Source
Thewordcomesfrominformationprocessingtheory(alsoknownasinformationprocessingviewpoint):istheanalogybetweenthehumanbrainandthecomputer,usingthecomputerTheprocessofprocessinginformationsimulatesandexplainsthetheoryofhumanlearningandtheprocessofhumanbrainprocessingexternalstimuli.
CognitivePsychology:Committedtothestudyofhumanadvancedmentalprocesses,suchasmemory,reasoning,informationprocessing,language,problemsolving,decision-makingandcreativeactivities.Usescientificcreativemethodstoexplorethelawsofinternalpsychologicalactivities.
Incomputerscienceandtechnology,informationprocessingistheprocessofremovingthefalseandstoringthetruth,removingtheroughandfine,fromthesurfacetotheinside,andfromtheoutsidetotheother.Itisanactivityprocessthatproducessecondaryinformationwithhighvaluecontentandconvenientforuserstouseonthebasisoforiginalinformation.Thisprocesswilladdvaluetotheinformation.Onlyonthebasisofproperprocessingofinformationcannewandeffectiveinformationorknowledgebeproducedtoguidedecision-making.
Content
(1)Screeninganddiscriminationofinformation:Inalargeamountoforiginalinformation,thereareinevitablysomefalseinformationandfalseinformation,onlyOnlythroughcarefulscreeninganddiscriminationcanwepreventthemixingoffishandfishandthemixingoftrueandfalse.
(2)Classificationandsortingofinformation:Theinformationcollectedisakindofinitial,disorderedandisolatedinformation.Informationisclassifiedandsortedbeforeitcanbestored,retrieved,transmittedandused.
(3)Informationanalysisandresearch:Analyzing,comparing,researchingandcalculatingtheclassifiedandsortedinformationcanmaketheinformationmoreusefulandevenformnewinformation.
Processingmodel
Accordingtotheviewpointofcognitivepsychology,learningisaprocessofinformationprocessing.Asaresultofinformationprocessing,theindividualacquiresknowledgeandstoresitinmemory.So,howdoesknowledgeenterthehumanbrain?Howdopeopleretrieveorextracttheknowledgetheyneedfrommemory?Thisisthequestiontobeansweredintheinformationprocessingprocess.Inordertofacilitatetheunderstandingandexplanationoftheinformationprocessingprocesswithinthehumanbrain,psychologistshaveproposedsomemodelsoftheinformationprocessingprocessrelatedtolearningbasedonalargenumberofresearchresults.ItisaninformationprocessingmodelproposedbyGagneetal.(E.Gagne,Yekovich,&Yekovich,1993;Leahey&Harris,1993).Thismodelrepresentsthegeneralviewofcognitivepsychologistsontheprocessofinformationprocessing.Themodelincludesthreemaincomponents:
Thefirstcomponentistheinformationstoragelibrary,whichissomedatabaseusedtostoreinformation,whichisequivalenttoacomputerusedtostoreinformationDisk.Theinformationrepositoryintheinformationprocessingmodelincludessensorymemory,workingmemoryandlong-termmemory.
Thesecondcomponentisthecognitiveprocessingprocess,whichistheinternalintellectualactivityoftransferringinformationfromonerepositorytoanother,whichisequivalenttothecomputerusedtoissueinstructions,Variousproceduresforconvertinginformation.Cognitiveprocessingintheinformationprocessingmodelincludesattention,perception,retelling,organization,andretrieval.
Thethirdcomponentismetacognition(metacognition),whichisthecognitionofthecognitiveprocess,Includingtheknowledgeaboutthecognitiveprocessthattheindividualpossessesandthecontroloverthecognitiveprocess.Metacognitioncontrolsandcoordinatesvariouscognitiveprocessesthattransferinformationfromonerepositorytoanother.
Adetailedanalysisofthecomponentsoftheinformationprocessingmodel.
Sensorymemoryandrelatedcognitiveprocessingprocess
Alargeamountofstimulusinformationfromtheexternalenvironmentfirstentersthehumansensoryorgans.Therefore,theinformationprocessingprocessoflearningstartsfromfeelingof.
