Development Overview
The earliest use of civil transport is in 1918 in Paris - London and New York - Washington - Chicago separate regular postal flights.
The more mature civil transport machine appeared in the 1930s, such as the "DC-3" produced by the United States and the Ryokan "JU-52" equivalent aircraft produced in Germany. Their power units are piston engines, the maximum flight height of 3,000 ~ 4000 meters, can carry 2 to 3 tons of passengers 20 to 30 or shipped goods.
After the Second World War, the aviation technological advancement is very fast, and the civil transport machine has made great progress in safety, economic and other technical performance. In 1953, the British first developed successfully in the "Diarue" airplane of the turbo propeller engine. This type of aircraft has a passenger capacity of 50 to 100, and the flight speed is less than 800 kilometers per hour, and the maximum voyage does not exceed 5,000 kilometers.
Subsequently, the US and Soviet Union have developed a turbocar propeller plane to invest in the air transport market. At the same time, the aircraft manufacturing industry has also succeeded in the use of turbine jets for civil airplane. The first developed jet transporter in the UK, and their "comet 1" airplane took a test flight in 1949. The Soviet Union was first invested in flight flights in 1956. The emergence of jet transporters has the meaning of erasing in the history of civil transport machine development. This type of aircraft is fast, large, and simple maintenance, operating costs lower than piston, so universal applications.
The various technical performance of the jet transporter is better than the piston transporter, which is large, the flight speed is fast, the flying height can be more than 10,000 meters, the maximum range of about 12,000 kilometers, However, the fuel consumption is more, the speed Damach is 0.8 or more, and the departure is high, the passenger and voyage have reached a new level. The first generation of jet transporters are more representative by the US "Boeing 707" type, "DC-8". The turbine jet engine has been significantly improved. From the 1960s, the turbine jet engine has developed to the 1970s high flow than turbofan engines, which makes fuel efficiency have greatly improved. The improvement of the power unit promotes the birth of a new transport machine. The significant feature of the wide-body civil transport machine in the early 1970s is that the fuel consumption is low, the noise is small, and the cost of people kilometers is relatively low. Remote type wide body aircraft, the voyage can reach more than 10,000 kilometers, with a weight loss, such as the US "Boeing 747" airplane's maximum takeoff over 350 tons, which can be equipped with more than 500 passengers.
Supersonic civil transport aircraft said in the practical stage, such as the "Concieg" and the Soviet "of the British-French, and the" Figure-144 "plane of the Soviet Union has been put into the route passenger flight, but Due to poor technical economic performance, environmental pollution is severe and cannot be widely used. After the above problem is solved, the supersonic plane will become a new generation of civil transport.
Structure
The civil transport machine is mainly composed of fuselage, wing, tail, landing gear, engine, etc.:
Fire body
The body is the main body of the aircraft, arranged with cabins, luggage compartments and service cabins (cargo planes), front arrangement of cockpit and manipulation systems. Other components of the aircraft are also installed directly on the fuselage. In order to ensure the safety and comfort of the passengers, the cabins of the modern passenger plane are boosted seals, including air conditioning, oxygen supply, life-saving equipment.
Wing
causes the aircraft to rise and maintain stability in the air. There is a flap and a wing on the wing. Most models are placed in the wing
tail
is usually composed of vertical tail and horizontal tail. The vertical tail is installed on the direction of the rudder, and the ram is mounted on the horizontal tail. Both are important footage of the plane
settlement
the plane takes away from the ground, sliding and ground sliding after landing The main name of the wheel and its brackets used. Most aircraft's landing gear can revenue fuselage after airplane to reduce flight resistance. The landing gear in the snow or water-down aircraft can be used instead of the wheel.
Engine
aircraft power device. The modern civil transport machine is mainly to load a jet air machine and a turbocar propeller for turbo jet engines and turbine engines. The aircraft with a piston engine as a power device is not used for major flight transportation, and is gradually being eliminated.
Features
The main feature of civil transport machine is economical, comfortable. Requirements to maximize fuel efficiency and reduce flight costs. The design of the cabin requires a superior, comfortable living conditions for passengers.
Flying program
The flying of the civil transport machine performs the transportation task, including the whole process of driving the car before the plane takes off.
Flight category civil transport machine flights are usually divided into airport regional flight and route flights, and can be divided into visual flight and instrument flight according to the leading and driving conditions.
Civil transport machine flight activities typically include preparation phase and implementation phase. China Civil Aviation's preparation, direct preparation, flight implementation, and flying post-flying review of flights.
The pre-preparation of flights is usually carried out a day before flight, and there is a temporary emergency task, and can be combined with the direct preparation stage. The main contents of the preparatory are: issued tasks, equipped with an air group, determine models, selection route, research and development flight, command plan, and handling flight applications. Direct preparations of flights are usually carried out 1 hour and 30 minutes before the plane is expected to take off. Its main contents are: research weather conditions, pilot calculations, prepare aircraft, load passenger goods, inspect equipment, revisions and supplements of various work plans and program measures, determine the accepted and release of the aircraft. The flight implementation is the full process of flying in accordance with the scheduled plan and guarantee flight. The flying comment is summarized in flight to improve the flight level.