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The truth Chanyuan League: Song, Liao joint is brewed their own liquor poisoned? 2020-07-07 19:25
once all-powerful Liao, Jin hit the vibrant decade, forced embarrassed westward, to the establishment of the Western Liao linger; death in the Northern Song Dynasty Liao two years later, riding horses brutally gold Plains, eat up a lot of land north of the Huaihe River. Two Emperors dust, the Northern Song Dynasty declared dead. ... details
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BACKGROUND
Since Xianping years ( AD 999 years) began, one after another the Liao troops at the border provocation, looting of property, killing people, and to the residents of border areas has brought great disaster. While in Song YANG Yan Lang (aka Yang Yanzhao, which is well known as Yang Lang), the other generals, led by Yang Si, and actively resist the invasion, but the Liao cavalry retreat fast, flexible tactics, to bring pressure on increasingly Border Song increases.
Since Yongxi Northern Expedition defeat, Song has been to the Liao feel fear, gradually from passive into active offensive defense. Instead, the Liao Dynasty of Song is pressing harder and harder, continue south harassment Song.
From the point of view the Central Plains, the pros and cons Sixteen Prefectures, the relationship between the generation of country's safety. This sixteen states of quiet, thistle, Ying, Mo, Zhuo, Tan, seven states along the North Branch of the Taihang Mountains in the southeast, known as the "Piedmont" and the rest in the northwest mountains of Kyushu, referred to as "the mountain." Juyongguan Great Wall from east to southwest this a separation, Stretching spine in the Taihang Mountains, the Great Wall to the west of Shuozhou complex with consistency, which is within the Great Wall. Central lost "after the hill", worse than the Great Wall Yanmenguan Village and defend, lost "Piedmont" the Hebei barriers do withdraw, cavalry Liao Shuo can be straight along the broad, level plain south of the quiet thistle. So the Central Plains from the Later Zhou Dynasty Chairong, they begin to compete for the war and Liao Youyun 16 States.
Song, Liao war for 25 years, aims to compete Sixteen Prefectures. Since Sixteen Prefectures is an advanced agricultural area, its agriculture, handicrafts and other cultural activities than in developed Liao headquarters area. So Liao rulers had enough attention to the importance of this region, they Sixteen Prefectures in Youzhou promoted to Nanjing, Royal is changed to Beijing, the original Nanjing (Liaoyang) was changed to Tokyo, and State in Nanjing, the establishment of a corresponding plurality of office, regarded as the hinterland, just like the attitude of a large country stand in the North Song Dynasty confrontation.
From this point of view the Liao Dynasty, Empress Xiao gradually governance internal affairs, good governance, the country gradually stabilize, laid the foundation for war.
process
Emperor Song Jingde first year (1004), Empress Xiao Liao Liao Sheng Zong Yelu long thread to recover watts off the bridge (now Hebei Xiongxian old South Gate) is name, lead a force-depth Song territory. Xiao tart Rin break suicheng, Wang Sheng Fu Song, the prophet, Dingzhou force attack, captured Song Zhaoyun state observation to make Wang Jizhong, Song with defensive fortified city. Song Ting government and vibration, Shinshu Wei Di, want to move the capital fled south, the Song Dynasty moved the capital or the state advocate Minister Wang Qinruo (now Nanjing), Chen Yao old man moved the capital to advocate Yizhou (now Chengdu, Sichuan); prime minister requested Emperor Song Zhao Heng expedition force KouZhun . Emperor Song was forced to go north. Then Kou Zhun rely on the generals in the previous anti-Liao Li repeated military exploits of the battle and YANG Yan Yang Si Lang (Yang Ye's son, later renamed Nobuaki) and others. YANG Yan Lang memorial, recommended "ordered the army, to choke the road, the public can annihilate Yan, that is quiet, easy to hit and the number of states can take", but was not accepted. Song Chan Prefecture in the front line in volts crossbow shooting Liao Xiao Nanjing military system so tart Rin (for a view), Liao demoralized.
From the above data point of view, the Northern Song Dynasty Liao Dynasty continued provocations at the border until the advancing troops, showing its coveted heart of the Central Plains, its attempt to annex the Northern Song Dynasty, led to war between the two countries, and this is after two direct cause Chanyuan Union concluded.
