Computer composition

Concept

ThetaskofcomputercompositionistostudytheinternalstructureandinterconnectionofeachcomponentaftertheinstructionsetsystemstructuredeterminesthefunctionandconceptualstructureassignedtothehardwaresystemtorealizethemachineVariousfunctionsandfeaturesoftheinstructionset.Thisconnectionincludestheinternalandinteractionofvariousfunctionalcomponents.

Theproblemtobesolvedbycomputercompositionishowtobestandmostreasonablycomposeeachdeviceandcomponentintoacomputerunderthedesiredperformanceandprice,sothatthedeterminedISAhasbeenrealized.Theaspectstobedeterminedinthecomputercompositiondesignshouldinclude:

(1)Datapathwidth:thenumberofbitsofinformationtransmittedinparallelonthedatabusatatime.

(2)Thesettingofspecialparts:whethertosetspecialpartssuchasmultiplicationanddivision,floatingpointcalculation,characterprocessing,addresscalculation,etc.,thenumberofsettingsandthespeed,priceandfrequencyofuseofspecialpartstobeachievedbythemachineDegreeandsoon.

(3)Thedegreeofsharingofcomponentsinvariousoperations:time-sharingishighlyused,althoughitlimitsthespeed,butthepriceischeap.Settingupmorecomponentsreducesthedegreeofsharing,andbecausetheparallelismofoperationsincreases,thespeedcanbeincreased,butthepricewillalsoincrease.

(4)Parallelismoffunctionalcomponents:whethertousesequentialserial,oroverlap,pipelineordistributedcontrolandprocessing.

(5)Thecompositionmethodofthecontrolmechanism:whetheritiscontrolledbyhardlinkormicroprogram,whetheritissingle-machineprocessingormulti-machineorfunctiondistributedprocessing.

(6)Bufferingandqueuingtechnology:Howtosetupandhowlargeabufferissetbetweencomponentstocoordinatetheirspeeddifference;userandom,first-in-first-out,first-in-last-out,priority,orcircularmodeToarrangetheorderofeventprocessing.

(7)Predictiveandpredictivetechnology:Whatprinciplesshouldbeusedtopredictfuturebehaviorforoptimizingperformance.

(8)Reliabilitytechnology:Whatredundancyandfaulttolerancetechnologyisusedtoimprovereliability.

Computer composition

Hardwarecomponents

Mainlydividedintofiveparts:

1.Controller(Control):thecentralnerveoftheentirecomputer,itsfunctionisInterpretthecontrolinformationspecifiedbytheprogram,controlaccordingtoitsrequirements,scheduleprograms,data,andaddresses,coordinatetheworkofvariouspartsofthecomputer,andaccesstomemoryandperipherals.

2.Datapath:Thefunctionofthearithmeticunitistoperformvariousarithmeticandlogicaloperationsonthedata,thatis,toprocessthedata.

3.Memory:Thefunctionofmemoryistostoreprograms,data,varioussignals,commandsandotherinformation,andprovidethisinformationwhenneeded.

4.Input(Inputsystem):Theinputdeviceisanimportantpartofthecomputer.Theinputdeviceandtheoutputdevicearecollectivelycalledexternaldevices,orperipheralsforshort.Informationsuchastext,characters,controlcommands,ordatacollectedonsiteareinputtothecomputer.Commoninputdevicesincludekeyboards,mice,photoelectricinputmachines,tapedrives,diskdrives,opticaldiscdrives,andsoon.

5.Output(Outputsystem):Theoutputdeviceisalsoanimportantpartofthecomputerastheinputdevice.Informationsuchascontrolsignalsisoutput.Commonlyusedoutputdevicesformicrocomputersincludedisplayterminals,CRTs,printers,laserprinters,plotters,tapes,andCD-ROMs.

