Hypertext

History

In1945,VannevarBushproposedtheconceptcalled"memoryextender",whichisgroundbreakinginformationTheorganizationmethodformsthebasisoftoday'shypertext.Cross-referencelinksbetweentextsallowuserstolookupinformationinanon-linearway,similartothewayhumansthink—thatis,throughassociationsratherthanlinearsequences.Inordertocreatethese"Lenovo"links,individualfactorswillbelabeled,sothatadynamiclinkthatopensthesystemcanbeobtained.Thedesigner'staskistocreatecontent,determinelinks,andmakesimpleandclearguidanceinanon-linearwayoforganizinginformation.

In1963,TedNelsoncoinedtheterm"hypertext."In1981,Detusedtheterm"hypertext"inhisbooktodescribethisidea:tocreatealargeglobaldocument,withvariouspartsofthedocumentdistributedondifferentservers.Byactivatinghypertextitemscalledlinks,suchasbibliographyinresearchpapers,youcanjumptocitedpapers.

HypertextisanewEnglishwordcreatedbyAmericanscholarNelsonin1965.Hypermeans"super","upper","outer","side"andsooninancientGreek.Nelson’sinterpretationof"hypertext"is:"non-sequentialwriting,thatis,textthatisforked,allowsreaderstomakechoices,andisbestreadonaninteractivescreen.""AlotofwrittenmaterialorTheimagematerialisinterconnectedinacomplicatedwaythatcannotbeeasilypresentedonpaper.Itmaycontainasummaryormapofitscontentorrelationship,oritmaycontaincomments,supplementsorcommentsaddedbyscholarswhohavereviewedit.Footnotes."Accordingtothe1993editionoftheOxfordEnglishDictionary,theinterpretationof"hypertext"is:"atextthatdoesnotformasingleseriesbutcanbereadindifferentorders,especiallythosethatallowthesematerials(displayedonacomputerterminal)Readerscaninterruptthereadingofafileataspecificpointinordertorefertotherelatedcontentofthetextandimagesthatareconnectedtoeachother."

Fromtheaboveexplanation,wecanseethathypertextisaproductoftheemergenceofcomputers.Itisbasedonalargeamountofdatastoredinthecomputer,makingtheoriginallineartextintoanon-lineartextthatcangoinalldirections.Thereadercanstopatanyjointpoint,enteranothertext,andthenclickandenteranotherThetext,intheory,thisprocessisendless.Asaresult,theoriginalsingletextbecomesaninfinitelyextended,expandedhypertext,three-dimensionaltext.

Theemergenceofsuchanewthingisobviouslycloselyrelatedtothedevelopmentoftechnology.Theriseofelectronicmediahasprofoundlychangedtheculturalfaceoftheworld.Moviesandtelevisioncanconvertliteratureonpaperintovisualandaudibleelectronicforms.The"hypertext"providedbycomputertechnologymakesthe"writabletext"conceivedbyRolandBarthesareality.

Accordingtotheresearchofstructuralismandsemiotics,thestructureofthetextcontainsaseriesofrulesandregulations.Itactsasapriorstructureandahiddenframetoguidepeople'scognitiveorder.Bourdierbelievesthatsymbolsnotonlyhaveacommunicationfunction,butalsohavearealpoliticalfunction."Symbolpoweristhepowertoconstructrealityandthepowertoconstructcognitiveorder."FoucaultinvestigatesfromtheperspectiveofknowledgearcheologyTherelationshipbetweenpoweranddiscourseismutualsupport,symbiosisandco-prosperity.

Definition

1. Hypertextisanetworkedtextthatuseshyperlinkstoorganizetextinformationinvariousspaces.Hypertextisauserinterfaceparadigm,usedtodisplaytextandrelatedcontentbetweentext.Nowadays,hypertextgenerallyexistsintheformofelectronicdocuments.Thetextinitcontainslinksthatcanbelinkedtootherlocationsordocuments,allowingdirectswitchingfromthecurrentreadingpositiontothelocationpointedtobythehypertextlink.Thelinksonthewebpageswebrowsedailyareallhypertext.

2. Acomputertechnologythatstores,organizes,manages,andbrowsesinformationinanon-linearmannerbasedontherelationshipbetweeninformation.Hypertexttechnologycombinesnaturallanguagetextwiththeabilityofacomputertointeractivelytransferordynamicallydisplaylineartext.Itsessenceandbasicfeatureistoestablisharelationshipbetweenandwithinthedocument.ItisthisrelationshipthatgivesthetextNon-linearorganization.Inanutshell,hypertextisanetworktechnologythatcollects,stores,andbrowsesdiscreteinformation,andestablishesandexpressestherelationshipbetweeninformation.

