Interpretation
EconomicStructureinEnglishreferstothecompositionandstructureofthenationaleconomy.Ithasmultiplemeanings.Theeconomicstructureisamulti-levelandmulti-factorcomplexcomposedofmanysystems.Therearemanyfactorsthataffecttheformationofeconomicstructure,themostimportantofwhichissociety’sdemandforfinalproducts,andscientificandtechnologicalprogressalsohasanimportantimpactonchangesineconomicstructure.Whetheracountry’seconomicstructureisreasonabledependsmainlyonwhetheritisbasedonreasonableeconomicpossibilities.Areasonablestructurecangivefullplaytoeconomicadvantages,whichisconducivetothecoordinateddevelopmentofvarioussectorsofthenationaleconomy.Thestateoftheeconomicstructureisanimportantyardsticktomeasurethelevelofeconomicdevelopmentofacountryandaregion.Countriesandregionswithdifferenteconomicsystemsanddifferenteconomicdevelopmenttrendshaveverydifferenteconomicstructures.
Theeconomicstructureisamulti-levelandmulti-factorcomplexcomposedofmanysystems.Ithasmultiplemeanings:
(1)Lookingatthesumofacertainsocialproductionrelationship,thenItismainlyrepresentedbytheproportionandcompositionoftheeconomiccomponentsoftheownershipofdifferentmeansofproduction.
(2)Fromtheperspectiveofthecompositionandstructureofvarioussectorsofthenationaleconomyandsocialreproduction,itincludestheindustrialstructure(suchasthecompositionoftheprimary,secondary,andtertiaryindustries,thecompositionofagriculture,lightindustry,andheavyindustry,etc.),Distributionstructure(suchastheratioofaccumulationtoconsumptionanditsinternalstructure,etc.),exchangestructure(suchaspricestructure,importandexportstructure,etc.),consumptionstructure,technicalstructure,laborstructure,etc.
(3)Fromthescopeofthesurvey,itcanbedividedintotheoverallstructureofthenationaleconomy,thesectoralstructure,theregionalstructure,andthecorporatestructure.
(4)Toinvestigatetheneedsofspecialresearchfromdifferentangles,itcanbedividedintoeconomicorganizationstructure,productstructure,personnelstructure,employmentstructure,investmentstructure,energystructure,materialstructure,etc.......
Theeconomicstructureisaneconomicsystem.Thevariouselementsinthesystemareinterrelatedandcombinedwitheachother,andhaveaquantitativerelationship.Tostudyanyeconomicstructure,weshouldnotonlypayattentiontoitselementcharacteristicsanditscombinationform,butalsopayattentiontoitsproportionalrelationship.Certainsocio-economicandtechnicalconditionsrequireacertaineconomicstructurethatiscompatiblewithit.Thevariouscomponentsoftheeconomicstructureareorganicallylinkedtogetherandhaveobjectiveconstraints.Itisnotreasonabletoestablishanykindofeconomicstructureatwill.Therearemanyfactorsthataffecttheformationofeconomicstructure,themostimportantofwhichissociety’sdemandforfinalproducts,andscientificandtechnologicalprogresshasanimportantimpactonchangesineconomicstructure.Theeconomicstructureofacountryandregionisformedoveralongperiodoftime.Whetheritisreasonableornotdependsmainlyonwhetheritissuitableforthecountry’sactualconditions;whetheritisbuiltonsolideconomicpossibilities;whetheritcangivefullplaytoalleconomicadvantages;whetheritcanmakefulluseofdomesticandforeignAllfavorablefactors;whetherhuman,material,financialandnaturalresourcescanbeusedreasonablyandeffectively;whetherthecoordinateddevelopmentofvarioussectorsofthenationaleconomycanbeensured;whetherscientificandtechnologicalprogressandlaborproductivitycanbeeffectivelypromoted;whetheritisbothconducivetopromotingrecenteconomicgrowthItisalsoconducivetolong-termeconomicdevelopment;whetheritcanachievethegreatesteconomiceffectandmeettheneedsofthepeopletothegreatestextent.
Historicalevolution
Theindustrialdivisionoflaborinmoderncapitalismeventuallyledtotheagglomerationofindustriesindifferentcountries,whichgaverisetotheproblemofmacroeconomicstructureinourusualsense.However,attentiontostructuredidnotarisebecauseofstructuralproblems.
Earlyeconomictheorypaidlittleattentiontostructuralproblems.IntheeraofAdamSmith,givingfullplaytotheadvantagesofnaturalresourceswasthemainstreamconceptofindustrialdevelopment.Forexample,theoceanvoyagesofItaly,Spain,Portugal,andtheNetherlandsoneafteranother,andthedevelopmentofcoalandwoolfabricsduringtheindustrialrevolutionintheUnitedKingdomwereallrelatedtothelocalgeographicalresources.notopen.Inaddition,thecapitalistmarketwasbeingformedatthattime,andproductionwasmanifestedasatrendofunlimitedexpansion.Almostallindustrialproductswereprofitable,andofcoursethestructurewouldnotbepaidattentionto.Inlinewiththissituation,newtechnologieshaveattractedmuchattention,andinventorshavebecomesocial"nobles"andarethedecisiveforceinproduction.Whoeverhasthenewtechnologyandwidelypromoteditinproductionhastherighttospeakintheworldeconomyandpolitics.AftertheIndustrialRevolution,Germany'sriseinEurope,andaftertheelectricalrevolution,theUnitedStatescamefrombehind,allreflectingthespiritoftechnology.Thissituationcontinueduntilthe1960sand1970s.
Theshiftfromaseller’smarkettoabuyer’smarkethaschangedpeople’sdisregardforstructure.Intheearlystageofcapitalistdevelopment,theindustrialeconomymainlyreliedonTaylor'smanagementphilosophyandproductionlinetechnologytopromote,whichdeterminedthatproductionwasapproachingtheboundaryofmaximumpossibilitystepbystep.Atthattime,eventhoseindustrialcountrieswithoutcomparativeadvantagescouldalwaysfindtheirtargetmarketsintheworld,butovertime,thissituationhaschanged.Atfirst,industrialcountriesthatdidnothavecomparativeadvantagesfeltthattheirmarketsweregraduallybeingswallowedupbyindustrialcountrieswithcomparativeadvantages.Later,thoseindustrialcountrieswithcomparativeadvantagesalsofeltthattheirmarketswereshrinking.Atthesametime,morepeoplehavediscoveredthefactthatsomeindustrialproductsareeasytosellandmakemoney,whileothersarehardtosellanddonotmakemoney.Thisisastructuralproblem.Japanisthefirstcountrytorecognizestructuralproblems.AlthoughtherearedifferentopinionsonwhethertheindustrialstructureisthecauseortheresultofJapan'spostwareconomicrevitalization,theexcellenteconomicstructureisundoubtedlythemainfactorinJapan'sprogress.WhenJapan,theUnitedStates,andEuropeformedastrategicglobaleconomictriangle,thecountry’sattentiontostructureactuallysurpassedthatoftechnology.Asaresult,economicrestructuringhasbecomeanimportantpartofmacroeconomicpolicies.