Liao to Dingzhou, military situation appeared Xiangzhi, Wang Jizhong ride between persuaded Empress Xiao Song and peace. Liao fear got hit, made peace, for the beginning of the Shinshu refused. In November, Song Liao was defeated in Shuozhou, Kelan Liao army forage due to not following the withdrawal. Liao main focus at Yeongju (now Hebei Hejian) city, day and night siege, Song Shou Ji Yan Ottawa clinging to the city, not the next ten days of fierce fighting. Xiao tart cold, two slaves Xiao Guan Yin led his army to conquer Qi Zhou, Empress Xiao, who led his army rendezvous, Heli attack Jizhou, Bay State (now Hebei Qinghe), the Song court, "Governor Zhu Lu Chao Xu Bing and Chan Prefecture Death will Tianxiong army. " Liao capture Deqing (now Qingfeng), surrounded on three sides Chan Prefecture (now Puyang), Song Li Jilong will hang Chan Prefecture gates.
Xiao Liao Dynasty military system relies tart Rin Yong, the rate of tens of Qingqi patrol in still water chow down. Song generals Zhang ring (say Zhou quality) in front with eight cattle Chan Prefecture Chuangzai Nu shot Liaoning, Nanjing military system so that Xiao tart Rin, arrow head fell off the horse, Liao demoralized, Empress Xiao, who smell tart Rin dead, crying incessantly, whom the "cease towards five days." "Liao History" contains: "The war with Song, (Shaw) tart Rin in crossbow, I soldiers (Liao) loss of lean, and Parliament or the beginning of a given day tired of its chaos, the north and south of the people who rest yeah.!" At this point Emperor Song and his party arrived in Chan prefecture. Emperor Song Kou Zhun urged boarded Chan Prefecture north gate, and to show supervise operations, "the army are cheers, grievous dozens of years, imposing a hundred times." Emperor Song Yu Jia foreign crusades morale, concentrated in large Song Junmin near Chan Prefecture as many as hundreds of thousands.
Zhao Heng to the north of the city in a circle, have also been infected by this atmosphere, so also the mind to stay in the north of the city full Kou Zhun Prime Minister various issues that he stay back South. And this time, Liao side has encountered some difficulties, because even though they are the troops going well, but overextended, supplies very difficult, plus the advance alone Song hinterland, in case of defeat, the consequences could be disastrous. Empress Xiao itself is a very pragmatic leader, before the troops, she has already done the fight can be prepared and the hands, see Liao initial defeat, coupled with depth alone, would have difficulty winning. So he listened to drop the proposal Wang Jizhong, to send personnel to the Chan Prefecture conveyed his desire to Babing information warfare.
This is exactly Zhao Heng wish, so immediately did not like militaristic letters of the Song, Liao and willing to reach a settlement, Dian Zhi Cao also sent envoys to use as the Khitan conferences to discuss matters. Kou Zhun after hearing the news, hurried back to South Kujian Zhao Heng, said Liao is a spent force, and it is a golden opportunity to beat them, also sent a letter to Yang Yanzhao frontier generals, saying the enemy became exhausted, army morale high, positive should take this opportunity, guardian of the brightest arteries, around and annihilate the enemy, and then follow up a victory north recover Sixteen Prefectures. Unfortunately, Zhao Heng Wei Di, such as tiger, just want to make peace, but the ministers were also afraid of Laos, have expressed support collegial, even united attack KouZhun soldier dead weight, helpless under Kou Zhun, also had to agree to make peace with Liao. Since both sides have the heart of reconciliation, the rest of the things will be easier, nothing more than a matter of bargaining. Zhao Heng covet seek security, the rich and powerful, but also do not care about the money, at first sent Liao said to be taken away and Chai Sung returned tile bridge south off the land, Zhao Hengsheng afraid of losing collegiate opportunities, but also afraid cede territory sum, be subject to future generations reviled, was immediately sent to conferences and take advantage of Cao, and he said: "As long as not cede territory, to make peace, Liao is to obtain one million money can promise." Cao asked use the bottom line in the end is how much? Zhao Heng authentic without hesitation:. "As matter of last resort, one million can" after hearing, but also secretly use the Cao Kou Zhun called in the past, said: "Although the emperor of about one million, but if more than three hundred thousand, I will cut your head "
Cao went to Liao camp kicked use negotiations, the final agreement:.
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brotherly country for the Song, Liao, Liao Steven young, said the brother of Emperor Song, later still on the teeth.
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Song, Liao and white ditch as the boundary (Liao Ying abandon, MO two states), the two sides withdrawal; thereafter thieves who have cross-border fugitives, not each other stop hiding; Koreas border city, as usual, not create build Cheng Huang.
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Song Liao annually to "help the military's fee" silver one hundred and two thousand, two hundred thousand silk, to Xiongzhou delivery.
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The two sides set up in the border knock-field conduct border trade.
