Introduction
Desktopcomputerisakindofindependentandseparatedcomputer,completelyunrelatedtoothercomponents.Comparedwithnotebooksandnetbooks,thevolumeislarger,andthemainframe,displayandotherequipmentaregeneralTheyarerelativelyindependent,andgenerallyneedtobeplacedonacomputerdeskoraspecialworkbench.Hencethenamedesktopcomputer.
History
Abroad
In1946,theworld’sfirstdesktopENIAC"Ainiac"cameoutattheUniversityofPennsylvaniaintheUnitedStates.Itis30.48meterslong.Itis1meterwideandcoversanareaofabout170squaremeters.Therearemorethan30consoles,whichareequivalenttotenordinaryroomsandweighsmorethan30tons.Thestartuppowerconsumptionis150kilowatts.Atthattime,itcost480,000USdollars.Therearemorethan18,000electrontubes,70,000resistors,10,000capacitors,morethan1,500relays,andmorethan6,000switches.Thefunctionistoperformmorethan5,000additionsor400multiplicationspersecond.Operation.
Computerswerehighlysophisticatedtechnologiesatthetime,sotheyweremainlyusedinnationaldefense.Afterinvestingalotofmanpowerandmaterialresources,theAirDefense"Psyche"computerwasbornin1954.ItsmainfunctionsareHelpingtheUSAirForcetracktheradarsignalsintheair,receivingtheinformationsentbythelinkedreconnaissanceradarstation,andidentifyingwhichareenemyflyingobjectsandwhicharetheirownpeople.Thiswasepoch-makingatthetime.Psychewasalsothefirsttobeused.Manuallyoperatedcomputer.ItwasdevelopedbytheAmerican"Psyche"semi-automaticairdefensesystem.Itsmaterialsandstructureareequippedwithmodemsandimagetechnology,andtheprocessorisdual-core.
In1960,NEAC2203wasproducedinJapan,mainlyusedinscientificresearchandcommercialfields,usingmagneticcorememorythatwasveryexpensiveatthetime,andthemainmaterialwasstilltransistors.ThefamousIBMcompanyreleasedthesystem360mainframein1964.Youmaynotknowit,butitplayedavitalroleintheApollomoonlandingprogram.
Theworld'sfirstrealsupercomputer"CDC6600"wasbornin1964.In1965,theworld'sfirstrealminicomputerPDP-8waslaunched.Ithasadvancedperformance,smallsize,andlowprice.Itfarexceedssimilarproducts.Itisanepoch-makingmilestoneforminicomputers.
In1969,thecommunicationprocessorIMPforcomputerswasborn.Intoday'swords,itisthefirstgenerationofrouters.Theworld'sfirstpersonalcomputerKenbak-1wascompletedin1971.
In1976,thesupercomputerCray-1cameout.Inthesameyear,Appleintroducedapersonalcomputer,hand-built,withawoodencase,whichcanonlybeusedwhenconnectedtoaTVmonitor.Itistheprototypeofadesktopcomputer.
In1981,IBMintroducedthepersonalcomputer,itsappearanceandextremelyclosetomoderncomputers,computershaveundergoneepoch-makingchanges.Inthesameyear,thefirstportablecomputerOsborne1wasborn.Itistheprototypeofanotebook.
In1983,Hewlett-Packardlaunchedtheultra-eratouch-screencomputerHP-150.In1997,IBMlaunchedthe"DeepBlue"project.Thistime,heshowedextraordinaryabilityinfrontofthepublic,surpassingthehumanbrain."Everydaychanges"todescribeextremelyfastchanges,thistermismostsuitableinthecomputerfield.
Domestic
In1956,theInstituteofComputingTechnologywasestablished.ThisisthefirstresearchinstituterelatedtocomputingtechnologyinNewChina.Peoplecallit"thecradleofChina'scomputerindustry."ItmarkedthebeginningofthenewChina’scomputerindustry.
InJune1958,theType103electroniccomputerwassuccessfullydevelopedbytheInstituteofComputingTechnologyoftheChineseAcademyofSciences,witharunningspeedof1500timespersecondandamemoryof1024bytes.The119electroniccomputerisalarge-scalegeneral-purposeelectronictubecomputerdesignedbyChina.Itwasthefastestelectronictubecomputerintheworldatthattime.
In1960,China'sfirstlarge-scalegeneral-purposeelectroniccomputerModel107wassuccessfullydeveloped.
