Basic composition
The earth's surface system is an integral part of the Earth's inner ring, which is mainly due to the rock circle, the aater, aqueous ring, human ring and biological circle. Social complex.
The earth circle is divided into two parts: the Earth's outer ring and the inner ring of the earth. The outer ring of the Earth can be further divided into four basic circles, namely the alarm, aqueous ring, biosphere and rock circles; and the earth in the earth can be further divided into three basic circles, namely land rings, external nucleus, and solid core lock up. In addition, there is a soft die between the Earth's outer ring and the inner ring, which is a transition ring between the Earth's outer ring and the inner ring of the earth, and is located at an average depth of approximately 150 kilometers below the ground.
For the large air circles, water circles and biospheres in the Earth's outer ring, as well as the surface of the rock circle, generally used in direct observation and measurement methods. Earth circle, mainly used geophysical methods such as seismographic, gravity and high-precision modern spatial test technology observation, etc.
Rock Circle
Earth rock circle refers to the top of the earth's crust and the top of the upper mantle in the mantle circle. From the surface of the solid earth, pass the seismic wave in nearly 33 kilometers, the first The discontinuous surface (Moho surface) has extended to the soft flow ring. The thickness of the rock ring is uneven, and the average thickness is about 100 kilometers. Since the bottom of the ocea accounts for more than 2/3 of the total surface area of the Earth, the ocean basin accounts for about 45% of the total seabed area, and its average water depth is 4,000 to 5,000 meters, and a large amount of development of the submarine volcano is distributed in the Ocean Basin. The surrounding of the vast sea hills are extended. Therefore, the main surface morphology of the entire solid globe can be constructed from the Ocean Basin and the continent. According to the sector structure, the rock circle can be divided into 6 large sections, namely: Asian sector, African sector, Indian Ocean plate, Antarctic sector, Pacific Plate, American sector.
The shaping process of the surface morphology is the circulation process of rock circles, and the foundation of them is the three major rocks of rock circles - metamorphic transformation of metamorphic and sedimentary rocks.
1) The magma whose magma refers to the internal pressure of the Earth, and the magma invade the upper portion of the rock ring along the weak zone of the rock ring, and cool the solidification to form a magma rock.
2) Variant Rock These generated rocks, various metamorphisms occur at a certain temperature and pressure, ultimately forming a metamorphic rock.
3) Sedimentary rock these exposed on the surface Magma rock, under the action of wind blow, rain, sun, and biological, disintegrates products such as gravel, sand and soil. These debris are deposited after handling, and the flow water is deposited, and the deposition rock is formed by consolidating into a rock.
This rock has a regeneration role in the depth of the rock ring or below the rock ring, and has become a new magma. The magma invade or spurt the surface again under certain conditions, forming a new magma rock, and re-accepts external force, erosion, handling, and accumulation with other rocks. As such, the week is started, so that the substance of the rock ring is in a constant cycle conversion.
Water circle
aqueous ring (HYDROSPHERE) is the most active circle layer in the outer ring of the Earth. It interacts with the inner rings, biospheres and earth circles, directly related to the evolution of a surface system affecting human activities. The water circle is also the main medium for external movement geological effects, which is the most important role in shaping the surface of the earth.
The water circle includes ocean, rivers, lakes, swamps, glaciers and groundwater, etc. It is a continuous but not ruled circle. From the high altitude from tens of thousands of kilometers from the Earth, you can see the white clouds formed in the Earth's ancestral vapor and the blue ocean that covers most of the earth, which makes the earth become a "blue planet". The total mass of the Earth Water Coil is 1.66 × 10 ^ 24 grams, about 3,600 in total quality of the earth, including 35 times the marine water quality is about land (including rivers, lakes and surface rock pores and soil) water 35 times.
Biosphere
The biosphere is mainly composed of three parts: life substance, biometric substance, and biological inert substance. Life substances are also known as the living body, and the bio-organic organism is the same; biomechanical substances are produced by organic mineral materials composed of life substances, such as coal, petroleum, peat and soil humus; biological inert substances refer to the atmosphere Low-level gas, deposition rock, clay mineral and water. There are living places on the earth. Biological life activities promote energy flow and material circulation, and cause changes in life activities. Biology should obtain the necessary energy and substance from the environment, to adapt to the environment, the environment has changed, but in turn promotes the adaptability of the organism, this reaction promotes the continued changes in the entire biological industry.
Active ring
The atmosphere is the outermost gas circle layer in the outer ring of the Earth, which surrounds the ocean and land. There is no exact upper industry in the atmosphere, and there is still a thin gas and basic particles in 2000 to 16,000 kilometers. There will be a small amount of air in the underground, soil and some rocks, which can also be considered an integral part of the atmosphere. The main ingredients of the Earth are nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide and less than 0.04% ratio of micro gas. The total mass of the Earth's atmospheric gas is about 5.136 × 10 ^ 21 grams, which is equivalent to 0.86 in total quality of the earth. Due to the role of the stereotype, almost all gases are concentrated from 100 kilometers from the ground, 75% of the atmosphere is concentrated in the ground to 10 km height. The entire atmosphere exhibits different characteristics as height, divided into tropospents, flat flow layers, intermediate layers, warm layers and scattered layers, and then the interstellar space.
