Introduction to the subject
Environmental monitoring is the use of modern technology such as chemistry, physics, biology, medicine, telemetry, remote sensing, and computers to monitor, measure, and monitor various environmental quality and its changing trends. This is a discipline that marks data to make a comprehensive assessment of environmental quality.
It not only includes the detection of chemical pollutants and the monitoring of physical (energy) factors such as noise, vibration, heat, electromagnetic radiation and radioactivity; it also includes the monitoring of biological pollution caused by changes in environmental quality. The biological monitoring of species reflection and information testing, and the ecological monitoring of the observation of regional communities and population migration and changes.
Environmental monitoring tasks
1. Regular
2. Monitoring
3. Provide accurate and reliable monitoring data and information
4. Promote the development of environmental monitoring technology
Content
The process of environmental monitoring is generally accepting tasks, on-site investigation and data collection, monitoring plan design, and optimization Distribution, sample collection, sample transportation and storage, sample pretreatment, analysis and testing, data processing, comprehensive evaluation, etc.
Objects of environmental monitoring: natural factors, human factors, and pollution components.
Environmental monitoring includes: chemical monitoring, physical monitoring, biological monitoring, and ecological monitoring.
Implementation method
1. Implement the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Environmental Protection" and the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Environmental Monitoring."
According to the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Environmental Protection” and the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Environmental The main objectives, tasks and projects of the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan” for monitoring are incorporated into relevant local plans to ensure the realization of the goals of the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan” for national environmental monitoring.
2. Strengthen the standardized construction of monitoring stations and standard acceptance.
According to the "Notice on Carrying out the Standardization and Acceptance Work of National Environmental Monitoring Stations", further strengthen the standardization capacity construction of environmental monitoring stations at all levels, and initiate the standardization and acceptance of the national environmental monitoring stations. All provinces should actively organize the standardization construction and acceptance work of municipal and county-level stations within their jurisdiction, and strive to reach the overall acceptance standard as soon as possible.
3. Improve the environmental monitoring network and expand the scope of monitoring.
On the basis of the existing state-controlled monitoring points, further optimize and adjust, improve the national air quality, key river basins, groundwater and other key monitoring points and automatic monitoring networks in cities above the prefecture level. The five-" state-controlled surface water and ambient air monitoring network set up plans to expand the coverage of urban air and surface water monitoring, and strengthen monitoring and early warning and network management.
4. Promote satellite environmental remote sensing monitoring and application.
Promote the integration of environmental monitoring with the world and make full use of environmental remote sensing technology in the national ecological and environmental status survey, the supervision and verification of human activities in nature reserves, the monitoring of inland water blooms and coastal red tides, straw burning, regional environment The role of air pollution monitoring, sand and dust storm monitoring, etc., to improve the operational level of environmental remote sensing technology, to serve environmental monitoring and management; to promote the application of local environmental remote sensing monitoring technology.
5. Strengthen the monitoring, evaluation and assessment of the ecological environment quality of the counties in the national key ecological function areas.
In 22 provinces and the 452 counties of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, comprehensively carry out the national key ecological function zone county ecological environment quality assessment work, and all relevant provinces (regions, cities) will organize the national key points in conjunction with the provincial finance department Ecological function zone county ecological environment quality assessment, organize the water and gas monitoring and data reporting of the assessed counties, do a good job of provincial audit and spot checks, strengthen county ecological environment quality assessment, and guide the grassroots government to improve the ecological environment quality.
6. Seriously carry out heavy metal monitoring.
According to the "Opinions on Strengthening Environmental Monitoring of Heavy Metal Pollution", the monitoring of heavy metals should be deployed and implemented. Regions where conditions permit should actively organize and carry out pilot work of automatic heavy metal monitoring of pollution sources, and explore the establishment and improvement of heavy metal automatic monitoring and management technology systems. Areas participating in the pilot work of monitoring atmospheric mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants shall allocate special funds from the special funds allocated by the state for the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution to strengthen the capacity building of manual monitoring of atmospheric mercury emissions at monitoring stations and meet the requirements of the monitoring pilot as soon as possible.
Purpose
The purpose of environmental monitoring is to accurately, timely and comprehensively reflect the status and development trend of environmental quality, and provide scientific basis for environmental management, pollution source control, and environmental planning.
Specifically summarized as:
1. Evaluate environmental quality according to environmental quality standards;
2. According to the distribution of pollution, trace and find the source of pollution to provide a basis for the realization of supervision and management and pollution control;
3. Collect background data, accumulate long-term monitoring data, and provide data for studying environmental capacity, implementing total control and target management, and predicting and forecasting environmental quality;
4. In order to protect human health, protect the environment, and rationally use natural resources, formulate environmental regulations, standards, plans and other services.
Features
Technical features
1. Productivity: The basic product of environmental monitoring is monitoring data.
2. Comprehensiveness: Monitoring methods include all methods that can characterize environmental quality such as physics, chemistry, biochemistry, biology, ecology, etc.; monitoring objects include objects such as air, water, soil, solid waste, and biology; It is necessary to consider and analyze comprehensively to correctly clarify the meaning of the data.
3. Continuity: Due to the temporal and spatial variability of environmental pollution, only long-term monitoring can reveal its changing law and predict its changing trend from a large amount of data. The more data, the higher the accuracy of the forecast.
4. Traceability: Environmental monitoring is a complex system, and any error in any step will affect the quality of the final data. In order to ensure that the monitoring results have a certain degree of accuracy, comparability, representativeness and completeness, it is necessary to have a measurement value tracking system to supervise.