3. Hypertextisanon-linearnetworkwithacertainlogicalstructureandsemanticrelationship,whichiscomposedofanumberofinformationnodesandachainrepresentingthecorrelationbetweentheinformationnodes.

Conceptsource

Hypertextisauserinterfaceparadigmusedtodisplaytextandtext-relatedcontent.Nowadays,hypertextgenerallyexistsintheformofelectronicdocuments.Thetextinitcontainshypertextlinksthatcanbelinkedtootherfieldsordocuments,allowingdirectswitchingfromthecurrentreadingpositiontothetextpointedtobythehypertextlink.

PeoplegenerallybelievethattheconceptofhypertextoriginatedfromVannevarBush(1890-1974).Inthe1930s,heproposedaconceptcalledMemex(memoryextender),whichpredictedanon-linearstructureofthetext.In1939,hewrotethearticle"AsWeMayThink"andpublisheditin1945.TheAtlanticMonthly"waspublished.Thisarticlecallsforanewrelationshipbetweenthinkingpeopleandallknowledge.Duetolimitedconditions,Bush’sideasdidnotbecomearealityatthetime,buthisideashavehadahugeimpactinthenext50years.

Structuralmeaning

Thelarge-scaleresistancetothestructuralmeaningoftextsbeganwithdeconstructionism.Derrida,themasterofdeconstruction,trumpetstheinfiniteopennessoftextualmeaning.Hestartedhisdeconstructionoflanguagefromtheinsideofstructuralism.Sincelanguageoperatesonthedifferenceofinternalsystems,wheredoesthisdifferencestop?Hecoinedanewword:"different",indicatingtheinfinitedelayofthisdifference.Thetexthasnofixedmeaning.Themeaningfloatsfromonesignifiertoanother,flashingintheendlessoceanofsignifiers."Structures,SymbolsandGamesintheDiscourseoftheHumanities"-Derridaemphasizedinthisfamouspapertheuseof"games"totranscendstructure,ultimate,andmetaphysicalinterpretationactivitiesonthespot.Foucaultpointedoutthatinordertopreventtheinfiniteexpansionofthemeaningofthetext,the"author"isoftenusedtoprotectthestableideologicalimageofthemeaning.Inordertocompletelydenytheauthorityofthe"author",RolandBarthesputforwardafamousslogan:Theauthorisdead.Hepointedoutthattheauthorisjustasubjectofthebookasitspredicate,andtheauthorisnotanindividual:"Speechactivityknowsthe'subject'anddoesnotknowthe'individual'",thissubjectisemptyoutsidetheprocessofdeterminingitsstatement.Infact,atextiscomposedofmultipletypesofwriting,anditdoesnothaveasingleorigin.Suchwritingcomesfromthemutualdialogue,combination,parody,anddisputeofmultiplecultures:"Thetextiscomposedofmultiplequotations.Composedofweaves,theycomefromthousandsofsourcesofculture."Toabolishthefather-sonrelationshipbetweentheauthorandthetext,Bart’spurposeistoliberatethemeaningofthetextandadvocatea"writing"textthatisfreefromauthoritycontrol.:Incompoundwriting,everythingistobedistinguished.Thereisnothingtodecipher.Ateveryjointpointandeverylevel,thestructurecanbetrackedandwoven(likeasilkstockingclew).However,thereisnothingatthebottom.Thespaceofwritingshouldbetraversedandimpenetrable;writingconstantlyfixesmeaninginordertokeepitevaporatinganddissipatingmeaningsystematically."Inthisway,aunifiedauthorisdisintegrated,andeachreaderisbothareaderandanauthor.

AdvantagesandDisadvantages

Superiority

RolandBart’sright"Thedescriptionof“writingtext”seemstobeatheorist’swhimsy.However,theemergenceofcomputernetworktechnologyhaseasilyrealizedhisdream.“Hypertext”freeseveryreaderfromthelinearcontrolofthetext,andthereadercandowhateverhewants.Wheredoestheearthstopandenteranothertext.Now,thereaderbecomesthetrueGod,andthereaderistheproducerofthefinaltextualmeaning.Whenreadingthenews,thereadercanrealizethenewscontentaccordingtohisownwishesandideas."Jumping"andtheconversionofexpressionsarebetteradaptedtotheuser'sdominantpositionandthelawofthinkingofassociations.HypertextstructureistheorganizationofinformationontheInternet,whichgreatlyincreasesthecomprehensiveness,amountofinformation,andselectivityofnewsreportsAndautonomy.

