Theforerunneroftheory
ThephilosophyofGermanphilosopherKant
Perceptionisnotacombinationofpassiveimpressionandsensoryfactors,butItistheseelementsthatactivelyorganizeintoacompleteexperienceandacombinedexperience.
ThephysicistMach(AnalysisofFeelings1885)
Thefeelingsofspatialpatterns(suchasgeometricfigures)andtimepatterns(suchastunes)Theelementisirrelevant.Eventhoughthespatialorientationoftheobserver'sgazeattheobjectmaychange,itsvisualorauditoryperceptionoftheobjectisunchanged.Forexample,nomatterfromwhichside,fromthetop,orfromonecorner,atableisstillatableinourperception.Thesameseriesofsounds,suchasatune,maychangethespeed,butinourperceptionitisstillthesametune.(Ithinkthatevenifthescaleischangedorthereisawrongtone,itwillnotaffectpeople'sperceptionofthistune.)
Elenfer
Someofthequalitiesofexperiencecannotbeexplainedbyacombinationoftraditionalfeelings.Thesequalitiesarecalledgestaltqualities,orforms.Perceptionisbasedonsomethingoutsideoftheindividual'ssenses.Atuneisaformanddoesnotdependonthespecialfeelingsthatcomposeit.
Thespiritofthetime
Inthelastdecadesofthe19thcentury,duetotherecognitionandacceptanceoftheconceptofforcefieldsinphysics,ithaslessandlessusedatomsTheconceptofism.Suchasmagnetism,lightandelectricity.Theseforcefieldsareconsideredtohavebothspatialextensionandgestaltormodel.Theyareseenasnewstructuralentities,ratherthanthesumoftheeffectsofindividualelementsorparticles.
Wittmann’squasi-motionexperiment
TakeKaufkaandKoehlerasthesubjects,WittmannusesatachometertopasstwoTheslitprojectstworays,oneperpendicular,andtheotheratanangleof20or30degreestothevertical.Ifthelightisdisplayedthroughaslitfirst,andthenanotherlightisdisplayed,thereisalongtimeintervalbetweenthetwolights(morethan200milliseconds),thenthesubjectwillseetwolightsthatappearoneafteranother.Ifthetimeintervalbetweenthetworaysisshort,thesubjectwillseetwoconsecutiverays.However,thereisanoptimaltimeinterval(about60milliseconds)betweenthetwolightrays.Thesubjectssawthelightraysmovefromoneplacetoanother,andthenmovedback.Thisisanobviousexamplethatthewholeismorethanthesumofitsparts.
SchoolContributions
Someknowledgeaboutthelawsofperceptiondescribedingeneralpsychologytextbooks,suchastheoccurrenceofquasi-motionphenomena,themeaningoftherelationshipbetweengraphicsandbackgroundintheprocessofperception,etc.,ArebasicallyderivedfromtheresearchresultsoftheGestaltschool.Inaddition,Kohler's"insight"andWhitmore's"creativethinking"alsohaveacertaindegreeofinfluenceonthestudyoflearning.
Asanindependentschool,theGestaltSchoolofPsychologyiswherepeopleareinterestedinconsciousexperience.Atleasttheyregardconsciousexperienceasalegitimateresearchfieldofpsychology,andcontinuetopromotepeople’sresearchandresearchonconsciousexperience.Interestismeaningful.Atthesametime,GestaltSchool'spertinentandfirmcriticismoftheschoolsofthesameperiodalsohasanimportantinfluenceonthedevelopmentofpsychology.
Limitations:Regardtheworldofdirectexperienceastheonlyrealandknowableworld.Simplifyallpsychologicalproblemscompletelyintomathematicalproblems.Thisactuallyviolatesthesystemview.