Extendeddefinition
Informationisthelabelofsubstance,energy,informationanditsattributes.InverseWienerInformationDefinition
Informationisincreasingcertainty.InverseShannonInformationDefinition
Informationisacollectionofthings,phenomenaandtheirattributes.2002
Definition
Ifwesaythatintheindustrialeconomy,traditionalindustriessuchassteel,automobiles,petrochemicals,lightandtextileindustries,energy,transportation,telephonecommunications,etc.,playImportantrole,then,intheinformationeconomy,chips,integratedcircuits,computerhardwareandsoftware,opticalfiberandcable,satellitecommunicationsandmobilecommunications,datatransmission,informationnetworksandinformationservices,newmaterials,newEmergingindustrysectorssuchasenergy,bioengineering,environmentalprotection,aerospaceandoceans,etc.Atthesametime,sectorssuchasscienceandtechnology,education,culture,andarthavebecomemoreandmoreimportantthroughindustrialization.Thedevelopmentofthiskindofinformationeconomywillnotonlydenytheexistenceofagriculturaleconomy,industrialeconomy,andserviceeconomy.Onthecontrary,itwillpromotethequalityofthesethreeeconomiestobegreatlyimprovedthroughinformatization,andleadtoanintangibleinformation-basedeconomyinsteadofatangibleeconomy.Thematerialeconomyisinadominantpositionintheentireeconomy.
Origin
Thefirstpersonwhoproposedtheconceptof"informationeconomy"wastheAmericanscholarProfessorF.Mahchlup.Hefirstproposedthe"knowledgeindustry"intheclassicworkontheinformationeconomy"KnowledgeProductionandDistributionintheUnitedStates",whichincludesfiveaspectsofeducation,scientificresearchanddevelopment,communicationmedia,informationfacilitiesandinformationactivities,andboldlyTheinnovativeworkhascalculatedtheproportionofthe"knowledgeindustry"(thatis,theinformationindustry)intheUSnationaleconomy.
Accordingtohisestimation,29%oftheUSgrossnationalproduct(GNP)in1958camefromtheinformationindustry.Morethan32%oftheinputoftheentirelaborercomesfrominformationproductionandactivities.
Features
Theinformationrevolutionisahigh-techrevolutionsetoffunderthenewsituationoftechnologicalintegrationandnonlineardevelopment.Inadditiontoinformationtechnology,high-techalsoincludesbiology,newmaterials,newenergy,aerospace,marinedevelopment,andotherhigh-techtechnologies,butsofar,informationtechnologyisthemostmatureandfastest-growinghigh-techamongthem.Comparedwithotherhigh-tech,ithastwonotablefeatures:
First,itisextremelypermeableandtheresultingwiderangeofapplicationsisalmost"mercurydrippingintothegroundandpervasive";
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Thesecondisthatitcanbecombinedwiththedevelopmentandutilizationofinformationresources,whichwillcomprehensivelyexpandandstrengthenhumaninformationfunctions,especiallymanagementanddecision-makingfunctions.Theinformationrevolutionisbothatechnologicalrevolutionandanindustrialrevolution.Itisprofoundlychangingthewayhumanbeingsproduce,live,work,study,andthink.
Category
In1973,DanielBell,asociologistatHarvardUniversityintheUnitedStates,developedtheconceptof"informationeconomy"inhisbook"TheComingofthePost-IndustrialSociety".Bellbelievesthatdevelopedcountrieshavedevelopedfromapre-industrialsocietytoanindustrialsociety,andfinallyreachedthestageofapost-industrialsociety.Inthenewsocialstage,thebasicstrategicresources,tools,laborenvironment,andculturalconceptsofeconomicactivitieshaveundergoneaseriesofchanges.