Sensorymemory(sensorymemory)isthefirstinformationrepository,itwilldirectlyretainthestimulusinformationfromtheenvironmentuntiltheyarenoticedandfurtherprocessed.(Neisser,1967)Sensorymemoryhasthefollowingcharacteristics:
1.Theinformationretainedinsensorymemoryexistsinthesameformasitisintheexternalworld,whichisan"unprocessed"state.(LeaheyandHarris,1993)
2.Thecapacityofsensorymemoryisalmostinfinite,butiftheprocessingprocessdoesnotstartimmediately,thememorytraceswillfadeawayquickly.Visualinformationdisappearsfromsensorymemorywithin2secondsandauditoryinformationdisappearsfromsensorymemorywithin2seconds(J.Walker,1996)
Theexistenceofsensorymemoryisessentialforfurtherprocessingofinformation.Sensorymemoryallowsinformationtoberetainedforenoughtimetotransfertothenextrepository,namelyworkingmemory.
Relatedcognitiveprocessingprocesses:attentionandperception
1,attention
Attentionistheconsciousattentiontostimuli,whichdirectsandconcentratesmentalactivitiestoCertainstimuli.Theprocessingofinformationinsensorymemorybeginswithattention.Attentionisthegatewayforexternalinformationtoenterthehumanbrain,andonlytheinformationthatreceivesattentioncanbefurtherprocessedbythehumanbrain.Allotherprocessingdependsonthelearner'sattentiontotheappropriatestimuliinthelearningenvironment.Attractingandmaintainingtheattentionofstudentsisacriticalstepinteaching.Teachersshouldconsciouslytakeappropriatemeasurestokeepstudentspayingattentiontothecontenttaught,andnotbedistractedbyexternalnoiseandotherstimulithatarenotrelatedtolearning.
2.Selectiveperception
Onlypartoftheinformationthatentersthesensorymemoryisnoticed,andmostoftheinformationquicklydisappearsbecauseitisnotnoticed.Thissmallpartofthenoticedinformationbecomestheobjectofselectiveperception,andgetsfurtherperceptualprocessing,sothattheinformationgainsmeaningandentersworkingmemory.Itcanbeseenthatselectiveperceptionistheprocessofmakingthepartoftheinformationthathasbeenpaidattentiontogainmeaning.Selectiveperceptionisthekeylinkinwhetherinformationcanenterworkingmemoryfromsensorymemory.Thelearner'sattentionstate,motivationstate,previousexperienceandexpectationswillallaffecttheselectiveperceptionofinformation.
Learningtheory
Thoseconsideredtobewithinthescopeofinformationprocessingtheorycanberoughlydividedintothefollowingthreecategories:(1)Informationtheoryfocusingonmathematicalstatisticalanalysis;(2)Focusingoncomputersimulation(3)Cognitiveinformationprocessingtheoryfocusingonpracticalapplications.
InformationTheoryandInformationAnalysis
TheAmericanscholarC.Shannonisrecognizedasthefatherofinformationtheory.Toputitsimply,Shannon'smeasurementfocusesonthesimilaritybetweensentandreceivedmessagesinordertocalculatehowmuchinformationthesenderandreceivercanget.Shannonregardstheexchangeofmessagesasacharacteristicofcommunication.Therefore,informationtheoryisconcernedwiththeimpactofmessagesthatmayhavebeendelivered,aswellasthesignalsthatareactuallydelivered.Informationanalysisfocusesontheconsistencyoftheparticipants’responsestothestimulipresentedinaseriesofattempts.Generallyspeaking,psychologistsbelievethatinformationtheoryhelpspeopleformamodelthattreatshumansasinformationprocessors.Thismodelemphasizestheroleofactivechoiceswhenpeoplerespondtostimuli,ratherthanthepassiveroleofpeopleasseeninthestimulus-responsetheory.Atthesametime,somepeoplethink(Simno,1979)thattheresearchfocusonnarrowlaboratoryanalysisisnotveryhelpfulforunderstandingtheprocessofhumanproblemsolving.
