Introduction
The Democratic Republican Party controlled the president, Congress, and most states during the first party system from 1801 to 1825. In 1791 it was merely a political faction in Congress composed of politicians who opposed the new constitution. Democratic Republicans call themselves "Republicans" because of their republican ideology. They do not trust the Federal Party’s commitment to Republicanism. The Democratic Republican Party eventually split in 1824 into the Jacksons (which became the Democratic Party in 1830) and the short-lived National Republican Party (the predecessor of the American Whig Party).
Modern political scientists like to use the term "Democratic Republican Party" to replace the original "Republican Party" (in order to correspond to the modern Republican Party founded in 1830). At the same time, it is also called the Jeffersonian Republican Party, and historians will use the more typical "Republican Party" to call it.
A branch of the "Anti-Federal Party" was established in the national capital (Philadelphia) to oppose Hamilton's financial system. Jefferson condemned this financial system for leading to monarchy and subverting republicanism. Jefferson needed a national party to challenge Hamilton's Federal Party, which had many allies in several central cities.
From 1794 to 1795, foreign affairs became a core issue. Republicans strongly opposed the "Jay Treaty" signed with the United Kingdom, and then it was about the position of the Anglo-French War. Republicans believed that France became more democratic after the Revolution, while Britain represented a hated monarchy. The Republicans condemned most of Hamilton's plans for violating the Constitution, especially the part about the National Bank.
. The most important thing is that the party represents the interests of the vast number of self-cultivating farmers.
The party is so obsessed with Republicanism that they are worried about being threatened by the Hamiltonian Federalists who tend to be monarchs. The Republican Party was in power after Jefferson won the presidential election in 1800, while the Federal Party was too elitist to express the will of the people. It began to decline gradually, and finally disintegrated completely after 1815. Republicans dominated the first party system. Despite internal differences, it was not until the "Era of Good Feelings" (the Era of Good Feelings) after 1816 that it gradually declined.
The presidential candidates selected by the party are all core members of Congress. They include Thomas Jefferson (nominated in 1796 and elected in 1800-1801, 1804), James Madison ( Participated in elections in 1808 and 1812), James Monroe (participated in elections in 1816 and 1820), until 1824, this core system almost fell apart. After 1800, the Republican Party occupied Congress and all state governments except New England. By 1824, the party was split into four branches, and the lack of core leadership, the first party system finally collapsed, followed by the second party system in 1830 to reorganize the previous political factions. One became the Democratic Party formed by Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren in 1828, and the other became the National Republican Party established by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay. The latter developed into a brilliant party in 1835. Grid party.
Democratic Party of the United States
The Democratic Party of the United States (Democratic Party) is one of the two largest political parties in the United States. Party. In 1825, the party split. One faction was led by the then President John Quincy Adams and founded the National Republican Party (one of the predecessors of the Republican Party). The other faction, led by Andrew Jackson, created the Democratic Party in 1828. It is worth mentioning that the Democratic Republic of the United States has no fixed party members and party membership is free. The total number of party members is calculated based on the voting results of the party’s presidential candidates.
The U.S. Democratic Party uses the donkey as its emblem, so the party’s competition with the Republican Party marked by the elephant is called the "donkey and elephant battle." From 1833 to 1856, its opponents were mainly the Whig Party. The color of the Democratic Party is blue, and the party symbol is a donkey. Since 1856, its main opponent is the Republican Party. During the Civil War, the Democratic Party advocated a compromise with the slavery South and was conservative in thinking. But in the 20th century, the Republican Party transformed into a conservative party, and the Democratic Party represented liberal ideas. The Democratic Party of the United States convenes a national convention every four years to determine the party’s president and vice president candidates and formulate a campaign platform. In 1831, the party's first national congress was held to select candidates for president and vice president. This is also the first national congress of a party in American history. In 1840, the party held the third national congress, officially named the Democratic Party, and passed the party platform for the first time, with only about 1,000 words. However, the party's platform is not fixed, and the political platform of the party's presidential candidate is the party platform. Later, sometimes the party program was eloquent as long as 40,000 words, which was 40 times as long as the original, which shows that it is lengthy.
Republican Party of the United States
The Republican Party is one of the two main political parties in the United States, also known as the Grand Old Party (GOP). The color of the Republican Party is red, and its logo is elephant. History
The Republican Party was established in 1854. It was originally composed of anti-slavery members from the Democratic Party and the Whig Party of the United States, and it has received a lot of support. In 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected president and defeated the Confederacy in the Civil War and abolished slavery. After the Civil War, due to the split of the Democratic Party, Republicans began to be elected presidents for a long time. Andrew Johnson, Ulysses Simpson Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield, Chester A. A. Ser served as president after the Civil War. In 1897, the Republican Party William McKinley served as president, aggressively aggressively expanding abroad, bringing the United States into a period of imperialism, during this period Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Warren G. Harding, and Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover served successively as presidents. As the Republican Party adopted laissez-faire in the economy, the economic crisis of the 1920s and 1930s in the United States could not be resolved. After Democrat Franklin Roosevelt was elected, the Republican Party was in opposition for 20 years. After the election of the Republican Eisenhower, the United States entered a period in which the two parties took turns in power. Nixon, Reagan, and Bush Sr. served successively as presidents. Bush Sr. was elected president in 1989, but due to the Persian Gulf War and the burden of the Republican Party’s twelve years in power, he was not re-elected and the Democratic Party was in power. Since 1994, the Republican Party has controlled the U.S. House of Representatives. Although it was in the Senate with the Democrats, it also controlled the Senate in the end. In 2000, Bush Jr., the son of Bush Sr., ran for president on behalf of the Republican Party. He lags behind the Democrats in the popular vote but won by electoral votes. In 2004, Bush Jr. was re-elected. The Republican Party has become the representative of the conservative forces in the United States. Bush Jr. is the president. It opposes abortion, same-sex marriage, and stem cell research. It advocates tax cuts and strengthened military defenses to eliminate countries suspected of supporting terrorism, as evidenced by the attacks on Afghanistan and Iraq.