Attributes of government behavior
"Environmental monitoring is essentially a government behavior." Therefore, environmental monitoring has the main elements and exercises of government agencies and their directly affiliated administrative institutions and scientific research institutions. The functional elements of powers and legal elements of actions that are implemented in accordance with the law and produce legal effects. Its government behavior attributes are reflected in the following aspects:
1. Compulsory according to law: Environmental monitoring departments monitor pollution sources, construction project completion acceptance monitoring, pollution accident monitoring, pollution dispute arbitration monitoring, etc. The characteristics of enforcement.
2. Behavioral justice: Environmental monitoring provides accurate and reliable monitoring data for government environmental decision-making and social services.
3. Social service: Environmental protection is a social welfare undertaking. Environmental monitoring has the function of improving environmental quality and is a basic work in environmental protection.
4. Task serviceability: Environmental monitoring has the function of serving environmental management, and its tasks are mainly issued by environmental protection bureaus at all levels.
Basic procedures
According to the monitoring purpose, conduct on-site surveys and collect relevant information and data (hydrology, climate, geology, geomorphology, meteorology, topography, pollution source emissions, urban population distribution, etc.) )→Design and formulate a monitoring plan (including monitoring items, monitoring network points, monitoring time and frequency, monitoring methods, etc.) according to the monitoring technical route→implementation plan (site sampling, sample pretreatment, sample analysis and testing, etc.)→Develop a quality assurance system →Data processing→Environmental quality evaluation→Compile and submit report.
Classification
Classification by monitoring purpose
1. Surveillance monitoring (routine monitoring, routine monitoring)
Including "supervisory monitoring" (pollutant concentration, total discharge, pollution trend) and "environmental quality monitoring" (air, water quality, soil, noise Other monitoring) is the main body of the monitoring work and the first task of the monitoring station. The purpose is to grasp the environmental quality and sources of pollutants, evaluate the effects of control measures, judge the implementation of environmental standards and the progress made in improving the environment.
2. Special purpose monitoring (special case monitoring, emergency monitoring)
(1) Pollution accident monitoring: refers to the emergency monitoring of the impact of pollution accidents on the environment. This type of monitoring often uses mobile monitoring (vehicles, ships, etc.), simple Monitoring, low-altitude aerial survey, remote sensing and other means.
(2) Dispute arbitration monitoring: mainly monitor pollution accident disputes and conflicts arising from environmental law enforcement. Such monitoring should be carried out by a state-appointed department with quality certification qualifications to provide Data with legal responsibility is available for arbitration by law enforcement agencies and judicial departments.
(3) Assessment, verification and monitoring: Mainly refers to government target assessment and verification and monitoring, including environmental impact assessment status monitoring, pollution discharge permit system assessment and monitoring, "three simultaneous" project acceptance monitoring, and pollution control project completion Acceptance monitoring, total amount of pollutant control monitoring, comprehensive urban environmental improvement assessment and monitoring.
(4) Consulting service monitoring: Provide consulting service monitoring for various departments and units of the society, such as monitoring of green living environment, indoor air monitoring, environmental assessment, and monitoring required for resource development and protection .
3. Research monitoring (research monitoring)
High-level monitoring for specific purpose scientific research. To conduct such monitoring, a thorough research plan must be formulated in advance, and it must be completed in collaboration with multiple departments and disciplines.
Classification by monitoring medium or object
1. Water quality monitoring: It is divided into water environment quality monitoring and wastewater monitoring. Water environment quality monitoring includes surface water and groundwater. The monitoring items include physical and chemical pollution indicators and related biological indicators, as well as hydrological parameters such as flow velocity and flow.
2. Air detection: It is divided into air environmental quality monitoring and pollution source monitoring. Air monitoring often needs to measure meteorological parameters such as wind direction, wind speed, temperature, air pressure, and humidity.
3. Soil monitoring: The key monitoring items are heavy metal elements, harmful non-metal elements and residual organic pesticides that affect the ecological balance of the soil.
4. Solid waste monitoring: including industrial waste, waste from health care institutions, agricultural waste, radioactive solid waste and municipal solid waste, etc. The main monitoring items are the hazardous characteristics of solid waste and the characteristics of domestic waste, as well as the determination of the composition and content of toxic and hazardous substances and toxicology experiments.
5. Biological monitoring and biological pollution monitoring: Biological monitoring is the use of biological to monitor environmental pollution. Biological pollution monitoring is the use of various detection methods to monitor the toxic and harmful substances in the organism. The monitoring items are mainly heavy metal elements, harmful non-metal elements, pesticide residues and other toxic compounds.
6. Ecological monitoring: Observing and evaluating the response of ecosystems to natural and man-made changes is a measurement of the spatial and temporal patterns of the structure and function of each ecosystem, focusing on changes in biological communities and populations.
7. Physical pollution monitoring: refers to the monitoring of physical factors that cause environmental pollution, such as noise, vibration, electromagnetic radiation, and radioactivity.
Classified by professional departments
Can be divided into: weather monitoring, health monitoring, resource monitoring, etc.
In addition, it can be divided into: chemical monitoring, physical monitoring, biological monitoring, etc.
Classification by monitoring area
1. Factory monitoring: refers to the monitoring of internal pollution sources and total discharge outlets of the enterprise and public institutions. The monitoring stations set up by each unit are mainly engaged in this Partial work.
2. Regional monitoring: Refers to the environmental monitoring of water bodies, atmosphere, sea areas, river basins, scenic spots, and tourist areas by environmental protection agencies across the country or a certain region.
Technical route
Environmental monitoring technical route refers to the technical means and methods adopted to accomplish certain tasks and achieve certain goals within a certain period of time.
Characteristics
1. Stability and variability
2. Diversity of technical means and approaches
3. Target tasks and Optimal adaptability of methods and approaches
Significance
The technical route of environmental monitoring determines the development direction of environmental monitoring, restricts the selection and application of monitoring technology, and affects the formulation of monitoring plans And implementation.
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