In1977,Dr.MarkPorat(M.V.Porat)ofStanfordUniversitycompletedthe9-volumemasterpiece"InformationEconomy:DefinitionandMeasurement"withfundingfromtheUSDepartmentofCommerce.Poratconductedamorein-depthstudyonthebasisofMackloop’sresearchresults.Theeconomyisdividedintotwocategories:
(1)Thefieldinvolvingthetransformationofmatterandenergyfromoneformtoanother;
(2)ThefieldinvolvingthetransformationofinformationfromoneformtoanotherTheformshiftstotherealmofanotherform.
Secondly,hegaveaseriesofdefinitionsofinformation,informationresources,informationlabor,andinformationactivitiesthathavebotheconomicmeaningandcanbemeasured.AfterBelldistinguishedbetweenindustrialsocietyandpost-industrialsociety,Porat,Machlupandothersusedspecificeconomicanalysisandnumericalcalculationstoshowthatfromthemiddleandlate1960stothe1970s,developedcountriessuchastheUnitedStatesandothercapitalisteconomieshavegraduallyevolvedfromindustrialization.Themainindicatorofthetransitionfromtheeconomytotheinformationeconomyisthatmorethanhalfoftheeconomicactivitieshavebeenrelatedtoinformationactivities.
Perfect
Accordingtoestimates,in1967,46%oftheUSGDPwasrelatedtoinformationactivities;abouthalfofthelaborforcewasrelatedtoinformationoccupations,and53%oftheincomeofemployeescamefromThistypeofoccupationalincome.Porat'sresearchnotonlyshowsthecontinuousgrowthoftheinformationindustryintheUnitedStates,butalsofurtherimprovestheconcept,methodandcalculationsystemoftheinformationeconomy,sothatthemacroeconomicindicatorsandmicroinformationactivitieshavebeenorganicallycombined.
BecauseoftheinformationeconomyconceptandmeasurementofMachlup-Porat,notonlyhasasystemintheory,butalsocanbeusedinpractice.Therefore,theirconceptsandmethodsarewidelyusedintheworld.
Measurementstandards
TheestablishmentoftheinformationeconomycanalsobeclarifiedbasedontheprinciplesofMarxistpoliticaleconomy:distinguishinganeconomiceraisnotbasedonwhatitproduces,butbasedonitHowtoproduceandwhatmeansoflaborareusedtoproduce.Fromthisperspective,specificmeasurementstandardsareproposed.Iftheinformationeconomyisviewedasaneconomicera,therearethreequantitativestandards:
(1)Theproportionoftheinformationsectorisgreaterthantheproportionofthematerialsector;
(2)TheproportionofoutputvaluecreatedbytheinformationsectorinGNP;
(3)Theproportionofinformationworkersinthetotalemployedpopulation.Ifthesethreeindicatorsaremorethan50%,itcanberegardedasthedominantpositionoftheinformationeconomy.
Determinetheangle
Theconceptandscopeoftheinformationeconomycanbedeterminedfrommanyangles:
1.Fromatheoreticalpointofview,theinformationeconomyisamaterialTheeconomicantithesisisproposed.Thatistosay,everyproductandeveryservicecontainstwoparts:materialandinformation.Ifthematerialpartoftheproductandlaboraccountsformorethantheinformationpart,itisthematerialeconomy;iftheinformationpartaccountsformorethanthematerialpartTheproportionistheinformationeconomy.Onceaneconomybasedonmaterialsandenergyistransformedintoaneconomybasedoninformationandknowledge,itistheinformationeconomy,anditwillbecomeamajortrendinthedevelopmentoftheworldeconomy.
2.Fromtheperspectiveofdevelopmentstrategy,theinformationeconomyisanindispensableeconomiccomponentofthenationaleconomy.Regardlessofthenatureofthestatesystemandsociety,itexistsobjectively.Thedifferenceisonlyinitssize.Thestudyoftheinformationeconomyisnotonlytomakeaquantitativedescriptionofthescaleofthemacro-informationeconomy,butalsotoenableustograspthecharacteristicsofmoderneconomicdevelopmentthroughtheanalysisoftheinformationeconomy,soastoeffectivelyformulatelong-termdevelopmentplans.
