Basic concept
The hybrid economy refers to the economy of both market regulation and government intervention. In this economic system, the decision structure has both scattered aspects and concentrated characteristics; accordingly, the motivation mechanism of the decision makers can be economical, or it can be passively accepted at the superior command; at the same time, the entire economic system The information transfer is also carried out by price and plan.
In the hybrid economy, the government may regulate the following areas:
(1) to regulate the relative price of goods and investment through tax, subsidies, or direct control prices.
(2) Advance the relative income by income tax, welfare expenditure or directly control wages, profits, rent, etc..
(3) The type of product and service, tax, subsidy, or state-based control, production and consumption are available.
(4) The use of tax revenue and government expenditure, controlling bank lending and interest, direct control price and income, exchange rate to regulate the balance of unemployment, inflation, economic growth, and expenditure deficits.
In summary, in the mixed economy, through the spontaneous role of the market mechanism, the economic society solves what and production, how to produce and produce the basic problems of production, and when the market mechanism is wrong, Government intervention to promote the efficiency of resource usage, maintain economic stability and growth.
Name Origin
Hansen's "fiscal policy and economic cycle" published in 1941, the meaning of "mixed economy" is explained by systematically. He believes that since the end of the 19th century, most capitalist countries have begun to gradually become "public-private mixed economy" or "double economy" or "double economy" in the private economy and socialized economy. Hansen believes that this "hybrid economy" has a double significance, that is, "public-private mixing economy" and income and consumption of public and private mixed economies (public health, social security) And welfare expenses and private income and consumption coexistence). Later, Samuelson also discussed the "mixed economy" in "Economics". He believes that "hybrid economy" is the implementation of national institutions and private agencies to implement the economy, but the state is more important to economic adjustment and control. In this regard, Samuelson said: "The fact that the general existence in the world is: the people of modern hybrid economies require their representation of the government to adopt a variety of economic policies to maintain high employment, strong economic growth and The stable price level. "In short," mixed economy "is essentially the national intervention, the private economy is based on the private economy.
Main features
"Mixed Economy" is the characterization of market economy, to regulate social production, exchange, distribution, and consumption through price mechanism; at the same time, the government must be based on the market The situation is adjusted and intervened with financial policies and monetary policies, ironing economic fluctuations, ensuring the balance between the economy.
1. Economic activities must not only achieve personal purposes, but also to achieve social purposes.
2, economic activities not only on individual decisions, but also on social decisions represented by the government.
3, the government has cooperated on the basis of division of labor.
4, the government's intervention has reduced the freedom of individuals and businesses in economic activities.
Related Comments
"US Economic Overview" is described in the 1980s to the 1990s, "US Federal Reserve Committee in Paul Walker and Under the leadership of Greenspan, the core role of economic traffic police, guiding the development of the national economy, making the Parliament and the President's role bleak. "
Economist Martin said that "the work of the Fed is the big wine glass that is full of wine when the banquet is working. When the economy is overheating, the Fed will be tightened to complete the credit, and the result is a danger of inflation, but it has led to an increase in unemployment. Therefore, "People who take the wine glass" is not a person who is discouraged. If you encounter a general election, the Fed's pressure is greater, because the president always wants to have a faster economic growth and more employment to help it.
So complicated, in a hybrid economy in the United States, Walker and Greenspan have done independent decisions because a hybrid economy in the United States is still equipped with the bone marrow of the market economy in the bones.
The main function
The hybrid economy does not only play a positive role in macroeconomic activities, but also has an important role in microeconomic activities.
Opening a new way
By the establishment of the hybrid economy, the funds of different nature in society are set, and the use of the unified use is to solve the effective means of solving the contradiction between current funds, and expand rapidly. Social production scale. Important Ways to Improve Capital Concentration Benefits.
Move enthusiasm
In the joint-stock economy, ownership is separated from the management right. Everyone, operator, and producers, three responsibilities. Operators can use and operate their own capital independently and are directly responsible for asset preservation and value-added. The government cannot directly intervene. The asset operation effect determines the "life and death" of the operator, and the object of owners, producers pay attention to. The interests of interest, consistency, mobilize and play a positive of various economic components of the shares. It also mobilizes the enthusiasm of the workers.