Computersimulation
Theconceptoftreatingpeopleasinformationprocessorsislinkedtothedevelopmentofcomputertechnology.Computersimulationusuallyreferstothemethodusedwhenusingcomputersandcomputerlanguagetodescribetheprocessofhumaninformationprocessing.ThemosttypicalpersoninthisregardisSimon.Hebelievesthatthereisaone-to-onecorrespondencebetweenhumancognitiveactivitiesandcomputers(seefigure).Theyproposedabasicstructureinvolvedinproblem-solvingbehavior,whichtheycalledan"informationprocessingsystem"or"IPS".
CognitiveInformationProcessingTheory
Learningessentiallyconsistsofacquiringandusinginformation.Oneoftheirbasicassumptionsisthatbehaviorisdeterminedbytheinformationflowwithintheorganism.Sincethiskindofinformationflowisjustaconjecture,itcanneverbedirectlyobserved.Therefore,psychologistshaveconstructeddifferentmodelstoderivethisinformation;itdependsonwhichinternalprocessthetheoristwantstoexplain.Perhaps,manyoftheinformationflowdiagramstochoosefromaretenable.Butingeneral,informationprocessingtheoristsaremainlyconcernedwiththesetwoissues:(1)thenatureofthehumanmemorysystem;(2)thewayinwhichknowledgeisrepresentedandstoredinthememorysystem.Thetheoryofinformationprocessinglearningcanbeusedtoexplainmanyhumanthinkingprocesses,makinghumanhigh-levelpsychologicalprocessesnolongersomysterious.Withthehelpofreasonablescientificmethods,peoplewillhaveabetterunderstandingofthispsychologicalprocess.
Fromtheperspectiveoflearningtheory,informationprocessingtheoryisenlighteninginthefollowingaspects:(1)StimulusselectionisnotarandomprocesslikeEstessaid,so,Notonlyconsiderthecharacteristicsofthestimulus,butalsopayattentiontothelearner’sexistinginformationorcognitiveschema.(2)Theenergyforprocessinginformationinshort-termmemoryislimited.Ifstudentsareblindlyrequiredtomasteralargeamountofinformationinashortperiodoftime,anddonotleavethemtimeforprocessingorthinking,theresultwillinevitablybelikeabearpickingcorn.one.(3)"Block"theory,inordertoenablestudentstolearnasmuchknowledgeaspossibleinashorttime,wemustorganizeknowledgeintomeaningfulblocksandreducemechanicallearning.(4)Informationcodingnotonlyhelpsstudentsunderstand,butalsohelpsinformationstorageandextraction.Teacherscandoalotinhelpingstudentsusevariousstrategiestocode.Atthesametime,peoplemustclearlyrealizethattheanalysisofinformationprocessingtheoryattentionsystem,codingsystemandmemorysystemisbasedonspeculation.
Mattersneedingattention
InformationprocessingprocessPayattentiontothefollowingtwopoints:
(1)InformationProcessingshouldbegoodatusingcreativethinking,qualitativeanalysisandquantitativeanalysisofinformationcontent,andfindouttheessentialregularity.Ifonlylimitedtointroductionsanddatalistings,thiskindofinformationprocessinghaslittleeffect.
(2)Intheprocessofinformationprocessing,itisnecessarytoprocessandsortinformationbasedonfacts,avoidsubjectiveassumptions,andpiecetogetherinformationofdifferenttimes,differentspaces,anddifferentproperties,causinginformationdistortion;avoidartificiallyExaggerate,reduce,orchangeobjectivethingsinprocessing.
Ways
Fromdifferentperspectives,therearevariousdivisionsofinformationprocessingmethods.
Accordingtothedepthofprocessingfunction
Accordingtothedepthofprocessingfunction,informationprocessingcanbedividedintothreetypes:preprocessingprocessing,businessprocessingprocessinganddecisionprocessingprocessing.Thefirsttypeistosimplyorganizeinformation,andwhatisprocessedispre-information.Thesecondcategoryistoanalyzeinformationandsynthesizeinformationthatassistsdecision-making.Thethirdcategoryistoperformstatisticalinferencesoninformation,whichcangeneratedecision-makinginformation.
