Aristotle

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• StudentAlexandertheGreat

  Anerror30529hasbeenreported

PersonalExperience

In384BC,AristotlewasborninStakirainThrace.ThecityisacolonyofGreece,adjacenttotheemergingMacedonia.HisfatherwasthecourtphysicianofKingPhilipIIofMacedonia.Judgingfromhisfamilysituation,hebelongedtothemiddleclassoftheslave-owningclass.Attheageof17,hewenttoAthenstostudyatthePlatoAcademyfor20years,anddidnotleaveuntilPlato'sdeath.Perhapsundertheinfluenceofhisfather,Aristotlewasinterestedinbiologyandempiricalscience;andundertheinfluenceofPlato,hebecameinterestedinphilosophicalreasoning.

HemovedtoAthensin367BC,wherehestudiedmedicineandalsostudiedatthePlatoAcademyinAthensformanyyears.In366BC,AristotlewassenttothePlatoAcademyinAthenstostudy,andAristotlestayedattheAcademyfor20yearsuntilthedeathofhisteacherPlato.

From18to38yearsold-20yearsofstudyingphilosophywithPlatoinAthens,thisperiodofstudyandlifehadadecisiveimpactonhislife.SocrateswasPlato'steacher,andAristotlewastaughtbyPlato.InthePlatoAcademyinAthens,Aristotleperformedverywell,andPlatocalledhimthe"spiritoftheAcademy."ButAristotleisnotapersonwhoonlyworshipsauthorityandisonlyacademicallycommittedandhasnoideasofhisown.Heisdifferentfromtheteacherwhotalksaboutmetaphysics.Hecollectsallkindsofbooksandmaterials,studiesdiligently,andevensetupalibraryforhimself.

In347BC,Platodied,andAristotlestayedinAthensfortwoyears.AsthenewheadoftheacademyagreedwiththemathematicaltendencyinPlato'sphilosophy,Aristotlecouldn'tbearit,soheleftAthens.Sincethen,hebegantotravelaround.

Afterleavingtheacademy,Aristotlefirstacceptedtheinvitationofhispreviousstudent,Hermias,tovisitAsiaMinor.HermiaswastherulerofMisiaonthecoastofAsiaMinor.AristotlealsomarriedHermias'niecethere.Butin344BC,Hermiaswasmurderedinariot,andAristotlehadtoleaveAsiaMinorandarriveinMytilenewithhisfamily.

In343BC,AristotlewassummonedbacktohishometownbyKingPhilipIIofMacedonia.HewashiredbyKingPhilipIItoserveasAlexandertheGreatwhowasonly13yearsoldatthetime.Teacher.Atthattime,Aristotlewasforty-twoyearsold.AccordingtoPlutarch,thefamousbiographerofancientGreece,Aristotleinstilledmoral,politicalandphilosophicaleducationforthefutureworldleader.Atthesametime,AristotlealsousedhisinfluenceandplayedanimportantroleintheformationofAlexandertheGreat'sthoughts.ItwasundertheinfluenceofAristotlethatAlexandertheGreatalwayscaredaboutscienceandrespectedknowledge.

Philipdiedin335BC,andAristotlereturnedtoAthens,whereheestablishedhisownschool.Thenameoftheschool(Lyceum)isnamedafterthewolfkiller(Lyceus)neartheTempleofApollo.Duringthisperiod,Aristotlelecturedandwrotemanyphilosophicalworks.Aristotlehadahabitoflectures,whilewalkinginthecorridorsandgardens.Itispreciselybecauseofthisthatthephilosophyoftheacademyiscalledthe"philosophyoffreedom"or"thephilosophyofstrolling".Aristotlealsowrotemanyworksduringthisperiod,mainlyonnaturalsciencesandphilosophyinphysics,andthelanguageusedwasmuchmoreobscurethanPlato'sDialogue.Manyofhisworksarebasedonlecturenotes,andsomeareevenclassroomnotesofhisstudents.Therefore,somepeopleregardAristotleasthefirsttextbookauthorintheWest.

AfterAlexander'sdeath,theAtheniansbegantoriseupagainsttheruleofMacedonia.BecauseofhisrelationshipwithAlexander,AristotlehadtofleetoGarcisbecausehewasaccusedofdisrespect.HisschoolwashandedovertoDiofrastototakecharge.

Inthisturbulentera,AristotlereturnedtoAthensandlivedtherefortwentyyears,fromtheyearbeforeAlexander’sexpeditiontothetimewhenAlexanderdied.year.