In1963,mycountry'sfirstlarge-scaletransistorcomputer109machinewassuccessfullydeveloped.
InDecember1968,thetransistorlarge-scalegeneral-purposedigitalelectroniccomputer"109Cmachine"wasdeveloped.
In1970,China'sfirstbatchofsmall-scaleintegratedcircuitgeneral-purposedigitalelectroniccomputing111machineswasdeveloped.
InNovember1976,itwasdevelopedintoalarge-scaleuniversalintegratedcircuitgeneral-purposedigitalelectroniccomputer"013machine".
Inthe1980s,thetideofreformandopeningupsweptthecountry,andtheintroductionofforeigntechnologyacceleratedthedevelopmentofChina’scomputerindustry.Duringthisperiod,notonlythenewtrendofcomputerminiaturizationwasestablished.Atthesametime,theconceptofpersonalPCisgraduallyacceptedbythepublic.
InDecember1983,the"YinheI"supercomputerwassuccessfullydeveloped,100milliontimespersecond.
InNovember1983,themedium-scaleintegratedcircuitlarge-scalevectordigitalelectroniccomputer"757machine"wassuccessfullydeveloped.
In1987,theLenovo-styleChinesecharactermicrocomputerseries"LX-PC"wasdeveloped,whichcreatedLenovo'sPCbusiness.
Successfullydevelopedin1991,mycountry'sfirstmicroprocessor-basedparallelcomputer.
In1985,mycountry'sfirstmicrocomputerGreatWall0520Cwassuccessfullydeveloped.
In1999,GreatWalllaunchedtheHurricane499personalcomputer.Forthefirsttime,thepriceofthecomputerwasloweredtolessthan5,000yuan.
Afterenteringthenewcentury,China’sPCindustryhasseenanunprecedentedwaveofdevelopment.Newbrandsandnewproductsareconstantlyemerging,andanewpatternofbloomingflowershasemerged.Withtheaccelerationoftechnologicalupdates,wehavereasontobelievethatChina'sPCindustrywillgofasterandfurther.
Hardware
Thehardwaresystemincludes:chassis(powersupply,harddisk,memory,motherboard,CPU-centralprocessingunit,opticaldrive,soundcard,networkcard,graphicscard),monitor,keyboard,mouse,etc.Etc.(Earphones,speakers,printers,videoscreens,etc.arealsoavailable).Homecomputersgenerallyhaveonboardsoundcardsandnetworkcardsontheirmotherboards.Somemotherboardsareequippedwithintegratedgraphics.TheEnglishfullnameofCPUis"CentralProcessorUnit",anditistranslatedintoChineseas"CentralProcessorUnit".ItsroleinthePCcanbesaidtobeequivalenttotheroleofthebraininthehumanbody.Allcomputerprogramsarerunbyit.
ThemotherboardisalsocalledMotherBoard.Itisactuallyacircuitboardwithvariouscircuitsdenselypackedonit.ItcanbesaidtobethenervoussystemofthePC.TheCPU,memory,displaycard,soundcard,etc.arealldirectlyinstalledonthemotherboard,andtheharddisk,floppydriveandothercomponentsalsoneedtobeconnectedtothemotherboardthroughwiring.
Generally,thecomputercomponentsplacedinthecasearecollectivelyreferredtoasthe"host".Itisthemostimportantpartofthecomputer,andthemaincomponentssuchasthemotherboard,CPUandharddiskareallinthehost.
Memory
Comparedwithexternalmemorysuchasdisks,memoryreferstotheinternalmemorythatcanbedirectlyreadbytheCPU,mainlyintheformofchips.Memoryisalsocalled"mainmemory",or"mainmemory"forshort.Thecommonlyseenmemorychipsarestrip-shaped,alsocalled"memorysticks",whichneedtobeinsertedintothememoryslotsonthemotherboardtowork.Thereisalsoakindofmemorycalled"Cache",theEnglishnameis"Cache",whichisgenerallybuiltintotheCPUoronthemotherboard.Generallyspeaking,howmanymegabytesofmemoryamachinehas,mainlyreferstothecapacityofthememorybar.Youcanseethememorycapacitydisplayonthescreenwhenthecomputerjuststartsup,youcanalsousecommandsintheDOSsystemtoviewthememorycapacity,andyoucanalsoviewthesystemresourcesintheWindowssystemtoseethememorycapacity.