Thefocusofadjustment
OnthemorningofMarch6,thePressCenteroftheFirstSessionoftheTwelfthNationalPeople’sCongressheldapressconference.Answeringquestionssuchas"Macro-control".
Regardingthereporter'squestionofovercapacityandwhatmeasuresshouldbetakentosolvetheproblem,ZhangPingsaid:
Aftermorethan30yearsofdevelopment,ourcountryinthe21stcenturyisalreadyamanufacturingcompany.Industrypower.Whilethemanufacturingindustryissupportingeconomicandsocialdevelopmentandtheneedsofpeople'slives,someindustriesandindustrieshavealsoexperiencedovercapacity.Especiallyprominentarethetraditionalindustriesofsteel,cement,electrolyticaluminum,flatglass,andcoke.Intherecentpast,emergingindustriessuchasphotovoltaicsandwindpowerequipmenthavealsoexperiencedovercapacity.Justnow,thisreporterfriendaskedwhatthesituationis.Iwilluseaquantitativeindicatortosummarizeit.Generallyspeaking,itissteel,cement,electrolyticaluminum,flatglass,andcoke.Theutilizationofourproductioncapacityintheseindustriesisnowroughly70%-Between75%,theinternationalmarketgenerallymeasuresrelativelynormalmarketcompetition,anditisreasonablethattheutilizationrateofproductioncapacityshouldexceed80%-85%.Undertheconditionsofamarketeconomy,itisimpossibletohaveinsufficientproductionanddemand.Onlymoderatesurpluscanstimulatemarketcompetitionandpromotethetechnologicalprogressandmanagementimprovementofenterprises.Butourcurrentutilizationrateintheseindustriesisonly70%-75%,sothereisovercapacity.
Theutilizationrateofphotovoltaicsisevenlower,lessthan60%.Withthecurrentcapacityofwindpower,theutilizationrateofwindturbinesislessthan70%.Duetoovercapacity,italsocausedsomeproblems.Nottomentionthewasteofresourcesandlaborcreationitself,eventheseenterprisesandtheseindustriesthemselvesarealsofacinggreatdifficulties.Therefore,thesteelindustry,cementindustry,especiallyelectrolyticaluminum,coke,andflatglassindustriesarenowmoredifficult.Lastyear’slosseswererelativelylarge.Thesteelindustry’sprofitmarginlastyearwasonlyalittleoveronepoint,andquiteanumberofcompanieswerelosingmoney.Thelossofelectrolyticaluminumreachedabout50%lastyear.Therefore,theenterpriseitselfisverydifficult,anditalsotriggerssomeviciouscompetition,knowingthatitwilllosemoneyandstillproduce,butalsotomaintainitsoperation.Suchastatehasalsoledtoprotectionisminsomeplacesandsegmentedthemarket.Therefore,inthiscontext,itisveryunfavorableforustochangeoureconomicdevelopmentmodeandadjusttheeconomicstructure.Therefore,resolvingovercapacityisafocusofourcurrentandfutureperiodoftimetoadjusttheeconomicstructureandtransformthedevelopmentmode.
Toadjusttheseovercapacity,thequestionyoujustaskedistheresultofthemarketorthegovernment'sregulation?Variousfactorsaremorecomplicated,andfriendsintheeconomicandpresscirclescandoin-depthanalysis.Ingeneral,wemustcontinuetodeepenreformstofundamentallysolvesomeofourcurrentovercapacityandinstitutionalfactors.
Forthecurrentovercapacity,thecentralgovernmenthasproposedacleardirectiontosolvetheproblem,whichistorespectthelaw,implementpoliciesinaseparateindustry,takeamulti-prongedapproach,andsolvetheproblemofovercapacityinaccordancewithsuchrequirements..Respectforthelawsmeanstorespectthelawsofeconomicdevelopment,thelawsofthemarket,andthelawsofeachindustry.Separateindustrypoliciesandadoptdifferentmeasuresaccordingtodifferentindustriesanddifferentproducts.Inamulti-prongedapproach,avarietyofeconomicandlegalmeasuresmustbeadopted,includingofcoursethenecessarycontrolmeasures,thatis,administrativecontrolmeasures.Treatingbothsymptomsandrootcausesisnotonlytosolvethecurrentproblems,butalsotoformasituationwheretherewillbenoseriousovercapacityinthefutureintermsofinstitutionalmechanisms.Therefore,wearenowalsoproposingsomepolicymeasurestoresolveovercapacity,includingimprovingthegrade,qualityandlevelofourproductsthroughtechnologicaladvancement.
Inasense,ourcurrentovercapacityisstructural.Thequalityofourcompanyisstillrelativelylow.Thestructureandqualityoftheindustryarenothigh,andthestructureisnotreasonable.WeMyabilitytoinnovateisnotstrongyet.JustnowItalkedabouttheseovercapacity,therearesomeproblemsthatwecan'tsolvebyourselves.Forexample,flatglass,ourcurrentproductioncapacityisseriouslysurplus,butnowtheflatglassusedinelectronics,largeflatplateslikeourTVs,andglasssubstrateshavealwaysbeenimported,andwecannotproduceitourselves.Afterscientificresearchinrecentyears,wenowhaveonlyoneortwodomesticcompaniesmasteringthistechnology,butmostofthemrelyonimports.Includingourwindturbines,windpowerequipment,andthecontrolsystemofourwindturbines,wealsoneedtoimportthem.Therefore,wemustfirstimprovethequalityofenterprisestosolvetheovercapacity.Thisisoneway.Second,todigestabatchofexcesscapacitythroughmergersandreorganizations.Third,eliminateabatchofbackwardproductioncapacitythroughthesurvivalofthefittest.Fourth,weencourageourcompaniestodevelopoverseasandtransferabatchofproductioncapacity.
Byadoptingavarietyofmeasuresandtakingmultiplemeasuressimultaneously,wewillstrivetosolvetheproblemofovercapacityandmaintainsocialstabilityandtherightsandinterestsofemployeesintheprocess,sothatoureconomicdevelopmentcanfurtherembarkonasustainable,Healthytrack.