WhenAristotlecametoAthens,hemighthavethepoliticalmissionofpersuadingtheAthenianstoobeyMacedonia.AristotlereceivedalotofpreferentialtreatmentinAthens.Inadditiontohisprominentpositioninpolitics,healsoreceivedalotofmoney,materialsandlandsupportfromAlexanderandMacedonianbureaucratsatalllevels.TheLucAngAcademyhefoundedoccupiesavastplaygroundandgardenareaneartheTempleofApolloLucAng.Hefoundedhisownschoolhere.Theteachersandstudentsofthisschoolareusedtowalkinginthegardenanddiscussingissues,sotheyarenamed"XiaoyaoSchool."WhenthenewsofAlexander'sdeathreachedAthens,therewasananti-Macedonianfrenzy.TheAtheniansattackedAristotleandconvictedhimofdisrespectforGod.SocrateswassentencedtodeathfordisrespectofGod..ButAristotlefinallyescapedfromAthens.

In322BC,Aristotlediedofaseriousillnessattheageofsixty-three.Thecauseofdeathmaybecausedbyadiseasethathasaccumulatedovermanyyears.Atthesametime,therearespeculationsthathewaspoisonedtodeath,orcommittedsuicidebyjumpingintotheseaduetounexplainabletidalphenomena.

Achievements

Works

1.Logic:"Category","Interpretation","Pre-Analysis","Post-Analysis","Thesis","Defendatory",theabovesixlogicworksarecollectivelycalled"InstrumentalTheory".

2.Metaphysics:"Metaphysics".

3.Naturalphilosophy:"Physics","Meteorology","OntheSky","OntheBirthandDeath".

4.Onanimals:"Animals","TheStructureofAnimals","AnimalMovements","AnimalMovements","AnimalReproduction","NicomarkEthics","158City-States".

5.Onpeople:"OntheSoul","OntheFeelingandBeingFeeled","OnMemory","OnSleep","OnDream","OntheOmensinSleep","OntheLengthofLife","OnYouth,OldAgeandDeath","OnBreathing","OnBreath".

6.EthicsandPolitics:"NicomarkEthics","UtimemEthics","Politics","AthenianPoliticalSystem","GrandEthics","EudemianEthics","OnVirtueandEvil,"Economics."

7.Aestheticworks:"Rhetoric","Poetics","AlexanderRhetoric".

Theory

Aristotledividesscienceinto:

1.Theoreticalsciences(mathematics,naturalsciencesandthefirstphilosophylatercalledmetaphysics);

2.Practicalsciences(ethics,politics,economics,strategyandmodificationstudies);

3.Thescienceofcreationispoetics.

Philosophy

AlthoughAristotlewasastudentofPlato,hediscardedtheidealisticviewsheldbyhisteacher.Platobelievesthattheideaistheprototypeoftheobject,itdoesnotdependontheobjectbutexistsindependently.Aristotlebelievedthattheworldiscomposedofvariousthingswhoseformsandmaterialsareinharmony."Materials"arethematerialsthatmakeupthings,and"forms"aretheindividualcharacteristicsofeverything.It'slikeachickenwithbulgingwingsandflyingaround.The"form"ofthischickenisthatitcanbulgeitswings,growl,layeggs,etc.Whenthechickendies,the"form"nolongerexists,andtheonlythingleftisthechicken'ssubstance.

Platoassertedthatfeelingcannotbethesourceoftrueknowledge,butAristotlebelievedthatknowledgeoriginatedfromfeeling.Thesethoughtsalreadycontainsomematerialisticelements.LikePlato,Aristotlebelievedthatrationalschemesandgoalsaretheguidingprinciplesofallnaturalprocesses.ButAristotle'sviewofcausalityisricherthanPlato's,becauseheacceptedsomeoftheancientGreekviewsonthisissue.

Hepointedoutthattherearemainlyfourtypesofcauses.Thefirstisthematerialcause,whichisthemainsubstancethatformsanobject.Thesecondistheformfactor,whichisthedesignpatternandshapegiventothemainsubstance.Thethirdisthemotivationfactor,thatis,themechanismandfunctionprovidedtorealizethiskindofdesign.Thefourthisthepurposecause,thatis,thepurposetobeachievedbythedesignoftheobject.