3.Fromtheperspectiveofeconomiesofscale,theinformationeconomyisthecentralcontentofeconomicactivities.Itsbiggestfeatureisthatthenumberofpeopleengagedininformation-relatedemploymentexceedshalfofallemploymentinthesociety,andithasthelargesteconomyofscale.Itcanbeexpressedinthreeforms:thesocializationofinformation,themodernizationofinformation,andthecommercializationofinformation.
4.Fromaquantitativepointofview,theinformationeconomyisaneconomybasedontheproductionandprovisionofinformationproductsandlaborservicesinadditiontotheeconomybasedonagricultureandindustry.Theinformationeconomycomponentisaquantitativeindicatorofthetransitionfrommaterialandenergy-basedtoinformation-based,quantitativelymeasuringtheproportionoftheaddedvalueoftheinformationsectorinthegrossnationalproductandtheproportionofpersonnelengagedininformationactivitiesinthesocialworkforce.Itisaspecificdescriptionofthescaleoftheinformationeconomy.
5.Fromtheperspectiveoftechnicalstructure,wheninformationtechnologyiswidelyusedandbecomesthemainsupportingfoundationofthesocialmaterialindustry,theinformationeconomywillnaturallytakeshape.Theinformationeconomyisnotlimitedtoinformationtechnologyandtheinformationindustryitself,butonlywheninformationhaslaidasolidmaterialfoundationandprovidedthenecessarymaterialpreconditionsforeconomic,political,culturalandothersocialaspects,canittrulybecomeaninformationeconomysociety.
Inanutshell,theinformationeconomyisbasedoninformationresourcesandinformationtechnologyasameanstocontroleconomicgrowth,socialoutput,andemploymentthroughtheproductionofknowledge-intensiveinformationproductsandinformationservices.Thelatesteconomicstructure.Itisconsideredtobethemostmoderneconomicformaftertheagriculturaleconomyandindustrialeconomy.
Developmentstatus:
The"2015ChinaInformationEconomyResearchReport"showsthatin2014,thescaleofmycountry'sinformationeconomyincreasedby21.1%year-on-yearinnominalterms,whichwassignificantlyhigherthantheGDPgrowthrate.ThecontributionoftheinformationeconomytoGDPgrowthreached58.4%,whichisclosetoorevensurpassingthelevelofsomedevelopedcountries.AccordingtothecalculationoftheInstituteofTelecommunicationsoftheMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnology,thecontributionratesoftheinformationeconomyoftheUnitedStates,Japan,andtheUnitedKingdomtoGDPduringthesameperiodwere69.4%,42.2%,and44.2%,respectively.Accordingtotheinstructionsprovidedinthereport,theinformationeconomyiscalculatedbythestatisticalsummationoftheproductionpartandtheapplicationpart.In2014,thescaleoftheproductionpartoftheinformationeconomywas4.2trillionyuan,anominalincreaseof11.6%year-on-year;thescaleoftheapplicationpartoftheinformationeconomywas11.9trillionyuan,anominalincreaseof24.8%year-on-year.