(cpu=controller+arithmeticunit

Motherboard=I/Obus,inputandoutputsystem

memory=memory+harddisk

I/Oequipment:keyboard,mouse,scanner,monitor,etc.mouse,scannerdigitizer,cardreader,papertape...)

software

softwareOverview

ComputerSoftware(ComputerSoftware)referstotheprogramsanddocumentsinthecomputersystem.Theprogramisthedescriptionoftheprocessingobjectandprocessingrulesofthecomputingtask;thedocumentistheexplanatoryinformationneededtofacilitatetheunderstandingoftheprogram.Theprogrammustbeloadedintothemachinetowork,andthedocumentisgenerallyforpeopletosee,notnecessarilyloadedintothemachine.Thesoftwareistheinterfacebetweentheuserandthehardware.Userscommunicatewithcomputersmainlythroughsoftware.Softwareisanimportantbasisforcomputersystemdesign.Fortheconvenienceofusers,inordertomakethecomputersystemhaveahigheroverallutility,whendesigningthecomputersystem,wemustconsiderthecombinationofsoftwareandhardware,aswellasuserrequirementsandsoftwarerequirements.Thecorrectmeaningofsoftwareshouldbe:(1)Whenitisrunning,itcanprovideinstructionsorcomputerprogramcollectionsthatprovidetherequiredfunctionsandperformance.(2)Theprogramcanhandlethedatastructureoftheinformationsatisfactorily.(3)Documentsrequiredtodescribethefunctionalrequirementsoftheprogramandhowtooperateandusetheprogram.Softwarehasdifferentcharacteristicsfromhardware:(1)Differentformsofexpression,hardwareistangible,colored,smelly,visible,tangible,andsmellable.Thesoftwareisinvisible,colorless,tasteless,invisible,untouchable,andunsmelling.Softwareismostlystoredinpeople'sheadsoronpaper.Whetheritiscorrectornot,whetheritisgoodorbad,can'tbeknownuntiltheprogramisrunningonthemachine.Thisbringsmanydifficultiestodesign,productionandmanagement.(2)Differentproductionmethods.Softwareisdevelopment,whichisthehighlevelofhumanintelligence,nothardwaremanufacturinginthetraditionalsense.Althoughtherearemanysimilaritiesbetweensoftwaredevelopmentandhardwaremanufacturing,thetwoactivitiesarefundamentallydifferent.(3)Differenthardwareproductsarerequiredtoallowerrors,butsoftwareproductsarenotallowedtohaveerrors.(4)Maintainingdifferenthardwarerequiresoldandworn-out.Intheory,softwarewillnotbeworn-out,butinpractice,softwarewillalsobecomeoldanddeteriorated.Becauseintheentirelifeofthesoftware,ithasbeeninastateofchangeandmaintenance.

Computersoftwareisdividedintosystemsoftwareandapplicationsoftware.Ifthecomputeriscomparedtoaperson,thenthehardwarerepresentsthehumanbody.Thesoftwarerepresentsthehumanmindandsoul.Acomputerwithoutanysoftwareiscalled"baremetal".

Systemsoftware

Systemsoftwarereferstoasystemthatcontrolsandcoordinatescomputersandexternaldevices,supportsthedevelopmentandoperationofapplicationsoftware,andisacollectionofvariousprogramswithoutuserintervention.ThemainfunctionsItisthescheduling,monitoringandmaintenanceofcomputersystems;responsibleforthemanagementofvariousindependenthardwareinthecomputersystemsothattheycancoordinatetheirwork.Systemsoftwareallowscomputerusersandothersoftwaretotreatthecomputerasawholewithouthavingtotakeintoaccounthowtheunderlyinghardwareworks.(OperatingsystemssuchasWindows,Linux,Dos,Unix,etc.areallsystemsoftware.)

Applicationsoftware

Applicationsoftwareisavarietyofprogramminglanguages​​thatuserscanuse,Andacollectionofapplicationprogramscompiledinvariousprogramminglanguages,dividedintoapplicationsoftwarepackagesanduserprograms.Anapplicationsoftwarepackageisacollectionofprogramsdesignedtosolveacertaintypeofproblembyusingacomputerforusebymultipleusers.Computersoftwareisdividedintotwocategories:systemsoftwareandapplicationsoftware.Applicationsoftwareisthepartofsoftwarethatisprovidedtomeettheapplicationneedsofusersindifferentfieldsanddifferentproblems.Itcanbroadentheapplicationfieldsofcomputersystemsandamplifythefunctionsofhardware.(Forexample,Word,Excel,QQ,etc.areallapplicationsoftware)

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