WhatAristotlehimselffancyedwastheformalcauseandthepurposecauseoftheobject.Hebelievedthattheformalcausewascontainedinallnaturalobjectsandfunctions.Atthebeginning,theseformalcausesarelatent,butoncetheobjectorlivingthingdevelops,theseformalcauseswillberevealed.Finally,whentheobjectorcreaturereachesthecompletionstage,itsfinishedproductisusedtoachievetheoriginaldesignpurpose,thatis,toservethepurposeandcause.Healsobelievesthatinconcretethings,thereisnoformwithoutmaterial,andthereisnomaterialwithoutform.Theprocessofcombiningmaterialandformisthemovementoftransformingpotentialintoreality.Thistheoryshowsspontaneousdialecticalthinking.

Aristotle’sgreatestcontributiontophilosophyliesinthecreationofanimportantbranchofformallogic.LogicalthinkingisthepillarofAristotle'soutstandingachievementsinmanyfields.Thiswayofthinkingrunsthroughhisresearch,statisticsandthinkingfrombeginningtoend.Intermsofresearchmethods,heisaccustomedtoholdingacriticalattitudetowardsthetheoriesofthepastandcontemporaries,proposingandexploringtheoreticalblindspots,usingdeductivereasoning,andusingsyllogismforformalargumentation.

Astronomy

Aristotlebelievedthatmovingcelestialbodiesarephysicalentities.Theearthissphericalandthecenteroftheuniverse;theearthandcelestialbodiesarecomposedofDifferentmaterialcomposition,thematerialontheearthiscomposedofthefourelementsofwater,gas,fireandearth,andthecelestialbodyiscomposedofthefifthelement"ether".

Physics

Aristotle’sthoughtsonphysicsdeeplyshapedacademicthoughtintheMiddleAges,anditsinfluenceextendedtotheRenaissance.AlthoughitwaseventuallyreplacedbyNewtonianphysics.

Aristotle’swritingshavediscussedmechanics.Healreadyhastheconceptofaforceparallelograminthecaseoforthogonality.Heexplainedthelevertheorythattheforcefartherfromthefulcrumiseasiertomoveheavyobjectsbecauseitdrawsalargercircle.Hedecomposedthemovementoftheweightattheendoftheleverintotangential(whichhecalled"natural")movementandnormal("unnatural")movement.Aristotle’sviewonthemotionoffallingobjectsis:"Twoobjectsofequalvolumefallfasterwiththeheavierone."Heevensaidthatthespeedoftheobjectsfallingispreciselyproportionaltotheirweight.Thiserroneousviewhasaconsiderableimpactonlatergenerations.Later,theFrenchmanN.Oulsmetal.gavethecorrectopinion,butdidnotverifyit.Attheendofthe16thcentury,S.StevenandGalileonotonlyexplainedittheoretically,butalsoconfirmedAristotle'smistakebyexperiment.

Aristotlealsobelieves:"Everythingthatmovesmusthaveitspromoterspushingitinmotion",butonepushcannotbetracedbackindefinitely,so"theremustbethefirstmover.",thatis,theexistenceofsupernaturalpower.Movementherereferstomovementinthegeneralsense,includingmechanicalmovement.

Aristotle’sexpositiononfallingbodymotioncanbefoundin"OntheSky"(DeCaelo).Heoncewroteinanotherbook"Physics"(availableinaChinesetranslation,publishedbytheCommercialPressin1982).Heappliedhisfallingbodylawmanytimes.Thisisabookonnaturalphilosophy,mainlydiscussingsports.

Aristotlebelievesthattheearth,water,air,andfirearethefourelementsoftheearth.Eachelementrepresentsacombinationoftwoofthefourbasiccharacteristics(dry,wet,cold,andhot).Soil=dry+cold;water=wet+cold;air=wet+heat;fire=dry+heat.

Aristotlebelievesthatwhiteisakindofpurelight,andthevariouscolorsweusuallyseearelightthatchangesforsomereason.Itisnotpure.ThisThisconclusionuntilthe17thcentury,everyonefirmlybelievedinthiskindofconclusion.Inordertoverifythispointofview,Newtonputatriangularprismunderthesun,andthesunlightformedred,orange,yellow,green,blue,indigo,andpurpleafterpassingthroughthetriangularprism.Thelightbandcomposedofsevencolorsshinesonthelightscreen,andNewtoncametoaconclusionthatiscompletelycontrarytotheviewthatpeoplehavealwaysbelievedtobecorrect:whitelightiscomposedoflightofthesesevencolors,andthesesevenlightsarepure.

Biology

Inanimalscience,someofhisopinionswereonlybelievedtobeaccurateinthe19thcentury.Heclassifiedmorethan500differentplantsandanimals,conductedanatomicalstudiesonatleastmorethan50animals,pointedoutthatwhalesareviviparous,andinvestigatedthedevelopmentalprocessofchickembryos.