Thereportpointedoutthatmycountry’seconomyisinacriticalhistoricalperiodoftransformationandupgrading.Asaneweconomicform,theinformationeconomyisbecominganinevitablechoiceforimprovingeconomicqualityandenhancingindustrialcompetitiveness.Ontheonehand,theinformationeconomyhasgreatlyoptimizedtheeconomicstructure.TheapplicationoftechnologiessuchasmobileInternet,cloudcomputing,andtheInternetofThingshasaprofoundimpactontechnologydevelopment,productionandprocessing,andbusinessmodels,creatingopportunitiesfortheupgradingoftraditionalindustries.Ontheotherhand,theinformationeconomycanreducetransactioncosts,greatlystimulateentrepreneurialenthusiasminallsectorsofsociety,andexpandemploymentmodels.Thereportsuggeststhatinthefuture,mycountrystillneedstomakealotofeffortstofurtherplaytheleadingroleoftheinformationeconomy.Firstofall,effortsshouldbemadetoopenuppublicdataresourcessothatthepubliccanenjoyfair,efficient,high-qualityandconvenientservices.Secondly,itisnecessarytostrengthentheintellectualpropertystrategyandincreasetheprotectionoftheinnovativeachievementsofemergingbusinesstypes.Inaddition,mycountryshouldimprovethebasicsupportofthecreditsystem,cultivateacreditservicemarket,andgiveplaytotheeconomicandsocialvalueofthecreditsystem.
Structuralcharacteristics
Theinformationeconomyhasthesamecharacteristicsasothereconomies,butalsohasaseriesofuniquestructuralcharacteristics.Withthefurtherdevelopmentofinformationtechnology,especiallytherapiddevelopmentandwideapplicationofmicroelectronicstechnology,thestructureoftheworld'sinformationeconomyisundergoingdramaticchangesinrecentyears.Thestructuralcharacteristicsoftheinformationeconomyarebecomingmoreandmoreobvious,whicharemainlyreflectedinthefollowingaspects:
1.Theenterprisestructureoftheinformationeconomyisknowledge-andtechnology-intensive.Thetraditionalenterprisestructureislabor-intensiveorcapital-intensive,whiletheemerginginformationenterprisestructureisknowledge-andtechnology-intensive.Notonlydoesithavelowinvestmentandhighefficiency,itwilleventuallyliberatehumanbeingsfromheavymanuallabor.Getcomprehensivedevelopment.
2.Thelaborstructureoftheinformationeconomyisintellectuallabortype.Thestatusofthecorporatestructuredeterminesthestatusofthelaborstructure.Sincethecorporatestructureoftheemerginginformationeconomyisknowledge-andtechnology-intensive,thelaborstructure,whichisdominatedbyscientists,engineers,andsoftwaredevelopers,willinevitablyundergofundamentalchanges.Changes,traditionalmanualworkerswillbere-educatedtobecomenewmentalworkers.
3.Theindustrialstructureoftheinformationeconomyislow-consumptionandhigh-efficiency.Thesecutting-edgeinformationindustryclustersbasedonemergingscientificknowledgeandhightechnologyhavethenewcharacteristicsofhighefficiency,highgrowth,highefficiencyandlowpollution,lowenergyconsumption,andlowconsumption.Intheprocessofincreasingdeclineoftraditionalindustries,newindustrieswithspecializationandminiaturizationaredevelopingrapidly.Thischangeintheindustrialstructureanditstechnologicalstructurewillgreatlyincreaselaborproductivity.
4.Theinstitutionalstructureoftheinformationeconomyisminiaturizedanddecentralized.Small-scaledecentralizedhorizontalnetworkmanagementsystemwillreplacecentralized,largeandmutuallyconstrainingtraditionalpyramid-shapedinstitutionalstructure.Horizontalorganizationssuchassmallcompaniesandsmallfactorieswillreplaceverticalorganizationssuchaslargecompaniesandlargefactories.Theminiaturizationanddecentralizationoftheinstitutionalstructureoftheinformationeconomybynomeansmeansareductioninthedegreeofsocializationofproduction.Onthecontrary,throughinformatization,productionissocializedinawideranddeeperdegree.
5.Theconsumptionstructureoftheinformationeconomywillbediversified.Traditionalindustrialproductionisalarge-scalecentralizedproductionwithsingleandstandardizedproducts.Althoughcompletesetsofproduction,thevarietyissmallandthescaleismonotonous,whichcannotmeetthediversesocialneedsintime.Duetotheflexibleanddecentralizedproductionoftheinformationeconomy,theconsumablesitprovideswillbemorecolorfulandmoreinlinewithpeople'sactuallifeneeds.