China'sstructure
Before1978,theChineseeconomyhadaweakagriculturalfoundation,andtheproportionoflightindustryandheavyindustrywasunbalanced.Afterthereformandopeningupin1978,bygivingprioritytothedevelopmentoflightindustry,expandingtheimportofhigh-endconsumergoods,strengtheningtheconstructionofbasicindustriesandinfrastructure,andvigorouslydevelopingthetertiaryindustry,aseriesofpoliciesandmeasureshavemadeChina'seconomicstructuremorecoordinated,optimizedandupgraded.Thedirectionofdevelopment.TheproportionalrelationshipamongandwithinChina’svariousindustrieshasbeensignificantlyimproved.Theproportionoftheprimaryindustryhasdeclined,andtheproportionofthesecondaryandtertiaryindustrieshasincreased.Thegrowthofthenationaleconomyhasbeenmainlydrivenbytheprimaryandsecondaryindustries.Thetransformationismainlydrivenbythesecondaryandtertiaryindustries,andthegrowthofthesecondaryindustryconstitutesthemaindrivingforcefortherapiddevelopmentofChina'seconomy.Whiletheoverallindustrialstructurehaschanged,theinternalstructureofeachindustryhasalsoundergonemajorchanges.Inthetotaloutputvalueofagriculture,forestry,animalhusbandryandfishery,theproportionofpureagriculturaloutputvaluehasdeclined,andtheproportionofforestry,animalhusbandryandfisheryhasincreased;withintheindustry,thestructureoflightandheavyindustriesisgraduallyupgradingfromalightstructurethatemphasizes"consumptioncompensation"toaheavystructurethatis"investment-oriented";Withinthetertiaryindustry,theproportionoftraditionalindustriessuchastransportationandcommercehasdeclined,andtherealestate,financialandinsurance,telecommunications,andconsultingservicesindustrieshavedevelopedrapidly.
U.S.Structure
Startingfromthemidtolate1980s,theU.S.economyhasundergonethethirdstructuraladjustmentsincethepostwarperiod.IthasnotonlyincludedthreemajorChangesintheinternalstructureofindustriesandindustries,butalsoincludechangesintheregionaleconomicstructureandtheinternalstructureofenterprises.Throughthisstructuraladjustment,theemergingindustriesoftheUnitedStatesrepresentedbytheinformationindustryhavedevelopedrapidly,andthepaceoftechnologicaltransformationofsometraditionalindustriessuchasautomobilesandsteelhasalsobeengreatlyaccelerated,andthecompetitivepositionofAmericancompaniesintheinternationalmarkethasalsobeenimproved.Hasbeengreatlystrengthened.ThesustainedandsteadygrowthoftheUSeconomysincethe1990sislargelyduetothesounddevelopmentoftheeconomicstructure.
InviewofthelackofcompetitionintraditionalpillarindustriesintheUnitedStatessincethe1980s,afterClintoncametopowerin1993,theUnitedStatesbeganalarge-scalestructuraladjustment,takingthedevelopmentofhightechnologyastheleaderoftheUSeconomicstructure,andtryingtomakeInformationtechnology-basedhightechnologyhasplayedamajorroleintheadjustmentoftheUSindustrialstructuretoimprovethecompetitivenessofUSindustrialproductsintheworldmarketandpavethewayfortherevitalizationoftheUSeconomy.
ThechangesintheUSindustrialstructureinthe1990saremainlyreflectedinthreeaspects:oneistheoptimizationofthethreemajorindustrialstructures;thesecondistherapiddevelopmentofhigh-techindustriesrepresentedbytheinformationindustry;thethirdistheindustryReasonableadjustmentofinternalstructure.
Fromthe1980stothepresent,theproportionoftheprimaryindustryhasfurtherdecreased,andtheproportionofthesecondaryindustryhasgraduallydeclined.Onlythetertiaryindustryisthrivingandinatrendofcontinuousgrowth.Theserviceindustryhasplayedapillarroleinthecurrentsustainedeconomicgrowth,anditsoutputvaluehasaccountedformorethan2/3ofitsGDP,whichisfaraheadoftheoutputvalueoftheprimaryandsecondaryindustries,whichhasenabledtheUnitedStatestoenterapost-industrialsocietydominatedbytheserviceindustry.Thisisundoubtedlyoffar-reachingsignificanceforextendingthetraditionaleconomiccycle,improvingthecompetitivenessoftheserviceindustry,andpromotingsustainedandstableeconomicgrowth.
Sincethemid-1980s,theUShigh-techindustryrepresentedbytheinformationindustryhasdevelopedrapidlyandhasbecomethenumberonepillaroftheUSeconomy.Withthedevelopmentofinformationtechnology,thetechnologicaltransformationofthetraditionalindustrialsectorsintheUnitedStateshasalsobeengreatlyaccelerated.ThesupportofhightechnologytotraditionalindustrieshasfurtherimprovedtheUSeconomicstructure,strengthenedthecompetitivenessofUSmajorindustriesintheworldmarket,andlaidthefoundationfortheUStostrengthenitsstatusastheworld'slargesteconomicpower.
SinceClintoncametopowerinthe1990s,thispolicyhascontinuedtobeadoptedfortheadjustmentofindustrialstructure.Themainmeasuresare:
First,drasticallycutmilitaryexpenditures.Accordingtostatistics,from1981to1990,thefederalgovernment'smilitaryexpendituresaccountedfor24.2%oftotalexpendituresannually,whilefrom1991to1995,thisproportionhaddroppedto19.3%,adecreaseof4.9%.Percentagepoints.Correspondingly,theClintonadministrationplanstoreducetheproportionofmilitaryproductionintheU.S.industryfrom25%inthe1980stoabout20%intheearly2000s.Thecompressionofthemilitary'seconomicweighthascausedalargeamountofinvestmenttoshifttocivilianindustries,whichnotonlyenhancesthecompetitivenessofcivilianindustries,butisalsoconducivetothesustainedgrowthoftheUSeconomy.
Second,adjustthefederalresearchanddevelopmentbudgettobalancethemilitaryandciviliantargets.Military-relatedscientificresearchexpenditureshavealwaysoccupiedalargeproportionofthefederalgovernment’sresearchanddevelopmentbudget.Inthe1960sand1970s,militaryscientificresearchaccountedforasmuchas80%.AftertheClintonadministrationcametopower,measuresweretakentovigorouslycompressthemilitary.Theproportionofscientificresearchintheoverallresearchanddevelopmentcosts.Bytheendofthe1990s,thisproportionhaddroppedto50%.
Third,tochangetheunreasonablesituationofexcessivemilitaryeconomicscale.InAugust1994,theFederalGovernmentproposedthe"TechnologyReinvestmentPlan"toencouragetheMinistryofNationalDefensetocooperatewithrelevantprivateenterprisesintechnologicalswitching,especiallytheuseanddevelopmentof"dual-purpose"technologies.Thegovernmentprovidestaxcutsandfinancialsubsidiestocompaniesthatconvertmilitarytechnologytociviliantechnology.
