglue,theglueismostlyvegetableglue(acaciagum)orvarioussyntheticgluessuchasacrylicglueandpolyolresin.Additivesincludevariousstabilizers,penetrants,wettingagents,preservatives,fragrancesandsoon.
Cleaning
Themaincomponentsofinkareboneglueandcarbonblack.Generally,theinkstainedfabricisattachedtothesurfaceofthefabricandiseasilysolubleinwater,sowaterstarchslurrycanbeusedtoremovestains.Firstprepareanappropriateamountofglutinousriceorwhiterice,applythericetothecontaminatedpartofthefabric,andrubitrepeatedlyandevenly,sothatthestarchviscousinthericewillbringoutthecarbonblackthathaspenetratedintothefabricfibers.Afterthistreatment,Andthenwashtheclotheswithdetergent.Finally,rinsewithcleanwater.
Production
1.Traditionalinkmakingmethod
"Ordinaryinkisusedtoremovethegumfromthepinetree,andthencutthewood.WheretherosinisnotWhenthesmokeisexhausted,theinkmadebythesmokeisinsoluble.Whenthepinetreeshedsitsfragrance,therootcutsasmallhole,andthelampisslowlyburned,thewholebodycreamwillbewarmandpouredout."
Wherethepinesmokeisburned,cutthepinetosize.Thejumieisaroundobject,likeanawninginaboat,whichisthousandsoffeetinsuccession.Theinsideandoutsideandtheinterfaceareallfinishedwithpaperandmat.Thenumberofnodesisseparated,andthesmallholesemitsmoke.Theearthiscoveredwithbricks,andthesmokeroadisfirst.
Burningforafewdays,takeabreakfromthecold,andsweepintothemiddle.Everyonewhoburnsloosesmokeandignitesthesmokecompletely.Thefirstandsecondsectionsclosetotheendareforsmokeremoval,andgoodinkistakenasthematerial.Themiddlesectionismixedsmoke,whichisthetimeink.Ifthefirstorsecondsectionisnear,itisonlyscrapedintocigarettes,andthegoodsaresoldandprinted,andthewritersstillusethemforresearch.TherestareforlacquerworkersandthosewhopaintXuan(black)forchalkworkers.
Second,moderninkmakingmethod
ModerninkmakingmethodandtraditionalinkmakingmethodsincetheMingandQingDynastiesaresimilar,butthecigarettesandmedicinalmaterialsusedarenotassophisticatedastheMingandQingDynasties.Therefore,thequalityofinkisnotasgoodasthatofancientink.Inordertocatertothepurchasingpowerofthepublic,morerawmedicinesthatareeasilyavailableonthemarketareusedtostirandmashthemwithmachinery.
Themostcommonlyusedsmokeisindustrialoilsmokefromheavyoilafterrefiningpetroleum.Vegetableoilforlampsmokeismixedwithmineraloilsmokeaccordingtothegradeoftheproduct.Glueisoftenusedwithbeefgum,fishGum,Arabicgum,orchemicallysynthesizedplastics,acrylicglue,etc.Additivesgenerallyaddcamphor,borneol,preservatives,antifungalagents,chemicalfragrances,syntheticfragrances,etc.Theso-called"greenink",inkTheliquidcolorshowscyanlight,whichiscausedbytheadditionofcyaninepigments.Intheso-called"teaink",theinkshowsbrownluster,whichiscausedbytheadditionofbrownstonepigments.
3.Medicinalinks
Inancienttimes,medicinalinksweremadeforacuteillnessesallovertheworld.However,manypeopledon’tknowhoweffectivetheyare.Watchascommonsense.
Therawmaterialsofmedicinalink:rhinohorn,antelopehorn,bezoar,musk,borneolpearl,goldleaf,toad,bearbileandotherpreciousChinesemedicinalmaterials.
Usage:Anti-inflammatoryanddetoxification,promotingbloodcirculationandrelievingpain,coolingbloodtostopbleeding,relievingswellingandsoftening,resuscitating,sedating,anti-cancer,etc.