Limitations

However,aftergettingridoftheshacklesofpapertext,isthiscyberspacenecessarilyacompletelyfreespace?ThisisstillanopenspaceTheproblem.Atpresent,thekeywordsinthe"hypertext"ontheInternetarestilllimited.Inadditiontothesupportofthesoftware,howtodeterminethekeywordsinatext?Thisisaproblemthatcannotbeignored.Manytimes,theselectionofkeywordsinthetextinvolvesTherecognitionofcertainknowledgesystems,theinheritanceofcertaindiscoursetraditions,theacceptanceofcertainauthoritativeconcepts,andsoon.Inshort,allthepowersthatoncecontrolledthestructureandlogicofthetextwillberevivedtosomeextent.Ontheotherhand,ifthesuperTheimpliedpossibilityofthetexthasbeenfullyrealized-ifeverywordinthehypertextcanserveasakeywordandbecomeachanneltodiveintoanothertext,whatwillpeopleget?Thehypertextsuddenlyrealizestheone-waymeaningofBart’sresistanceThewishofstructuredtext.Butnowthiswishissothoroughlyrealizedthatpeoplehavetoaskanotherfollow-upquestion:Doesinfinitemeaningequalmeaningless?

Features

Therealpowerofmarkuplanguageliesinitscollectionability.Itcancombinecollecteddocumentsintoacompleteinformationlibrary,andcanlinkthedocumentlibrarywithotherdocumentcollectionsintheworld.

Inthiscase,Readerscannotonlyfullycontrolthedisplayofdocumentsonthescreen,butalsocontroltheorderofbrowsinginformationthroughhyperlinks.Thisisthe"HT"-hypertextinHTmlandxHTml,whichconnectstheentireWebnetwork.

Thebasicfeatureofhypertextisthatitcanhyperlinkdocuments;itcanpointtootherlocations,whichcanbeinthecurrentdocument,otherdocumentsinthelocalareanetwork,orinanydocumentontheInternet.ThesedocumentsItformsamessyinformationnetwork.Thetargetdocumentusuallyhassomerelevancetoitssourceandenrichesthesource;thelinkelementinthesourceconveysthisrelationshiptotheviewer.

HyperlinkscanbeusedforVariouseffects.Hyperlinkscanbeusedindirectoriesandtopiclists.Theviewercanclickthemouseonthebrowserscreenorpressthekeyonthekeyboardtoselectandautomaticallyjumptothetopicofinterestinthedocument,orjumptoacompletelydifferentcollectionsomewhereintheworldDocuments.

Hyperlinkscanalsopointtheviewertomoreinformationaboutatopicinthedocument.Forexample,"Ifyouwantmoredetailedinformation,pleaserefertotheXXpage."Authorscanusehyperlinkstoreducerepetitiveinformation.Forexample,werecommendthatcreatorssigntheirnameineverydocument.Thisallowsyoutouseahyperlinkthatlinksthenametoanotherseparatedocumentcontaininginformationsuchasaddresses,phonenumbers,etc.,insteadofincludingcompletecontactinformationineachdocument.

Hyperlinks(foreignlanguagefullname:hypertext),oranchorsaccordingtothestandardname,aremarkedwithtagsandcanbeexpressedintwoways.Onetypeofanchoristocreateahotspotinthedocument.Whentheuseractivatesorselects(usuallyusingthemouse)thishotspot,itwillcausethebrowsertolink.Thebrowserwillautomaticallyloadanddisplayacertainpartofthesamedocumentorotherdocuments,ortriggercertainoperationsrelatedtoInternetservices,suchassendingemailsordownloadingspecialfiles.Anothertypeofanchorcreatesamarkinthedocumentthatcanbereferencedbyahyperlink.

Therearealsosomemouse-relatedeventsassociatedwithhyperlinks.TheseeventscombinedwithJavaScriptcanproducesomeexcitingeffects.

Application

Hypertextandhypermedia’suniquewayoforganizingandmanaginginformationconformstopeople’sthinkinghabits,andissuitablefornon-lineardataorganizationformsanduniquewaysofexpression,soHasbeenwidelyused.

1.Officeautomation

Hypertextandhypermediaareusedinofficeautomationtoprovidepeoplewithamorevividandintuitiveworkingenvironmentandimproveworkefficiency.

2.Large-scaleliteratureandinformationdatabase

Forlarge-scaleliteratureanddatabase,hypertextandhypermediaareusedtoorganizeandstructure,whichmakesthequerytimefordocumentsandrecordsgreatlyshorten.

3.Comprehensivedatabaseapplication

Hypertextandhypermediaprovidepeoplewithpowerfulinformationmanagementtoolsinvariousengineeringapplications,andchangepeople’straditionalconceptofdatabasemanagement,Thuschangingthemodernmanagementmethod.

4.Friendlyuserinterface

Hypertextandhypermediaarenotonlyaninformationmanagementtechnology,butalsoaninterfacetechnology.Hypertextandhypermediatechnologiesextendtheuseofmultimediagraphicaluserinterfacesonthebasisofgraphicaluserinterfaces.Regardlessoftextorgraphics,images,animation,audio,videoandotherinformationcanbedisplayedinfrontofusers.