Fourth,thegovernmentprovideshugescientificresearchfundsandpaysmoreattentiontoimprovingthecompetitivenessofprivateindustries.Since1993,thetotalinvestmentinscientificresearchanddevelopmentintheUnitedStateshasreachedmorethan160billionUSdollarsperyear,ofwhichthefederalgovernmentaccountsforabout40-45%.Thegovernmentwillalsoallocate30billionU.S.dollarsfromthemilitaryresearchbudgeteachyeartoinvestinciviliantechnologiessuchasfiberopticcommunications,nationalcomputernetworks,andbiotechnology.10-20%ofthetotalisusedtoestablishjointventureswithindustrytoestablishcivilianenterprisestohelpcivilianindustriesusehigh-techinnovation.Thefocusofresearchisshiftingfrommanufacturingarmstocivilianindustrieswithbroaderprospects.Comparedwiththepast,thefocusofU.S.investmentinrecentyearshasclearlyshiftedtothecivilianindustrialsector,andmoreemphasishasbeenplacedontheadjustmentofindustrialcompetitiveness,whichwillultimatelyhelptheUnitedStatestoimproveitslong-termcompetitiveness.
AlthoughtheoveralleconomicleveloftheUnitedStatesishighlydeveloped,itsregionaleconomicdevelopmentisalsoveryuneven.SomeeconomiesintheNortheast,South,andWestaredeveloped,whiletheeconomyofthevastMidwestisrelativelybackward.Inthe1990s,theUnitedStatesdevelopedhightechnologyinsomestatesandregionswithrelativelybackwardeconomicdevelopment,whichmadetheseregionspresentaprosperousscene,improvedtheimbalanceofregionaleconomicdevelopmentintheUnitedStates,andcontributedtothecontinuousandstablegrowthoftheU.S.economy.Italsoplayedanimportantrole.ThemainmeasurestakenbytheFederalGovernmenttoadjusttheregionaleconomicstructureandpromotethedevelopmentofregionaleconomiccooperationareasfollows:
1.Mainlymarket-oriented,supplementedbygovernmentmacro-control
Intermsofpromotingregionaleconomicrestructuringandcoordinatingregionaleconomicdevelopment,theUSfederalgovernmenthaslongbeenmarket-oriented,mainlyrelyingonthemarkettoguidecapitalandpopulationThemutualflowofresources,resources,etc.invariousregions,usingmarketcompetitiontooptimizeregionalstructureandpromoteregionaleconomicdevelopment.Themainexampleinthisregardisthedevelopmentoftheinformationindustryinsomestates.Inordertopromotethedevelopmentoftheinformationindustry,thefederalgovernmenthasintroducedaseriesofpreferentialpoliciesandmeasuresinadditiontodirectlylaunchingthe"InformationSuperhighwayPlan",whichhasplayedauniversaldemonstrativeroleforallstates.Underthedemonstrationandpromotionofthefederalgovernment,thestategovernmentshavealsousedvariousmethodstopromotetheindustrializationofscienceandtechnologyinaccordancewiththeactualsituationintheregion,andvigorouslydevelopahigh-techeconomyledbysoftwareandinformationtechnology,thusembarkingontheuseofhightechnologytopromoteeconomicdevelopmentpathof.Amongthem,itisworthmentioningthatUtahisinthewesterninterior.Basedontheoriginal80companyindustrialparksand2universityhigh-techindustrialparks,thestategovernmenthasstrengthenedtechnology-basedbusinessdevelopment.Astheleadinghigh-techindustrycommercializationprocess.SoonaftertheFederalGovernmentlaunchedthe"InformationSuperhighwayPlan"inSeptember1993,Utahformulatedastate-level"InformationSuperhighwayImplementationPlan"aheadofotherstates.Inthe"InformationSuperhighwayPlan",variousinformationsoftwarewasdeveloped.Itisoneoftheimportantlinks,andSoftwareValleyissupportedbythestategovernmentanddevelopedrapidlyunderthisbackground.
2.Attachinggreatimportancetotherecommendationsofinfrastructure
Inordertopromotetheeconomictake-offofunderdevelopedregions,thefederalgovernmentandstategovernmentshaveworkedcloselytogethertovigorouslyfocusoninfrastructureconstructionandcreateconvenientconditionsforthesustainabledevelopmentoftheseregions.Intermsofinfrastructure,thefederalgovernmenthasbuiltaroadnetworkextendinginalldirections.Amongthem,expresswaysaremorethan80,000kilometersinlength,accountingfor2/3ofthetotallengthofexpresswaysintheworld.Theextensionofhighwaysnotonlycreatedextremelyfavorableconditionsforeconomicrevitalizationinunderdevelopedareas,butalsonarrowedtheeconomicgapbetweenthenorth-southandeast-westareas.Thefederalgovernmentpaysspecialattentiontotheconstructionoftheinformationsuperhighway.Atpresent,computersarewidelyusedinvariousbusinessindustriesacrossthecountry,andtheyareconnectedtoeachotherintoanetwork.Bothdevelopedandunderdevelopedregionscanenjoytheeconomic,technologicalandotherinformationoftheUnitedStatesandtheworld.Intermsofenvironmentalprotection,thefederalgovernmenthasformulatedrelativelycompleteenvironmentalprotectionregulationsandpolicies.Regardlessofthesizeofthecommoneconomicdevelopmentprojectsinallregions,theymustspecificallyexplaintheirimpactontheenvironmenttotherelevantdepartmentsofthefederalgovernment,otherwisetheywillbesubjecttotheinterventionofthefederalgovernment.Thefederalgovernmentisalsoresponsibleforcoordinatinginterstatecooperationbetweendevelopedandunderdevelopedregionstocontrolenvironmentalpollution.Intermsofbasiceducation,moststatesintheUnitedStatesimplement10-yearcompulsoryeducation,andmorethan80%oftheannualfiscalexpendituresofthestategovernmentsareusedforbasiceducation.Thefederalgovernment'sexpenditureoneducationismainlyusedtohelpthedevelopmentofeducationinunderdevelopedareas,whichisverybeneficialtotheireconomicrevitalization.
Whilevigorouslyspeedingupinfrastructureconstruction,theU.S.governmentalsoattachesgreatimportancetoguidingmicroeconomicpoliciesinunderdevelopedregions.Forexample:howtocreategoodconditionsfortheenterprise,howtopromotetherevitalizationofscienceandtechnologyassoonaspossible,etc.Inotherwords,thegovernmentdoesnotignoremicro-behaviorwhilemakingmacroeconomicadjustments,andpaysattentiontocombiningthegovernment'smacro-regulationwithmicro-behaviorsinenterprises,education,andtechnologytoformamutualcoordinationofculture,education,andscientificresearch.Avirtuouscircleofcooperationbetweenthegovernmentandenterprises.