Graphicscard
ItisanimportantcomponentthatconnectsthemonitortothePCmotherboard.Itispluggedintotheexpansionslotonthemotherboard.Itismainlyresponsibleforconvertingthedisplaysignalsentbythehosttothedisplayintoageneralelectricalsignal,sothatthedisplaycanunderstandwhatthePCisdoing.Thereisalsoamemoryonthedisplaycard,called"displaymemory",itsamountwilldirectlyaffectthedisplayeffectofthemonitor,suchasthedegreeofclarityandcolorrichnessandsoon.
Themonitor
isoneoftheoutputdevicesofacomputer,anditsappearanceissimilartothatofaTV.Monitorrefersspecificallytothedisplay,andScreenrefersonlytothescreen.
Disksanddiskdrives
DisksareoneoftheexternalstoragesofPCs,whicharedividedintoharddisksandfloppydisks.Whattheyhaveincommonisthattheybothusemagneticmediatostoredata,sotheyarecalled"disks".IfyouwantaPCtouseadisk,youmustplacethediskinaspecialdevice,whichisadiskdrive.
HardDiskandHardDiskDrive
TheEnglishoftheharddiskisHardDrive,andtheliteraltranslationintoChineseis"HardDrive".Sincetheharddiskisbuiltintotheharddiskdrive,theharddiskandtheharddiskdrivearegenerallyconfused.Theexternalsizeoftheharddiskisgenerally3.5inches.ThecapacityoftheharddiskisgenerallycalculatedbyM(mega)andG(1024mega).Commonlyseenharddiskcapacityrangesfromtensofmegabytestoseveralgigabytes.TheusualCdriveandDdrivearenotexactlythesamethingasarealharddrive.Arealharddisktermiscalled"physicalharddisk".IntheDOSoperatingsystem,aphysicalharddiskcanbepartitionedintoseveral"fakeharddisks"suchasCdisk,Ddisk,andEdisk.Thetermiscalled"logicalharddisk".
Computerpowersupplyandcase
Ofcourse,thecomputermusthaveapowersupply,butthepowersupplyofthecomputercannotdirectlyusetheordinaryvoltageof220volts.Thereisatransformerinsidethepowersupplyofthecomputer,whichconvertstheordinary220Vmainspowerintothevoltagerequiredbythevariouspartsofthecomputer,suchastheworkingvoltageoftheCPU,whichisgenerallyonlyafewvolts.
Forthesakeofsafety,generallyallpartsofthecomputer(exceptthemonitorofcourse)arereasonablyplacedinsidethecase.Therearemanybuttonsontheshellofthecase,suchasthepowerstartbutton,theRESETbutton(usedtorestartthecomputer)andsoon.
Therearealsosomeindicatorsonthechassis,suchasthepowerindicatorshouldbeonwhenthecomputerisworking,theharddriveindicatorwillflashwhentheharddriveisoperated,andsoon.Thefloppydriveandopticaldrivecanbeuseddirectlyatthefrontofthechassis.
Expansioncardandexpansionslot
WhenyouneedtouseacomputertowatchVCDandlistentomusic,youneedtoconfigureasoundcard.ThesoundcardisnotanecessarypartofthePC,itisafunctionexpansioncardofthePC.Theso-calledexpansioncardreferstothecardthatcanextendthefunctionsofthePC.Forexample,thesoundcardcanmakethePCsound,thefaxcardcanmakethePChavethefaxfunction,thenetworkcardcanletyouconnecttothenetwork,andsoon.Theexpansioncardisdirectlyinsertedintotheexpansionslotspeciallydesignedfortheexpansioncardonthemotherboard.Thedisplaycardisactuallyakindofexpansioncard,becausefromthebasicprincipleofthecomputer,"display"isactuallyanadditionalfunction,justtomakethecomputer'sworkingprocessunderthedirectvisualmonitoringofpeople.Althoughthemonitorisalreadyoneofthebasicequipmentofthecomputer,thedisplaycardisstillregardedasakindofexpansioncardduetohabit.Ofcourse,soundcards,faxcards,andnetworkcardsareallstandardexpansioncards.