Cure:hematemesis,hematochezia,hematuria,highbloodpressure,herpeszoster,milkpain,oralinflammation,unknownswellingandtoxicity.
Note:Pregnantwomenshouldnottakeit.
Four.Colorfulink
Therearefivecolorsofcolorfulink:red,yellow,blue,white,andgreen,aswellaswhite,ochre,crimson,andcyan.Actually,therearemorethanfivecolors.Thisinkismoreviscous,suitableforwritingandpainting.ThemostusedoneisZhuMo,whichiswrittenforchangesorinstructions.Wucaiinkismadebypulverizingmineralsveryfinely,insteadofblacksmoke,addingmoregluethanmakingblackink,andthemanufacturingmethodisthesameasthatofblackink.
V.Theproductionofink
Themainrawmaterialsusedininkareroughlydividedintoblacksmoke,rubber,spices,preservatives,whicharemadebymechanicaldispersion,uniformity,andmixing.Theequipmentusedtoproduceinkisverysimple.Apotforboilingglue,ameltingbucket,twoliquidreservoirsforgrindingfineliquid(ironpotandbucketaresufficient),andathree-rollerforgrindingequipmentarebetter.
Rawmaterialformula(parts):carbonblack10,boneglue8,phenol0.6,borneol(alsoknownasborneol)0.3,Taikoooil0.2,sodaash0.4.
Preparationmethod:(1)Add0.4partofsodaashto8partsofglue,putitinapotandboilfor8hours,themorerottentheglue,thebetter.Generally,itisheatedandboiledinawaterbath.
(2)Aftertheglueisboiled,addcarbonblacktoit,stirandgrind10times.Thefinertheblackpasteis,thebetter.
(3)Afterdissolvingtheborneolwithalcohol,putitintothegroundblackpastetogetherwithphenolandTaikoooil,andstir.
(4)Add100partsofwater,stirevenly,sieving(180mesh)andbottlingtoobtaintheproduct.
Analysisofinkquality
1.Analysisofinkrawmaterials.Blacksmokeisablackpowderproducedbythermaldecompositionofvariousoilsinanenvironmentwithinsufficientoxygen.Itisoftenusedtomakeblacksmoke.Therawmaterialsinclude:pinewood,tungoil,rapeseedoil,sesameoil,cottonseedoil,lard,whaleoilandmineralcoalandpetroleum.Duetodifferentrawmaterials,thequalityoftheblacksmokeproducedvaries.ThisexperimentisonlyforthepresentThemostcommonlyusedink-makingrawmaterials:pinesmoke,tungoilsmokeandcarbonblackareanalyzed.
Second,inkstickqualityanalysis
Therearemanyfactorstoevaluatethequalityofinksticks,amongwhichthedispersionofinkcolorandinkparticlesisthemostimportant.Asfarasthetypeofinkcolorisconcerned,generallyIncludingblack,purple-black,dark-brown,blue-black,etc.,amongwhichpurple-blackisconsideredthebestinkcolor.Factorsaffectinginkcolorincludethetypeofblacksmoke,thesizeofsmokeparticles,andtheoldandnewinks.Pinesmokeisthemostcommonlyusedininkmaking.Generallyblueinkcolor,whileoilsmokeisdarkbrown.Thelongertheinkisstored,theinkcolorwillgraduallyappearpurple-black.Althoughthecolorofoilsmokeisnotthemostidealinkcolor,thesmokeparticlesarefineandthedispersionisgood.Whentheinkiswrittenonpaper,Ithasmorelusterthanpinesmokeink,sooilfumeisconsideredtobethebestrawmaterialforink.Thedispersibilityofinkparticlesisnotonlyrelatedtotheblacksmokerawmaterial,butalsocloselyrelatedtotheinkmakingconditions,theamountofglueusedandthestorageenvironment.Becausetheinksticksproducedbydifferentbrandsusedifferentrawmaterials,differentformulas,anddifferentmanufacturingconditions,thequalityoftheinksticksisdifferent.