6.Theenergystructureoftheinformationeconomyisrenewable.Theenergystructureofthetraditionaleconomyisnon-renewable,suchascoalandoil.Ifitconsumesalittle,itwillconsumeless.Itcannotberegenerated,andithasalotofwaste,lowefficiency,andseriouspollution.Theenergystructureoftheinformationeconomyismainlyrenewable,suchassolarenergy,biologicalenergy,oceanenergy,etc.Theyarenotonlyrenewable,inexhaustibleandinexhaustible,butalsouseful,cleanandefficient.
MaterialEconomy
AmericanentrepreneurPaulHawkenputforwardthe"informationeconomy"inthebook"FutureEconomy"withtheconceptof"materialeconomy".Hawkenbelievesthateveryproductandeveryservicecontainstwocomponents:materialandinformation.Inthetraditional"materialeconomy",asfarastheentiresocietyisconcerned,productsandserviceswithmaterialcomponentsgreaterthaninformationcomponentsdominate.
Inthe"informationeconomy",productsandserviceswithinformationcontentgreaterthanmaterialcontentwilldominate.Thefuturetrendwillbethetransitionfrommaterialeconomytoinformationeconomy,andtheratioofmaterialtoinformationinproductsischangingandwillchangefurther.Thefutureeconomicprosperitydependsonthischange.
Knowledgeeconomy
Knowledgeeconomy
KnowledgeeconomywasfirstproposedbytheUnitedNationsresearchinstitutein1990.In1996,theOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentofficiallyusedtheconceptof"knowledge-basedeconomy"inaninternationalorganizationdocumentforthefirsttime.Itsconnotationis:knowledgeeconomyisbasedonmodernscienceandtechnology,basedontheproductionEconomyabovestorage,useandconsumption.ThereasonwhytheknowledgeeconomyisproposedinWesterncountriesisthatinnovationhasbecomethemostscarcefactorineconomicdevelopment,whileothereconomicfactorsarerelativelysufficient.
TheUnitedStatesandotherdevelopedcountrieshaveenteredthestageof"knowledgemanagement"inthedevelopmentoftheinformationeconomy.Frominformation-basedinthepasttothecurrentemphasisonknowledgeinnovation,itnotonlyattachesimportancetoinformationusers’responseandUse,andpaymoreattentiontotransforminginformationintoknowledge.Knowledgeeconomyisaneconomicformbasedonthelatesttechnologyandtheessenceofhumanknowledge.Itisdevelopedonthebasisofindustrialeconomyandinformationeconomy,anditsmainactivitiesaretheproduction,dissemination,transferanduseofknowledge.Intheeraofknowledgeeconomy,oneofthemosttypicalandbasiccharacteristicsisthatthestatusofknowledgeasafactorofproductionhasbeenunprecedentedlyimproved,knowledgehaspenetratedwidelyintoalleconomicsectors,andknowledgeitselfhasbecomeamoremarket-orientedproduct.
Theconnectionofknowledgeeconomy
Fromtheperspectiveofinformationeconomyandknowledgeeconomyandrelatedconcepts,wecandrawthefollowingconclusion:
Thetwoarecloselyrelated,non-splittable.Theknowledgeeconomywasbornoutoftheinformationeconomy,theinformationeconomyputforwardfirst,andtheknowledgeeconomyputforwardlater.
Ontheonehand,theknowledgeeconomyisproposedandrecognizedbypeople,whichreflectstheuniversalacceptanceandrecognitionoftherapiddevelopmentprocessofpost-industrialsocietyorinformationsocietyindevelopedcountriesintheworldtoday.
Ontheotherhand,itisimpossibletodevelopaknowledgeeconomywithoutahighlydevelopedinformationeconomyasthefoundation.