On the issue of old coins, Liao sum eager, did not dare to have a big opening, after several bargaining, the two sides reached the Song Dynasty to the Liao three hundred thousand silver per year silk number. Cao use consciously very proud to complete the task, purpose excitedly back pay. See the time, Zhao Heng was eating, the waiter asked Cao promised to use versus how much Liao. Cao use did not speak, but held three fingers on his forehead, which means three hundred and two thousand. The waiter mistakenly thought it was 3.002 million, Shinshu shocked after that:. "Too much, too much," he summoned him to personally cross-examine. Cao use cautiously replied: ". Three hundred and two thousand," Zhao Heng listening to whispered loudly: "only three hundred thousand, so little you it will work, it will work.!" Then heavily rewarded Cao use.
Follow
After Chanyuan Alliance, on the border of the Northern Song Dynasty Xiongzhou (this rule Xiong County, Hebei), Bazhou (this rule Hebei Bazhou) and other places set up Monopoly games open trading. Song porcelain and transfer printing techniques to Liao. Northern Song Dynasty government with spices, rhino horn, ivory, tea, porcelain, lacquer ware, rice and silk, etc., exchange Liao sheep, horses, camels and other livestock. Private transaction also developed.
archaeologists now Inner Mongolia and northeast of the Liao Dynasty tombs in the ancient city and found the porcelain, lacquer ware, coins and other artifacts Song manufactured, which are flowing into the Liao territory through trade.
Khitan Liao Song promotes trade and economic and cultural development of the Han, enhance the friendship of the two peoples. After Chanyuan Alliance, Kou Zhun high power look heavy, by the Emperor Song's jealous. Soon, Emperor Song excuse to denounce him out towards the appointment of a compromise to send Wang Qinruo as prime minister.
In this way, the Song Dynasty and do not want to recover the Youyun sixteen states. Liao accident also occurred at this time, in 1009, Empress Xiao died. 1011, on the tenth five months after the death of Chuo Hsiao, also will be Hand to his death. Then, the internal split in Liaoning regime began, Liao no longer able to scale Xingbing south. After Chanyuan Alliance, Song, Liao war had happened in a hundred years. Two important negotiations take place only during the. Once in 1042 (CLASSICS Qingli years), Song Liao take the chance of war with Western Xia, extortion land to the Northern Song Dynasty. Song Liao increase to 100,000 two-year-old silver coins, silk 100,000. And again in 1074 (Ancestor Xining seven years), the Northern Song Dynasty Liao excuse to destroy the border in upgrading border fortress Shanxi, requiring demarcation. The next year, the government allowed Song to the watershed for the sector, but also give up some land.
influence
active
a, ending twenty-five years of war between Song and Liao, "reproductive fan interest, cattle and sheep are wild, wearing a white person (white-haired elderly), does not know the arms ", after a long period of relative peace Song, Liao border state.
Second, Song saving huge war spending, old coins (300,000) spending less than the cost of military forces (30 million) one per cent, to avoid excessive lord frontiers heavily for many years and caused the court tax pressure, at little cost in exchange for the effect of the war difficult to obtain.
Third, to promote economic and cultural exchanges between the Song, Liao, is conducive to the economic development of the Chinese nation, cultural prosperity, national integration.
negative
Wang and FU Bi think after Chanyuan Alliance, Song Zhen Zong, Ren, Hidemune three in the "forgotten war to the soldiers," Jinjun Hebei Army and the Imperial Army "military preparations are waste ", only available Shaanxi army; horse knowledge section, Cao Wei, Wang was pushed by Wu Chen, etc., Fumiomi mastered control over the West House, Yao Chen and Wang Qinruo old man deep patronize that lead to increased currency Qingli.
Meanwhile, the war did not happen over a hundred years a large direct result of the Song, Liao sides Bingbei relaxation, Jurchen Jin are all established after defeat. Liao remnants had moved westward, establishing linger in the Western Liao. Song also lost a lot of land north of the Huaihe River, was forced to concede defeat to Golden State.
evaluate
Chanyuan Alliance is the summation of Emperor Song to accept the results in a favorable military situation. Song For, on the one hand most of the 16 States of Youyun failed to recover the land, on the other hand in order to lose the gold silk Liao Dynasty no longer satisfied southward invasion, after Liao is constantly ask for money in exchange for peace in the Northern Song Dynasty no longer be prepared . Liao country concerned, it is got a great deal under adverse military situation, it was something not on the battlefield.
The most important thing is, after Chanyuan Alliance, Song, Liao, the two sides remained generally peaceful centuries, this fusion between the trade relations between the two countries, non-governmental exchanges and nations are very favorable . Create the conditions for economic and cultural exchange of the Central Plains and the northern frontier.
Jiang Fucong and the Song, Liao said Chanyuan Alliance "influenced the entire history of Chinese thought and China."
Ray Huang said: "So Chanyuan Alliance is a geopolitical product, represents both a competitive system was maintained with the balance of power in the region."