Improve efficiency
First manifesting experts in hybrid economies and business capital, making the capital in the hands of operators. There will be no doubt that capital operation efficiency will be improved. Secondly, in the increasingly fierce market competition, the hybrid economy does not enjoy any privilege protection. Only by strengthening the company's self-constraint mechanism, improving its management level can win the competition to achieve the value of assets.
Social Influence
First, mix all the economies of "open" social financing mechanisms, replacing "owners" private enterprises and "独 资 制" national or collective ownership companies " The closed-enclosed financing mechanism has effectively overcome the "closed financing, self-accumulation, loan expansion" cannot adapt to the development of enterprises in the market expansion and social development, not only greatly promotes enterprise expansion, but also promotes social productivity. develop. With private companies relying on their own investment and self-accumulation, state-owned enterprises rely on national investment and self-accumulation, compared with collective investment and self-accumulation, mixed all kinds of companies have not "identity", get rid of "investment ability and accumulation ability" The binding, which puts a lot of idle capital in society for me, which provides a "vast world" as a mixed ownership economy.
This benefit of the shares, Marx once gives a high degree of evaluation: "Accumulation, the gradual increase in the capital caused by circular motion to spiral motion regeneration, and only requires the change of social capital The concentrated comparison of the combination of components is a very slow process. If you have to accumulate that some single capital increases to the level of the railway to build a railway, then I am afraid that there is no railway in the world. However, it is concentrated This is done between the shares. "Marx also pointed out that Marx also pointed out that in the form of industrial use," not only a new strong lever accumulated in the industry. " And "they are the powerful levers developing modern social productivity." According to statistics, as of the end of 2002, there were 1298 domestic and foreign listed companies (including A, B, H shares), including 1223 listed companies, 75 overseas listed companies. In 1998-2002, the domestic and foreign markets were raised by 609.4 billion yuan, accounting for 69.5% of the accumulated financing.
Secondly, the mixed ownership economy can overcome the "family management" and state-owned and collective enterprises of private enterprises through their "ownership" and "operation" effective separation and effectiveness of the "ownership". Incidents, "leading to the disadvantages of" lack of governance ability ", realizing the organic combination of" material capital "and" human capital ", which enhances corporate governance efficiency and promoting the healthy development of enterprises.
From the real economic life, on the one hand, private enterprises have gradually got a "primitive accumulation" phase of gut, relying on experience and development, and accumulated a considerable wealth, but due to their own knowledge and management capabilities. It is difficult for private companies to continue to develop. Some companies have hired some training-sufficient management managers, but they still can't get "unlimited responsibility" and family-type intervention, which in turn cannot effectively mobilize the enthusiasm of both owners and operators. It should be said that the joint-stock enterprises that have the fundamental characteristics of "Entrusive Agent Relationship" with limited liability, "two rights separation" and norms can effectively mobilize the enthusiasm of the owner and operators. On the other hand, the defects in state-owned and collective companies are more obvious, not only the rights and responsibilities of their ownership subjects are not clear, and the political and multi-door, and the main body of the management also has a quite "administrative color." Therefore, it is even more difficult to achieve "things to do with people to do their best." Only fundamentally on state-owned and collective enterprises, and overcomes the unique drawbacks of state-owned shares and collective stocks, in order to ensure the ability to govern the capabilities, it guarantees the value of state-owned assets and collective property.
Third, mixed allocation economies can use the "Shareholding path" to achieve employee shares, resident stockings, intellectual property stocks, management capabilities, and promote "knowledge, labor, capital", " Innervenously "mobilize all positive factors," let all labor, knowledge, technology, management and capital of the energetic competition, let all the source of social wealth ", maximize the development of social productivity. Therefore, vigorously develop a mixed ownership economy based on the joint-stock system, share cooperation system, which has great practical significance to accelerate the economic development of my country and achieve the full construction of a well-off society.