Dataprocessingbecomespre-informationorstatisticalinformationafterprocessing,andstatisticalinformationbecomesusefulinformationfordecision-makingonlyafterprocessing.Thiskindofconversiontakestime,sotimedelayisinevitablygenerated.Thisisalsoanimportantfeatureofinformationprocessing-hysteresis,whichmustbepaidattentiontoinuse.Thereisacontradictionbetweenthelagofinformationandthetimelinessofinformation.Informationworkersmustrecognizethelagofinformationandminimizeoreliminatetherestrictionandinfluenceoflagontimeliness.
Accordingtotheprocessingresponsetime
Accordingtotheprocessingresponsetime,theinformationprocessingmethodcanbedividedintotwotypes:
(1)Oneisthe"real-timeprocessingtype"thatprocessesthesentdataimmediatelyandrespondsimmediately.Generally,thereal-timeprocessingsystemonlyallowstheprocessingofdeterminedtasks,andislimitedtoroutineoperations.Thisistoensurethetimelinessofresponse.
(2)Theotheristhe"batchtype"thatstoresthesentdatauptoacertainamountortime,andthenprocessesitcollectively.Thisprocessingmethodissuitableforthefollowingtwostatisticalanalysisservices:ifacertainamountofnecessarydataisnotcollected,therewillbenoprocessingmeaningandeffect;thereisnoneedtorushtoobtaintheprocessingresults.
Fromtheperspectiveofdevelopment,informationprocessingisdevelopingfrombatchprocessingtoonlineprocessing,andfrompost-processingtoreal-timeprocessing.
Accordingtothedistancebetweenthesystemandtheuser
Accordingtothedistancebetweenthesystemandtheuser,informationprocessingmethodscanbedividedintoremoteprocessingmethodsandlocalprocessingmethods.Remoteprocessingreferstothewaythatusersdonotneedtogototheinformationcenter,butusearemotecomputerforprocessingthroughcommunicationlines.Infact,remoteprocessingisaremoteonlineprocessingmethod.Becauseexceptfortheterminalandcommunicationcontroller,itisexactlythesameasbatchprocessing.Contrarytoremoteprocessing,localprocessingreferstothewaythecomputerisusedwhereitisplaced.Infact,onlyinthecaseofdistinguishingbetweenremoteprocessingandlocalprocessing,thisconceptisusedmoreoften,thatis,thewayinwhichcomputersdistributedinvariousplacesinacomputernetworkprocesseachiscalledlocalprocessing.
Accordingtothemanagementandcomputerconfigurationofenterprisesandinstitutions
Accordingtothemanagementandcomputerconfigurationofenterprisesandinstitutions,informationprocessingmethodscanbedividedintocentralizedanddistributed.Centralizedistoplacecomputersindesignatedplacessuchasunitagencies,andthecentralcomputerisresponsibleforprocessingfunctionsandprocessingcapacity;distributedisbasedonaunifiedplan,andcomputersystemsofappropriatescalesareinstalledinunitagenciesandtheirsubordinateunits,respectivelyUndertakeprocessingfunctionsandprocessingvolume.Whenchoosingbetweencentralizedordistributed,variousinternalandexternalconditionsoftheenterprisemustbeconsidered.
Accordingtowhetheracomputerisusedornot
Traditionalinformationprocessingismainlycarriedoutbythehumanbrain,andthenmanualequipmentandcomputershaveappearedoneafteranother.Inotherwords,therearegenerallytwomethodsforinformationprocessing:manualprocessingandcomputerprocessing.Usingmanualmanagementtoprocessinformationisnotonlycumbersomeanderror-prone,butalsotheprocessingprocesstakesalongtime,whichisfarfrommeetingtheneedsofmanagementdecision-making.Thecontinuousdevelopmentandapplicationoftechnologiessuchascomputersandartificialintelligencehavegreatlyshortenedtheinformationprocessingtimeandmetthedecision-makingneedsofmanagers.Atthesametime,peoplehavealsogotridofthetediousmanualmanagementmethods.