1) Tutorial: The lowest layer of the atmosphere is close to the Earth's surface, its thickness is approximately 10 to 20 kilometers. The atmosphere of the stream is larger than the globe, the cloud, fog, and rain has occurred in this layer, and the water vapor is almost in this layer. The temperature of this layer is reduced as the height increases, about 1000 meters per liter, and the temperature drops by 5 to 6 ° C. Move, plant survival, most of the activities of human beings, are also within this layer. Because the air convection of this layer is obvious, it is called a trip.
2) Pingflow: The upper layer is about 20 to 50 kilometers from the surface of the earth. The air of the flat layer is relatively stable, the atmosphere is smooth flow, so it is called a flat layer. There is very small water vapor and dust in the pneumatic layer, and below 30 kilometers or less, the temperature is around -55 ° C.
3) Intermediate layer: 50 to 85 kilometers from the surface of the earth, the air here is very thin, the highlighted feature is that the temperature is rapidly reduced by the increase in height, and the air has a strong vertical convection.
4) Warm layer: The temperature is characterized by the heating layer, and the temperature increases with the height increase. When the temperature is 300 kilometers, the temperature can reach 1000 ° C or higher. The reason why this layer is high, mainly because all wavelengths of solar ultraviolet radiation is absorbed by warm layer gases. Nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), and oxygen atom (O) gas components in the warm layer, which is already at a high degree of ionization state under a strong sun ultraviolet and universe, so it is also referred to as a "ionosphere" . Among them, the E layers of E layers and 200 ~ 400 kilometers of F layers, as well as between the intermediate layer and the warm layer, only the height is approximately 80 kilometers of D layer, and the degree of ionization is strong. The presence of the ionosphere is of great significance to reflective radio waves.
5) Outer layer: 叫 外 大 大 层 大 大 地 大 层 层 层 层 层 层 层 层 层 层 层 层 层 层 层 层 层 层 层 层 层 层 层 层 层 层 层 层 层 区域 区域 层 区域Border. Under normal circumstances, the upper limit is low in the vicinity of the geophysical pole, and the near-magnetic equator is over the sun side, about 9 to 10 earth radiuss, in other words, about 65,000 kilometers. Here is extremely thin.
Main features
three-state conversion
Since the earth is far from the sun, there is a suitable temperature; its shape is suitable (6378 km radius), make it The surface attracts an appropriate amount of water and atmosphere and maintains a constant pressure, and has a complex form of surface solid state, liquid, gaseous form factories coexisting and transforming. Solid, liquid, gas tri-state, interact, interaction is the highlighter characteristics of the Earth's surface. It is manifested as two mechanisms: First, the interface mechanism, the other is the heterogeneous mechanism.
From the physical sense, energy and substance conversion and transmission, mainly through the interface; in the chemical sense, adsorption, absorption is also first realized by the interface. The size of the interface area is positive correlation, the extent, and complexity of the material energy, the existence of the interface and the expansion of the surface area, which promotes the material progress and energy transmission of the earth's surface, and the energy from the inside of the earth and from the earth. The external energy continues to promote the expansion of the total area of the Earth's three-phase interface, which forms positive feedback from each other, which promotes the development of the inverstrous development, causing the high speed evolution of the Earth's surface.
The heterogeneous mechanism refers to the special effects generated by the material composition and structural function between gas, liquid, and solid three-phase. Heterogeneous is conducive to adjusting and promoting flowing and conversion of matter and energy. The three-phase surface of the surface forms a heterogeneous system of different sizes such as ocean, land, glacier, desert, lake, swamp, resulting in water, air circulation, and circulating motion and conversion of substances and energy.
Earth's internal force
The so-called Earth's internal force refers to the structure of the earth, from the inside of the earth, which is clearly shown in the earth's surface, such as volcano, earthquake, magma, earth shell and Sink, etc.. In addition to the volcanic eruption, the internal force effect is basically terminated in the surface of the Earth, which causes the earth's surface geographic location (longitude, latitude, height) to change, constituting the basic frame of the Earth's surface solid portion. The total trend of internal force is to cause surface morphology of the surface from high and low.
External force
The external force is referred to as the weathering effect, flow, water, wind erosion, etc. generated by solar radiation as basic energy, etc., which is carried out by physical chemistry changes, erosion, and handling. , The accumulation effect is high to eliminate the undulations caused by internal force, and the general action trend is that the pending table is limited to the depth of the following few meters to dozens of meters.
Intermediary action
The biosphere is a thin organic film that is maintained by the earth's surface material, and the energy stream is maintained, which has a mediation role between solar energy and inorganic boundaries. It is the green plant in the organic boundary to fix solar energy through photosynthesis, and then pass through the food chain to the grazing, carnivore, and life is in the role of solar energy. The body will be broken down into inorganic salts through the microorganism. Substance circulation, plants rehabilitate, converted into new organisms. Inherent nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc. inherent in the surface, also converted to organisms as nutrients.
Human activity
The appearance of humans makes the earth's surface layer changes, and has also constituted a protruding feature distinguishes between other laps. Human changes, causing greenhouse effects, heat island effects, and even control local circulation; humans change water circulation, creating artificial shapes, fundamentally changing the face of the biological industry. Almost no ban without human influence, human role and influence have been connected to the earth, forming a veritable wisdom circle, cultural circle, and earth surface gradually become a new one of people and their living environment. system.