ThekeyboardandmousearetheinputdevicesofthePC.Whenthekeyboardishit,thehitkeysendsasignaltothemainboardofthePCandcontinuestobetransmittedtotheCPU.TheCPUwillconfirmtheresponseofthepressedkeyaccordingtotherelevantprogramintheoperatingsystem.Forexample,whendoingwordprocessing,iftheChinesecharacterinputsystemisnotactivated,theEnglishlettersonthekeyboardwillbedirectlyenteredinEnglish,andthe"a"keywillbedisplayedas"a".WhentheChinesecharacterinputsystemisactivated,theEnglishlettersonthekeyboardwillnotbeentereddirectly,butfirstly,itisjudgedwhetherthetypedEnglishconformstotherulesintheChinesecharacterinputmethod.IfitcanexpressoneorsomeChinesecharacters,WillenterChinesecharacters.Otherwise,Chinesecharacterscannotbeinput.AnotherexampleisintheDOSsystem,pressing"Ctrl","Alt"and"Del"atthesametimewillrestartthecomputer.InWindows95/98,thecomputerwillnotrestart,buta"CloseProgram"dialogboxwillpopup.Thekeyboardgenerallyhas101or102keys,andsomekeyboardsalsohave3Windows95functionkeys.
KeyboardandmouseDVD
Itisadigitaluniversaldisc.DVDdrivereferstoadevicethatreadsDVDdiscs.ThecapacityoftheDVDdiscis4.7GB,whichisequivalenttoseventimesthatoftheCD-ROMdisc.Itcanstore133minutesofmoviesandcontainssevenDolbydigitalsurroundsoundtracks.DVDdiscscanbedividedinto:DVD-ROM,DVD-R(canbewrittenonce),DVD-RAM(canbewrittenmanytimes)andDVD-RW(readandrewrite)DVDdrivesmostlyuseEIDEinterface,whichcanTheCD-ROMdriveisconnectedtotheIDEas,SATAorSICIinterfaceaswell.
Maintenance
First,turnonregularly,especiallyinthehumidseason,otherwisethecasewillbedampandcauseashortcircuit,andthecomputerthatisoftenusedisnoteasytobreak.Butiftherearenolightningrodsaroundthehome,donotturnonthecomputerwhenitisthundering,andunplugalltheplugs.
Second,payattentiontoheatdissipationinthesummer,avoidusingthecomputerforalongtimeinaroomwithoutair-conditioning,andpayattentiontoanti-freezinginwinter.Infact,thecomputerisalsoafraidofcold.
3.Whennotinuse,coverthemonitor,case,andkeyboardwithabreathableandstrongcoveringclothtopreventdustfromenteringthecomputer.
Four.Trynottoswitchthemachinefrequently.Whennotinuseforthetimebeing,simplyusethescreensaverorsleep.Whenthecomputerisinuse,donotmovethecase,donotsubjectthecomputertovibrations,anddonotplugorunplugallhardwaredeviceswhenthecomputerispoweredon,exceptforUSBdevicesofcourse.
Fifth,useapowersocketwithoverloadprotectionandthreepins,whichcaneffectivelyreducestaticelectricity.Ifyoucanfeelstaticelectricityonyourhands,useanenameledwire(thatis,thekindwithplasticontheoutsideandcopperwireontheinside),Oneendiswrappedaroundthebackpanelofthechassis,itcanbewrappedaroundthefanoutlet,andtheotherendisbestwrappedaroundthewaterpipe.Ifyoucan’ttouchthewaterpipe,lookforitnearby,aslongasitisametalobjectthatcancontacttheearth(soil)..
Six.Developgoodoperatinghabitsandminimizethenumberofinstallationanduninstallationofsoftware.7.Followthestrictpower-onandturn-offsequence,andturnonperipherals,suchasmonitors,speakers,printers,scanners,etc.,beforeturningonthepowersupplyofthechassis.Otherwise,turnoffthepowerofthechassisfirst.(Currently,mostcomputersystemscanautomaticallyturnoffthechassispower)
8.Donotplacespeakersaroundthemonitor,astherewillbemagneticinterference.Thedarkerthebrightnessofthedisplayduringuse,thebetter,butitisbetterfortheeyestobecomfortable.
Nine.Everyhalfayear,conductageneralcleaningofthecomputertocompletelyremovetheinternaldirtanddust,especiallythechassis,butyoumustdoitwithconfidence.Ifyouarenotfamiliarwiththehardware,youshouldnottouchit.It'sbetter.
10.Developthehabitofcombiningworkandrest.Don’tplaywiththecomputerallnightlong.Itisnotgoodforthelifeofthecomputer,andthedamagetothebodyisevengreater.Themonitor,case,mouseandkeyboardareallRadiation,theamountofradiationonthekeyboardisactuallygreater.