Becausethedevelopmentandgrowthoftheinformationeconomyisaprerequisiteforthegenerationanddevelopmentoftheknowledgeeconomy,theestablishmentanddevelopmentoftheknowledgeeconomycannotdowithoutinformationscienceandtechnology,thatis,theinformationeconomybasedonit.TheUnitedStatesisthecountrythatfirstproposedtheknowledgeeconomyandhasthemostmatureconditionsforthedevelopmentoftheknowledgeeconomy,butitisstillstudyingtheinformationeconomyindepth,planninganddevelopingtheinformationeconomy.
Forexample,inagovernmentreportreleasedbytheU.S.DepartmentofCommerceinApril1999,aboutonequarterofthetopeconomicgrowthrateintheU.S.comesfromtheinformationindustry,andthereport’stitleis"TheRisingDigitalEconomy."Notaknowledgeeconomy.Thisshowsthatonlyonthebasisofahighlydevelopedinformationeconomycanwevigorouslydeveloptheknowledgeeconomy.
Thedifferencebetweenknowledgeeconomy
Thereisadifferencebetweeninformationeconomyandknowledgeeconomy:
(1)InformationeconomyismainlybasedoninformationscienceandtechnologyEconomy,andknowledgeeconomyisaneconomybasedontheentirescienceandtechnology.
(2)Boththeinformationeconomyandtheknowledgeeconomyareknowledge-intensiveeconomies,butknowledgeinthelattercontainsmoreextensivecontent,includingnotonlytheinformationindustry,butalsomodernindustry,modernagricultureandmodernservicesIndustry.
(3)Relatedconceptssuchasinformation,knowledge,informationeconomy,andknowledgeeconomystillhavedifferencesinlevels.
Atthisstage,thematerialproductioneconomysuchasmycountry'sindustrialeconomyandagriculturaleconomystilldominates.Withtheadvancementoftheinformatizationofthenationaleconomy,theinformationeconomyhasemergedandisdevelopingrapidly,butithasnotyetbeenfullydeveloped.Inthiscase,itisnecessarytopromotethedevelopmentoftheinformationeconomywiththeviewpointoftheknowledgeeconomy,butitcannotbeusedtoreplacetheinformationeconomy.
Newfeatures
Today,morethanhalfoftheemployeesindevelopedcountriesareengagedininformation-basedwork.Ifthecurrentpredictionsarecorrect,then4/5ofallhumanworkinthenext10yearswillberelatedtoinformation.Inotherwords,moreandmorepeopleturnpersonnelaffairsintoknowledgework.
Inthecomingeraofinformationeconomy,worldwidecomputernetworkingwillenablemoreandmorefieldstoreplaceproductcirculationwithdatacirculation,evolveproductionintoservices,andindustriallaborintoinformationlabor.Thenewfeaturesoftheinformationeconomyinclude:informationproductscanbesoldandexchangedwithoutleavingtheiroriginalowners;thisproductcanbecopiedanddistributedinlargenumbersthroughcomputernetworkswithoutadditionalcosts;thevalueincreaseisthroughknowledgeratherthanworkThemainformofknowledgeflowtoproductsissoftware.
Withthedeepeningofinformatization,thetwobasicpillarsoflaborcultureinindustrialsociety-timeandfixedjobs-willretreattoasecondaryposition.Traditionallifesuccessconditions,suchasdiplomasanddegrees,aredecreasinginimportance.Standardizedandfixed-modelvocationaltraininghasbeenunabletokeepupwiththeneedsofthedevelopmentofthetimes.Thejobstillexists,butthereisnolongerastable"jobposition".
Outstandingproblems
Intheinformationeconomy,therelationshipbetweenincome,workefficiencyandworkinghoursisbecominglooser.Itismoreandmoreirrelevanttotheworkingtimeinvested,butfirstlydependsonskills,originalityandtheabilitytoquicklydiscovernewproblemsandusecreativewaystosolvethem.
ResearchDiscipline
InformationEconomics