3.Ink-producingability
Forthosewhowriteanddraw,grindinginkisatime-consumingtask.Especiallyforbeginnersorstudentsinschool,inkgivesthemgreatconvenience.Themaincomponentsofinkaresimilartoinkingots.However,inordertopreventprecipitationandcorruption,someelectrolytesandpreservativesmustbeaddedtotheink.Theseadditiveswillmoreorlessaffectthequalityofink.Theglueintheoriginalinkisstillmainlyanimalglue.Inrecentyears,ithasbeengraduallyreplacedbysyntheticrubber,andtheinkqualityhasalsocausedalotofchanges.Whetherthesesyntheticrubbersandadditiveshaveanyadverseeffectsonthepreservationofthepaintingsremainstobefurtherstudied.
Squidink
Background
Theinkonthesquidhasacompletelydifferentcompositionfromtheblackinkusedforwriting.Themelanincontainedinthe"ink"madebysquidisakindofprotein,whichwillbedecomposedovertime.Squidinkwasoriginallyusedtostopbleeding.Sincethe1990s,cuttlefishinkhasattractedwidespreadattentionduetoitshighanti-tumoractivityandoutstandingeffectsinenhancingthebody'simmunity,andithasbecomethemainrawmaterialofJapanesehealthfood.Goldensquidhasthecharacteristicsofhighnutrition,shortlifehistory(usuallyoneyear),fastgrowthandwidedistribution.Itisakindofmarineaquaculturespecieswithgreatdevelopmentprospects,anditisalsothelargestandmostpotentiallyvaluableproteinresourceintheocean.Forthecomprehensivedevelopmentofgoldensquidinkhealthfoodandmedicine,thefollowingnutrientsareprovided.Themainnutrientsofgoldensquidink:moisture83.93%,crudeprotein9.18%,fat0.97%;totalaminoacidcontentis70mg/g,totalessentialaminoacid29.5mg/g,includingasparticacid9.7,threonine4.7,serine3,glutamicacid7.7,glycine4,alanine8.6,valine4.2,isoleucine5,leucine8.7,arginine5.2,phenylalanine2.8mg/g,etc.total17Species;itcontainstraceelementspotassium3756.7,sodium15832,manganese20586.3,calcium19901.7,iron12.15,copper7.91,zinc9.1mg/Kg.Theroleofsquidinkinthefoodindustryhasattractedmuchattention,suchasbread,spaghetti,Philippinesauces,andawidevarietyofJapanesesquidinkfoodsarewidelyloved.
Extractionprocessofinkpolysaccharides
TheextractionprocessofpolysaccharidesofNanhaisquidink:take50gofsquidink,addacertainamountofdistilledwater,adjustpH,andextractwithhotwaterat40℃for4h,4Extractat℃for12h,centrifugeat10000r/minfor40min,repeattwice,takethesupernatantandadd2timesthevolumeofTris-HCl.Addacertainamountofpapain,enzymaticallyhydrolyzefor12h,pH6.8,shakeina60℃waterbath,boilfor10min,inactivatetheenzyme,centrifugeat10000r/minfor20mintoremoveprotein,add1/4volumeofchloroformandn-butanoltothesupernatant(volumeratio4:1.Stirvigorouslywithastirrerfor30minutes,repeattheoperationuntiltheimpurityproteinisremoved,centrifuge,takethesupernatant,andconcentratebyrotaryevaporationto50mLplus4timesabsoluteethanolandalcoholprecipitationovernight.Centrifugeat10000r/minfor10minutes,andthentaketheprecipitateandfilterbysuction.Theprecipitationwaswashedwithabsoluteethanolandacetonetoobtaincrudepolysaccharides.
Theoptimalextractionprocessparametersforthepolysaccharidesfromthesquidinkare:theratioofmaterialtoliquid1:2,thepHoftheextractis5.5,andtheamountofenzymeaddedis1.00%Undertheseconditions,thecrudepolysaccharideyieldwas0.91%,andthepolysaccharidecontentwas9.8%.Theresponsesurfacemethodwasusedtooptimizetheextractionprocessofthepolysaccharidefromthesquidinktoobtainthebestextractionprocess,anditisfeasible.