3.Implementinganumberofpreferentialpoliciesforunderdevelopedregions
ThecorecontentofthepolicyorientationoftheU.S.governmenttopromoteunderdevelopedregionsistostrivetocultivatetheenthusiasmandcreativityoftheunderdevelopedregionsforself-developmentandenhancetheireconomiccompetitiveness.Regardlessofwhetheritisthefederalgovernmentorthestategovernment,theaidfundstheyprovidetounderdevelopedareasarefirsttoinvestineducationandtraining,especiallytoprovidetrainingfortheunemployed,soastoimprovetheirculturalandtechnologicallevelassoonaspossible,therebyenhancingtheunemployed'sabilitytore-employment..Atthesametime,fromthefederalgovernmenttothestategovernmentshaveformulatedpreferentialpoliciesandmeasuresrangingfromtaxationtofinanceforunderdevelopedregionstoencouragecapitaltoflowtotheseregions.Intermsoftaxation,thefederalgovernmentprovidesstateandlocalgovernmentswithvarioustaxexemptionsforthedevelopmentofindustrialproductionandexpansionofcommercialactivities;thestategovernmentalsousestaxreductionsandexemptionstoencourageindustrialandcommercialenterprisestoinvestinunderdevelopedareas.Intermsoffinance,constructionprojectsestablishedbythegovernmentsofunderdevelopedstatescanissuebondstothesocietyonceapprovedbythefederalgovernment;thestategovernmentfirstguaranteesthefundsraisedbyallsectorsofsociety,andthenusesthesefundstoprovidelong-termlow-interestloanstoenterprises;Thegovernmentalsoallowscertaincompaniestoissuestockstothepublic,andprovideimportandexportcreditstosmallandmedium-sizedcompanieswithgoodreturns.
Itisthefederalgovernment’seffectiveimplementationofvariousassistancepoliciestounderdevelopedregionsthatpromptthetimelyadjustmentoftheregionaleconomicstructureoftheUnitedStates.TheU.S.economycontinuestogrow.
Adjustmentandoptimization
Themeaningofeconomicstructureadjustment
Thecomparativerelationshipandcombinationbetweenregionsandvariouseconomiccomponentsareadjustedtoimprovetheorganicconnectionandproportionalrelationshipbetweenthevariousmaterialproductionsectors,andusetheleadingroleoftechnologicalprogresstorationalizethenationaleconomicstructureandpromotetheeconomicdevelopmentoftheentirecountry.Beforedevelopment.Accordingtothedevelopmentofthenationaleconomy,ourcountryfullyconsidersthetrendofaccelerateddevelopmentofworldscienceandtechnologyandtherestructuringoftheinternationaleconomy,focusingontheoverallimprovementoftheoverallqualityandefficiencyofthenationaleconomy,strengtheningtheoverallnationalstrengthandinternationalcompetitiveness,andismakingstrategicadjustmentstotheeconomicstructure.Thisisanurgentrequirementandalong-termtaskforthedevelopmentofthenationaleconomy.
Necessityofeconomicrestructuring
Adjustingtheeconomicstructureistheneedtorespondtothetwomajortrends.First,thetrendofthehigh-techrevolution,includingtheinformationtechnologyrevolution,thebioengineeringrevolution,andthenewmaterialrevolutionrepresentedbynanotechnology.Thistrendwillinevitablyhaveamajorimpactontheoriginalindustrialstructureofcountriesaroundtheworld,causingsomeindustriestodeclineorbeeliminated,andsomeindustrieswillsproutordevelopatanexplosivespeed,especiallythesoftwareandbioengineeringindustries.Second,thetrendofeconomicglobalizationismainlymanifestedintradeliberalization,investmentliberalization,andfinance.Thistrendhascloselylinkedtheeconomyofacountrywiththeworldeconomy,makingtheeartha"globalvillage".Ifacountry'seconomywantstodeveloprapidly,itcannotignoretheexistenceofthesetwomajortrends,anditmustadjustitstraditionaleconomicstructureinatimelymannertofollowthetrend.
Problemsthatshouldbepaidattentiontoineconomicstructuraladjustment
Inthetheoryofstructuraladjustment,thereareseveralmisunderstandingsthatneedtobepaidattentionto:
First,structuraladjustmentonlypaysattentiontonatureCombinationofresources.Afterenteringthepost-industrialera,theeconomy'sdependenceontraditionalnaturalresourceshasgraduallydecreased,andhumanresourcesandtechnologicalprogresshavebecomethemaindriversoftheeconomy.Forcountriesandregionsintheinitialstageofindustry,itisaninevitablechoicefortheearlyeconomytobuildanaturalresourcefoundation,butaftertheaccumulationofprimitivecapitaliscompleted,thecontinuedimplementationofthenaturalresourcestrategywillleadtotheoppositeofeconomicdevelopment.
Thesecondistotargettheunrealisticworld'shighesttechnologicalfield.Inthe1990s,newtechnologiessuchascomputerhardware,software,networks,anddigitizationhavedevelopedatanunimaginablespeed.Inordertomeetthewaveofthenewtechnologicalrevolution,manyeconomicallydevelopedregionshaveoptimizedtheirstructurestocatchupwiththeworld'smostcutting-edgetechnologies,butoftenrealityandgoalscannotbesynchronized.
Thethirdistopayone-sidedattentiontothequantitativecomparisonofeconomicstructureandignorethequalitativecomparisonofeconomicstructure.Sincethe1980s,theconceptofcomparingprimary,secondaryandtertiaryindustrieshasbeenverypopularintheeconomicworld.Whethertheeconomicstructureofaregionisveryreasonableornotisoftendiscussedfromthedivisionofthreeindustries,buttheconceptisoftenrefuted..Simplydividingtheprimary,secondaryandtertiaryindustriesdoesnotindicatetherationalityoftheeconomicstructure.Onthecontrary,theanalysisofthestructuremustpayattentiontothequalityanalysisofsomestructures.
Fourth,asimplecomparisonofownershipstructureandinvestmentstructurewillnotleadtocorrectconclusions.Ownershipisnotoriginallythecorecomponentofthings.Thekeythingisthemechanismbehindtheownershipstructure.Inotherwords,itisimpossibletoprovewhichownershipstructureisthemostadvantageous,butitispossibletoseetheshortcomingsofthemechanismbehindtheownership.Thesameistruefortheinvestmentstructure.Accordingtotraditionaleconomictheories,thedevelopmentofproductivityisnotshiftedbyhumanwill.Thechangeofinvestmentstructureisnotonlyaffectedbyasimpleartificialforce,butismainlyaffectedbyakindofproductivity.Theinfluenceofdevelopmenttrend,ortheinfluenceofmarketchanges.
Analysistechnology
Introduction
Theestablishmentoftheanalysistechnologyofeconomicstructureadjustmentisbasedonthefollowingassumptions:First,theeconomicstructureisdividedintomicroandmacro,andTheeconomicstructureherereferstothemacrostructure;thesecondisthemicrostructure,thatis,theresearchonthecorporatestructureisrelativelymature,whichhasimportantreferencesignificanceforthestudyofthemacrostructure.Thethirdisthattheselectedtechnologysetislocatedintheintersectionofmicroeconomicsandmacroeconomictheoreticalresearch.Thatis,themacroscopicalizationofmicroeconomicstructureanalysistechnology.