Computerinformationprocessingistheuseofcomputersfordataprocessing,andintheprocessofprocessing,alargenumberofmathematicalmodelsareused.Thealgorithmsofthesemodelsareoftenquitecomplex,ofteninvolvingalargenumberofiterationsandloops.However,therearemanysoftwarepackagestochoosefrom,suchasstatisticalsoftwarepackages,predictionsoftwarepackages,mathematicalprogrammingsoftwarepackages,simulationsoftwarepackages,andsoon.Inthepast,managementworkmostlyreliedontheexperienceofmanagerstoprocessinformation,andthefewoperationsneededwerelimitedtosimplearithmeticoperationsandsimplestatisticalprocessing.Manymethodsinmathematicalstatisticsandoperationsresearchhaveenteredthefieldofeconomicmanagementwiththeprogressofmanagementmodernization.Inparticular,therelationshipbetweenmodernstatisticalmethodsandinformationprocessingisgettingcloser.Asabasictoolforinformationprocessing,modernstatisticalmethodswillplayanincreasinglyimportantrole.Nowadays,manylargecomputerdataprocessingsystemsgenerallyhavethreelibraries,namelydatabase,modellibraryandmethodlibrary.Generally,themodellibraryisthecore,thedatabaseprovidesitwithnecessaryinformation,andthemethodlibraryprovidesitwithcorrespondingmethods.Therearemanystandardalgorithmsinthemethodlibrary,andmodelsfordifferentproblemsarestoredinthemodellibrary,andthedatabaseisequippedwithnecessarydata.Amongthem,themodelandthemethodarebothrelatedanddifferent.Themodelisproposedonthebasisofmanagementtheoryandpractice.Itreflectsthequantitativeorqualitativerelationshipbetweenvariousfactorsinmanagement.ItisadescriptionThespecificlawinthisfield;methodreferstoacertainmathematicalcalculationmethod(forexample,regressionanalysismethod,trendextrapolationmethod,gamemethod,etc.),whichisindependentofmanagement.Therefore,themodelcanusevariousmethods,andthesamemethodcanalsobeusedbymultiplemodels.Fromanapplicationpointofview,themodelisthesubstantivecontent,andthemethodisthetool.
Methods
Fordifferentprocessinggoals,therearemanymethodstosupportinformationprocessing,whichcanbesummarizedintofivecategories:statisticallearningmethods,machinelearningmethods,uncertaintytheory,andvisualizationTechnologyanddatabasetechnology.
Thechoiceofinformationprocessingmethoddependsontheproblemitself,butpracticehasprovedthatitisdifficulttojudgetheprosandconsofthesemethods,andtheprocessingresultsarehighlydependentonthedataset.Foragivendatasetandagivengoal,thereisstillnoacceptedstandardtochooseanappropriateinformationprocessingmethod.Inpracticalapplications,informationprocessingisoftenrealizedbyintegratingmultiplemethods.
Inthepast,statisticalresearchmainlyfocusedonthetestingofpredeterminedhypothesesandthemodelfittingofdata.Themethodsusedareusuallybasedonprobabilitymodels.Atpresent,thefocusofstatisticshasgraduallyshiftedfrommodelestimationtomodelselection.Itisnolongerjustlookingforthebestparametervalues,buttakingthestructureofthemodelaspartofthesearchprocess.Thistrendisverysuitableforthepurposeofinformationprocessing.Modernstatisticalmethodsareincreasinglycloselyrelatedtoinformationprocessing.Asabasictoolofinformationprocessing,statisticsmethodsareplayinganincreasinglyimportantrole.
Statisticallearningmethods
*Correlationanalysis
*Regressionanalysis
*MainComponentanalysis
*Clusteranalysis
*Timeseriesanalysis
*Discriminantanalysis
Machinelearningmethod
*Ruleinduction
*Casestudymethod
*Geneticalgorithm
*Immunealgorithm
*Antcolonyalgorithm
*Decisiontreemethod
Visualizationtechnology
Uncertaintytheory
*Bayesiannetwork
*Fuzzylogic
*RoughSetTheory
*EvidenceTheory
*GreyTheory
*ExtensionTheory
Database/Datawarehousetechnology
*Dataset-orientedmethod
*Attribute-orientedinduction
*Databasestatistics
*Dataminingtechnology
*Datawarehousetechnology
*Onlineanalysistechnology