The difference between the Democratic Party and the Republican Party
From the perspective of ideological orientation, the two major political parties in the United States represent two very different political philosophies: Democratic Party-Liberalism; Republican Party-Conservative Ism. Liberalism and conservatism have different meanings in different countries, and there are no fewer than dozens of definitions even in the United States. Generally speaking, contemporary American liberalism advocates innovation, tolerance, and social equality, and advocates that concepts, systems, and laws should change with changes in the social environment; while conservative thinking emphasizes cultural continuity, focusing on traditional values, social stability and social stability. The role of religion. In the specific political field, the biggest difference between conservatism and liberalism is the dispute between "big government" and "small government". Conservative theories start from the basic point of safeguarding individual freedom and firmly believe that the expansion of government power means the reduction of individual freedom. This theory believes that government intervention in the economy and involvement in social issues will inevitably endanger the foundation of American civilization-personal freedom. What's more, conservative theory also believes that the federal government's social welfare, high expenditure, high taxation, and protection of minority rights and interests have caused or deepened the socio-economic problems in the United States to varying degrees, such as productivity decline, inflation, and so on. The income of the upper and middle class has decreased, the enthusiasm for investment in the business sector is not high, and lazy people rely on government relief and so on.
In contrast, liberal theory believes that a laissez-faire capitalist economy has led to serious inequality, high unemployment and a series of other problems, while highly developed technology and economic development have not changed significantly Inequality in American society, such as racial discrimination and insufficient protection of women’s rights, etc. Therefore, liberal theory firmly believes that the urgent problem of American society is not the violation of individual rights, but the uncorrected social inequality. At the same time, liberal theory also believes that many social and economic problems in the United States are so serious and so profound that the government must be involved in solving them. In other words, liberal theory firmly believes that government power is not the cause of American social and economic problems, but an important means to eliminate these problems.
Because conservatism and liberalism hold different opinions on large and small governments, in recent decades, Republicans and Democrats have dealt with issues such as funding, taxation, government regulation of the economy, civil rights protection, gun control, and environmental protection. Fighting against each other, tit-for-tat. The disagreement between the two major U.S. political parties regarding the size of government power appears most prominent in the election year. In 1980, Ronald Reagan used "Small House" as the keynote of his election campaign and lashed out at the social and economic policies of the Democratic Party. Unemployment, high interest rates, high national debt and low growth. In 1988, George Bush, with Reagan’s conservatism in power for eight years, once again raised the banner of "small government" and vowed to prove to voters nationwide, "Read My Lips No New Taxes". In 1992, the Democratic Party came and went, Bill Clinton Taking advantage of the economic downturn in the United States and the Bush administration’s inability to deal with it, the "big government" prescriptions that have been silent for twelve years have been given to voters across the country, emphasizing that the government must take strong measures to help the people tide over the difficulties. Revitalize the economy and get out of the depression. Judging from the above three cases, the prescriptions of "big government" and "small government" are both effective, because the two major political parties in the United States have long been demarcated on the issue of government power and role. As long as the social conditions and timing are favorable, they can win the sympathy of the middle forces. , The direction of the political pendulum will be obvious.
The controversy between the two major parties in the United States over large and small governments is equally fierce in Congressional legislation. In spite of the phenomenon of inter-party voting by congressmen, in general, Republicans and Democrats usually vote on bills related to government power in a clear line. After Clinton took office in 1993, his economic stimulus bill was blocked by Republicans in the Senate, and his federal deficit reduction bill was also unanimously resisted by Republicans in both houses of the Senate. During the Bush administration, the Democratic Party had an advantage in the Senate and the Senate and successfully passed dozens of bills. However, because the Republican Party occupied the White House, Bush used the president's power to veto the bills related to the "big government" one by one. During the four years, Bush vetoed a total of nearly 30 bills passed by the two houses of Congress. Only one bill on the government's control of cable TV prices was later passed into law by the two houses with a two-thirds majority. Died prematurely. As soon as Clinton entered the White House, Democratic congressmen hurriedly passed some bills vetoed by Bush (such as the "Family Leave Bill") and handed them over to the Democratic president for smooth signing. Partisan disputes between large and small governments are not limited to the Federal Congress. Similar situations exist in the state assemblies of the 50 states in the United States.