EnvironmentalScanning
EnvironmentalScanningreferstobrowsingalargeamountofinformationtodetectemergingtrendsandformasetofideas.Itisanimportanttechniqueforevaluatingtheenvironmentwhenstudyingtheinternalstructureofmicro-enterprises.Environmentalscanningtechnologybelievesthat:1.Theinformationneededbyanorganizationtoformulateastructuralstrategycanbeobtainedfrompublicpublications.Advertisements,printedmatter,publicreportsfromvariousgovernmentagencies,newsreports,andindustrialresearchareallsourcesofinformation.;Second,manyinstitutionsregularlydecomposethestructureofotherregionsandcarefullystudywhichonesarestructuralinnovationsandstructuralanalysistechnologyinnovations.Third,throughthefilteringoftheinformationtheyhavehunted,3-4focusissuesarescreenedout.Animportantissue,makingaplan.Theimportantsignificanceofenvironmentalscanningisthatstructuraladjustmentagenciesshouldnotonlypayattentiontothecurrentsituationofthestructureandresourcesoftheregion,butalsopayattentiontorelevantinformationoutsidetheregion,thatis,lookattheregionaleconomicdevelopmentfromtheperspectiveoftheworld.Whetherthevisionisbroadenedhasalmostbecomethekeytothesuccessorfailureofstructuralpolicies.Thedifferencebetweenenvironmentalscanningtechnologyandthepreviousattentiontoexternalportinformationisthatinthepast,theunderstandingofexternalportinformationisofteninaperceptualstatewithoutin-depthunderstanding,whilethenewenvironmentalscanningtechnologyinvolvesknowledgeofsystemtheory,mathematicalstatistics,probabilitytheory,etc.Thescientificcomponentofscanningtechnologyisadded,andtheunderstandingofexternalportinformationisestablishedinascientificstate,andfinallytheanalysisresultisclosertoreality.
Forecastingtechnology
Environmentalscanninghaslaidthefoundationforeconomicstructureforecasting.Forecastingtechnologyisdividedintotwotypes:quantitativeforecastingtechnologyandqualitativeforecastingtechnology.Quantitativeforecastingtechnologyistheapplicationofasetofmathematicalrulestopastdatasequencestopredictfutureresults.Whenthestructuraladjustmentagencyobtainsenoughreliabledata,quantitativeforecastingtechniquesaremoredesirable.Butinmanycases,thereisnooccasiontoobtainaccuratedata,sothepredictionisoftenjudgedbypersonalknowledgeandexperience.Thisisthequalitativepredictiontechnology.Thesetwoforecastingmethodsareindispensableandbothareveryimportantmethodsforstructuraladjustment.Duetothedynamicchangesofenvironmentalfactors,predictionresultsoftendeviatefromrealitytoacertainextent.Inordertoimprovethepredictioneffect,itisnecessarytopayattentiontotheapplicationoffivemethods:oneistoadoptsimplepredictiontechnology,thisisbecause,statisticaldiscovery,simplepredictiontechnologyandcomplexTheresultsofforecastingtechniquesareoftenmoreconsistent;thesecondistocompareeachforecastresultwiththeunchangedforecastresult,thelatterhasanaccuracyofabout50%;thethirdisthatyoucannotrelyononlyoneforecastingmethod,especiallyforlong-termforecastingAtthesametime,severaldifferentmethodsshouldbeusedtomakepredictions,andthentheresultsshouldbeweighed;fourth,donottrytoaccuratelydefinetheturningpointsofthings,manyturningpointsarerandom;fifth,withtheextensionoftheforecasttimelimit;theaccuracyoftheforecastresultsisalsoWiththisdecline,appropriatelyincreasingtheforecastperiodcanimprovetheaccuracyoftheforecast.Forecastingtechnologyisthekeytechnologyforstructuraladjustmentafterenvironmentalscanningtechnology.Goodforecastingcandetermineeffectivetargetsforregionaleconomicdevelopment,soastoachievemoderateeconomicdevelopment.
Benchmarktechnology
Benchmarktechnologyisthebestwaytofindeffectivestructuraladjustmentsfordifferentstructuraladjustmentinstitutions.Thebasicideaofbenchmarktechnologyisthatstructuraladjustmentagenciesanalyzetheinternalstructureofleadersinvariousfieldsandthenimitatetheirpracticestoimprovetheirowneconomicstructure.Itgenerallyfollowsfoursteps:First,thestructuraladjustmentagencyestablishesabenchmarkingteam,whoseprimarytaskistoestablishaframeofreference,benchmarkingcontent,andmethodsofcollectingdata;Thesituationofstructuraladjustment;thethirdistocarryouteconomicdataanalysisofdifferentstructurestofindoutthestructuralgapsandthereasonsleadingtosuchgaps;thefourthistoformulateandimplementactionplanstoeventuallymeetorexceedthestructuralstandardsofotherorganizations.Benchmarkingisactuallydecomposingthetarget,thenobservinganddecomposingpartofthetargetreference,andthenselectingimportantandvaluableparadigmsfromthem,tryingthemout,andformingnewcombinations.Benchmarktechnologyisanextensionofthetheoryofeconomicregularization,whichmeansthatineconomicdevelopment,notallfieldsneedtobemarkedwiththeirownpersonality.Onthecontrary,inmanyfields,structuralarrangementshavetheirowncommonality,andstructuraladjustmentinstitutionsmustfirstFollowthiscommonarrangement.
Innovativetechnology
Duetotheuncertaintyanddynamicdevelopmentoftherealenvironment,theresearchandreplicationofthestructureofotherregions,althoughitdeterminestherightorwrongandtherateofstructuraladjustment,itdoesnotThestructurecannotbetrulyoptimized,andonlyreformcanmakethestructureinaleadingposition.Effectiveadjustmentsmustultimatelybebasedoninnovativetechnologies.Oneistoreduceresistancetochangeactionsthroughtechnicalmeanssuchaseducation,communication,participation,promotionandsupport,negotiation,manipulationandcooperation,andcoercion;theotheristopayattentiontosomenewtrends,includingstructuralchangesinthemanagementfield,technologicalchanges,andhumanresources.Fornewtrendssuchasresourcereform,wemustbegoodatintroducingsomenewinnovativetechnologiesintoreformactivities;third,wemustpayspecialattentiontothereformoforganizationalculture,andgraduallyestablishanewculturalsystem,suchasacceptingambiguity,toleratingunrealistic,andreducingexternalcontrol,Acceptingrisks,toleratingconflicts,establishingopensystems,etc.Inshort,innovativetechnologyisthemostimportantpartofthestructuralupgradeoftheclosedsystemofstructuraladjustment.Withoutit,structuraladjustmenttechnologycanonlybeanempiricaljudgment,notascience.
Adjustmentpractice
China’seconomicrestructuringhasgonethroughthreemainstages:
1.Thefirsteconomicrestructuring:1979-1984Years
Sincefrom1958to1978,China’seconomicconstructionhasbeenblindlypursuing"highproductionspeedandlarge-scaleconstruction"inmanyyears,exceptfortheadjustmentperiodfrom1961to1965.mistake.Atthesametime,intheconstructionprocess,one-sidedemphasisonthedevelopmentofheavyindustry,ignoringagricultureandlightindustry;intheconstructionofheavyindustry,one-sidedemphasison"steelasthekeylink",ignoringenergyandtransportationindustries,andwithinheavyindustry,one-sidedemphasisonself-sufficiencyandneglectofcollaborationConstructionofsupportingandservicesystems.Overtime,adeformedeconomicstructurehasbeenformed.Certainheavyindustrysectorsareoverlyprominent,whileagriculture,lightindustry,energyindustry,transportation,construction,commerce,andserviceindustriesarequitebackward.Severeimbalanceofthenationaleconomy,lowefficiency,seriouswaste,highinvestmentcostandlowefficiencyhavebecomethecharacteristicsofthisdeformedeconomicstructure.Inaddition,theproblemofalargenumberofunemployedpeopleinurbanareashasbecomeincreasinglyprominent.Itisdifficultforurbanandruralresidentstoincreasetheirincomes,andtheirlivingstandardshavenotbeenimprovedforalongtime.
Inresponsetothisproblem,theChinesegovernmentproposedapolicyofadjustingthenationaleconomyin1979.Byadjustingthescale,structure,price,andfiscalpoliciesoffixedassetinvestment,theratioofaccumulationandconsumptionhasbeenadjusted,andthedevelopmentofagricultureandlightindustryhasbeenaccelerated.Asaresult,thebasicstatusofagriculturehasbeguntobeclarified,theratiobetweenlightindustryandheavyindustryhasbeenadjusted,andenergysupplyhasbeenbetterimproved.However,duringthisperiod,anewproblemofrapiddevelopmentoftheprocessingindustryemerged.Asinfrastructureandrawmaterialindustriescannotkeepupwiththedevelopmentofprocessingindustries,thecontradictionbetweensupplyanddemandhasbecomeprominent.Inaddition,thesupplyofagriculturalandsidelineproductscannotkeepupwiththegrowthofurbanandruralresidents'purchasingpower,andinflationhasbeguntoappearandbecomemoreserious.Forthisreason,since1988TheChinesegovernmentbeganitssecondstructuraladjustmentsince1991.
2.Thesecondeconomicrestructuring:1988-1991InSeptember1988,theChinesegovernmentputforwardthepolicyofgovernanceandrectification,comprehensiveandin-depthreforms,andisvigorouslycontrollinginflation.Onthebasisofthis,effortswillbemadetoadjusttheeconomicstructure.Theadjustmentismainlytoadjusttheinvestmentstructureandloanstructure,whileeliminatingtheoverheatingoftheeconomy,implementthepolicyof“tilting”someindustriesandenterprises,andconcentratethefunds,rawmaterials,energyandtransportationcapacitythathavebeencompressedinotherareastosupportkeyindustriesandindustries.Keyenterpriseshaveincreasedtheeffectivesupplyofagriculture,energyindustry,rawmaterialindustry,transportationandotherindustries.Althoughthisadjustmenteffectivelyincreasedthesupplyofgoodsinshortsupplyandcurbedinflation,itonlyeasedsomeoftheprominentcontradictionsintheeconomicstructureandfailedtofundamentallysolvetheproblemofstructuralimbalances,suchasenergy,transportation,andimportantrawmaterials.Industryandinfrastructurearestillthe"bottleneck"restrictingthedevelopmentofthenationaleconomy.Inparticular,thenewroundofeconomicoverheatingin1992madethestructuralcontradictionsmoreprominent.Theregionalstructureandcorporateorganizationalstructurewerenotoptimizedbutdegraded,whicheventuallybecameoneofthemaincausesofhyperinflationin1994.
Fromtheprevioustwostructuraladjustments,duetothelackofamechanismtoadjustthesectorandregionalstructureintheeconomicsystem,theadjustmentmeansbasicallyrelyonthescaleofinvestment,investmentprojects,andthescaleofcredittostate-ownedbanks.Theactualeffectofadministrativecontrolisverylimited.Inaddition,thesetwoadjustmentsareonlyincrementaladjustments,andhavebasicallynottouchedtheproblemofhugeeconomicstocks.Therefore,theadjustmentgoalsofthecentralgovernmentareoftendifficulttoachieveintheend,resultinginrecurringstructuralcontradictions.After1991,althoughtheworkofstructuraladjustmentcontinuedtobecarriedout,forthesamereason,theeconomicstructuredidnotshowanysignificantimprovement.
3.Thethirdeconomicrestructuring:after1997Afterthesecondhalfof1993,inordertocontroloverheatingandinflation,theChinesegovernmenthasstrengthenedFiscalandmonetarypoliciescurbdemandinflation,whilecontinuingtoadvancethereformofthepricesystem,circulationsystem,fiscalsystem,andfinancialsystem.By1996,themacro-controlhasachievedremarkableresults.However,astheoveralleconomicbalancehasimprovedsignificantly,structuralcontradictionshaveonceagainbecomeprominent.Theoriginalbackwardnessofbasicindustriesandinfrastructurenotonlyremainsunchanged,butthe"bottleneck"incertainareasisevenmoreacute.Inaddition,theproblemsof"bigandcomplete,smallandcomplete"andblindlyrepeatedconstructionarestillveryserious,restrictingtheimprovementoftheoverallqualityandefficiencyofthenationaleconomy.Forthisreason,theChinesegovernmentonceagainsteppedupitseffortstoadjusttheeconomicstructureafter1997.Themaincontentofthisadjustmentis:
(1)Increasetheimplementationofindustrialpolicies
InMarch1994,theChinesegovernmentpromulgatedthe"90sNationalIndustrialPolicyOutline.Judgingfromtheactualsituationafterthe"Outline"waspromulgated,industrialpoliciesdidnothaveasignificantimpactontheeconomicstructure.Themainreasonforthisisthatthekeyindustriessupportedarerelativelylarge(accountingformorethan50%ofGDP),butthegovernment'sabilitytoprovidesupportisobviouslyinsufficient.Atthesametime,thegovernmentlackseffectivemeanstoimplementindustrialpolicies,andcoordinationamongvariousdepartmentsandlinksisquitedifficult.
Inresponsetothisproblem,in1998theChinesegovernmentselectedsixindustrialindustrieswithprominentstructuralcontradictions,namelytextiles,coal,buildingmaterials,steel,automobiles,andpetrochemicals,asthefocusofindustrialrestructuring.Thestructuraladjustmentworkfirstmadeabreakthroughinthetextileindustry.Inviewoftheovercapacitybeingthemainreasonforthelong-termlossoftheindustry,thecentralgovernmentformulatedthetextileindustryspindlesuppressionplan,requiringthereductionof10millionspindleswithin3years,accountingfor1/4oftheoriginalproductioncapacity.In2000,thetextileindustrywasalsorequiredtoeliminate30%oftheoriginalproductioncapacity.Millionsofbackwardwoolspinningspindles.Becausethecentralgovernment'sstrongmonitoringandencouragementpoliciesareinplace,andbecauseofthelong-termdownturninthetextilemarket,enterprisescannotcontinuetomaintain,sothispolicyhasbeenimplementedwell,thereductiontaskhasbeencompleted,andtheentiretextileindustryhastakentheleadincompletingthetaskofrelief.Thecoalindustrymergedandbankruptedagroupofinsolventandhopelesscompanies,closedagroupofresource-exhaustedmines,reducedproductionbymorethan200milliontons,andreducedthesourceoflosses.Bytheendof2000,thepetrochemicalindustry'staskofcleaningupandrectifyingsmallrefinerieshadbasicallybeencompleted.Atotalof6,000localoilrefinerieswerebannedacrossthecountry,and188smallrefineriesonthelisthadclosed111.
(2)AccelerateState-ownedenterprisereform
After1997,thecentralgovernmenthasmadeclearthepolicyofspeedingupthereformofstate-ownedenterprisesandimplementingstrategicreorganizationofstate-ownedenterprises.Inaccordancewiththerequirementsof"clearpropertyrights,clearrightsandresponsibilities,separationofgovernmentandenterprises,andscientificmanagement",standardizedlargeandmedium-sizedstate-ownedenterprisesshallbereformed.Thespecificmeasuresforthereformare:first,toconcentrateeffortstopromoteandstandardizetheshareholdingreformoflargestate-ownedenterprisesandenterprisegroups.Thesecondistofurtherinvigoratesmallstate-ownedenterprises,andrestructuremorethan240,000smallstate-ownedenterprisesacrossthecountrythroughavarietyofmethodssuchasalliances,mergers,leases,contractoperations,andsales.Thethirdistoregulatebankruptcy,encouragemergers,promotereemployment,andoptimizethecapitalstructureofenterprises.After1998,theChinesegovernmentputforwardthespecificgoalof"threeyearsofpovertyalleviation"forstate-ownedenterprises,andfurtherintensifiedthereformofstate-ownedenterprises.
(3)Vigorouslypromotetechnologicalinnovationandtechnologicalindustrialization
InAugust1998,theCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinaandtheStateCouncilheldtheNationalScienceandTechnologyConferenceandissuedthe"DecisiononStrengtheningTechnologicalInnovation,DevelopingHighTechnology,andRealizingIndustrialization."InAugust1999,thecentralgovernmentissuedthe"DecisiononStrengtheningTechnologicalInnovationandDevelopingHigh-TechIndustrialization."Twoimportantdecisionsproposetostrengthenthemacro-guidanceofthedirectionandfocusoftechnologicalinnovationandthecommercializationandindustrializationofhigh-techachievements,deepenthereformofthescientificandtechnologicalsystem,andpromotethecommercializationandindustrializationoftechnologicalinnovationandhigh-techachievements.Inordertoachievethisgoal,theChinesegovernmenthasestablishedthebasicpolicyofadvancingscientificandtechnologicalprogress:oneistodosomethingandnottodosomething,tochoosekeyareasandmaindirections,andtodeterminethepriorityofdevelopmentgoals;second,totracktheworldasawholeThepaceofscientificandtechnologicaldevelopmentistostriveforbreakthroughsinkeyareas;thethirdistoimprovetheabilityofsustainableinnovation,includingthelevelofscientificandtechnologicalinfrastructure,basicresearchandoverallscientificandtechnologicalcapacitybuilding;thefourthistoachievetechnologicalleapfrogdevelopmentandgraspthecurrentworldeconomictrendsandInthefuturemarketdemand,wewillconcentrateoureffortstoovercomedifficulties.
Accordingtotheabove-mentionedbasicguidelines,thecentralgovernmenthasintroducedandimplementedamajorplanforthereformofthescientificandtechnologicalsystem.242scientificresearchinstitutionsaffiliatedto10nationalbureaushavebeenreformed,andtheenterpriseoperationmechanismhasbeenimplementedthroughtransformationintoenterprises,entryintoenterprises,andtransformationintointermediaryinstitutions.Atthesametime,itpromulgatedaseriesofpoliciestosupportscientificandtechnologicalinnovationandthetransformationofachievements,encouragingscientificresearcherstoactivelyestablishhigh-techenterprises,supportthetransformationofscientificandtechnologicalachievementswithfinancialfunds,andprovideforinnovationactivitiesintheformofinvestment,loandiscounts,establishmentofventurecapitalfunds,andsubsidyfunds.support.
(4)StrengtheningInfrastructureconstructionInthethreeyearsof1997,1998,and1999,thecentralgovernmentissuedatotalof260billionnationalbondstoaccelerateinfrastructureconstruction.In2000,onthebasisofthebudgetof100billionyuanofnationaldebt,anadditional50billionyuanoflong-termconstructionnationaldebtwasissued,mainlyforkeyinvestmentareasdeterminedbythestate,especiallyinfrastructureconstruction.Itisestimatedthatfinancialinvestmentdirectlydriveslocalgovernments,departments,andenterprisestoinvestatotalofabout750billionyuaninsupportingfundsandbankloans.Alargeamountofinvestmentinthefieldofinfrastructurehaseffectivelyalleviatedthelong-term"bottleneck"problemoftheeconomicstructure,andhashadapositiveimpactonthecorrespondinginvestmentproductproductionindustry.
(5)FormulateWesternDevelopmentStrategy
InJune1999,thecentralgovernmentbegantomakethewesterndevelopmentamajornationalstrategictaskandputitonimportantposition.Tospeedupthedevelopmentofthewesternregion,thecentralgovernmentformulatedrelevantdevelopmentstrategiesandestablishedtheWesternDevelopmentOfficeinJanuary2000.
Differentfromthelasttwoadjustments,thistimeChina’seconomicrestructuringhassomenewfeatures.Firstofall,thiseconomicrestructuringisthefirstadjustmentundertheconditionsofamarketmechanism.Theadjustmentmethodischangingfromapurelygovernment-orientedtoamarket-orientedrole,andthemeansofcontrolareshiftingfrommainlyrelyingonadministrativemeanstoacombinationofeconomicandlegalmeans.Thedirectionofadministrativemeanshaschanged.Secondly,ChinaisabouttojointheWTO,andtheinternationalmarketenvironmentandrulesofthegamewillhaveanincreasingimpactonChina'seconomicstructuraladjustment.Thisisobviouslydifferentfromthestructuraladjustmentscarriedoutunderclosedandsemi-closedconditionsinthepast.Third,unliketheshortageera,thegoalofthisstructuraladjustmenthaschangedfromincreasingtheoutputandvarietiesofshortagecommoditiesinthepasttoupgradingproductsandindustrialstructure;fromthedevelopmentofdomesticenterprisesandindustriestoparticipatingininternationalcompetition.Fourth,thecurrenteconomicrestructuringisanadjustmentmadefromtheperspectivesofincrementandstock.Thisissignificantlydifferentfromtheadjustmentsmadeonlyfromanincrementalperspectiveinthepast.