Hewasthefirstpersontoclassifybiologyintodifferentcategories,andwrotespecialworksforit(suchasanimalclassification,animalreproduction,etc.).Hefirstdiscoveredtheenlighteningsignificanceofcomparativelawandtookitforgranted.Landisreveredasthefounderofcomparativelaw.Hewasalsothefirstpersontonarratethelifehistoryofmanykindsofanimalsindetail.Hewrotethefirstbookonreproductivebiologyandlifehistory.Hepaidspecialattentiontothephenomenonofbiodiversityandthesignificanceofthedistinctionbetweenplantsandanimals.

Althoughhedidnotproposeaformalclassification(method),heclassifiedanimalsaccordingtocertainstandards,andhisclassificationofinvertebratesismorereasonablethanLinnaeus'classificationtwothousandyearslater.Inphysiology,hemostlyadoptedtraditionalviewsandwasnotgood.Comparedwithhispredecessors,heisafirmempiricist.Hisinferencesarealwaysrootedinhispastobservations.Inhisarticle"AnimalReproduction"(Degenerationeanimalium760b28),heclearlystatedthattheinformation(knowledge)obtainedfromthesensesisthefirst,surpassingtheinformationthatcanbeprovidedbyrationalthinking.Inthisrespect,heiscompletelydifferentfromtheAristotelianphilosophersofthescholasticswhobelievethatallproblemscanbeinferredbyinferencealone.

Aristotle’sdistinguishingfeatureistoinvestigatethecause.Hewasnotsatisfiedwithjustaskingthequestionof"how",butalsoaskedthequestionof"why",whichwasveryremarkableatthetime.Whydoestheorganismdevelopfromafertilizedeggintoacompleteadult?Whyaretheresomanypurpose-orientedactivitiesandbehaviorsinthebiologicalworld?Heclearlyunderstandsthatonlytherawmaterialsthatmakeupthebodydonothavetheabilitytodevelopintoacomplexorganism.Theremustbesomethingextra,whichhecalledeidos.ItiscompletelydifferentfromPlato'sdefinition,Aristotle'seidosistheprincipleofprogrampurpose.Inhisthought,themeaningofthiswordisexactlythesameasthatofthegeneticprogramofmodernbiologists.

ContrarytoPlato,Aristotlebelievedthatnaturalobjectsactaccordingtotheirownnature,andallnaturalphenomenaareprocessesormanifestationsofprocesses.Sinceanyprocesshasapurpose,hebelievesthatthestudyofpurposeisthemainpartofstudyingnature.Therefore,forAristotle,allstructuresandbiologicalactivitieshavetheirbiologicalsignificance,oraswesay,havetheiradaptivesignificance.OneofAristotle'smainpurposesistoexplainthesemeanings.Aristotle's"why"questionhasanimportantenlighteningroleinthehistoryofbiology."Why?"isthemostimportantquestionraisedbyevolutionarybiologistsintheirresearch.

Aristotlefirmlybelievedthattheworldwasbasicallyperfectandthusruledouttheviewofevolution.Hisadvancedideashaveonlybeenfullyaffirmedinrecentdecades.Thereareseveralreasonsforhisnotorietyoverthepastfewcenturies.OnereasonisthattheThomasistsregardedhimastheirauthoritativephilosopher,andlaterwhenthereputationofscholasticphilosophywasdiscredited,Aristotlewasimplicated.Anothermoreimportantreasonisthatduringthescientificrevolutioninthesixteenthandseventeenthcenturies,almostalltheemphasiswasplacedonthephysicalsciences.

Logic

Hisacademicfieldalsoincludesearlyresearchonformallogictheories,whichwereeventuallymergedintomodernformallogictheoriesinthe19thcentury.Aristotlebelievedthatanalysisorlogicisthetoolofallscience.Heisthefounderofformallogic.Hetriedto

relatetheformofthinkingwithexistence,andclarifythescopeoflogicinaccordancewithobjectivereality.Aristotleappliedhisdiscoveriestoscientifictheories.Asanexample,hechosemathematics,especiallygeometry,becausegeometryhadalreadytransitionedfromtheearlyexperimentalstagewhenThaleswantedtogiveareasonableexplanationoftheempiricalrulesoflandsurveyingtothelaterstagewithamorecompletedeductiveform.

However,thesyllogismoflogicisreallyuselesstoexperimentalscience.Becausethegoalofexperimentalscienceisdiscovery,notformalprooffromacceptedpremises.Startingfromthepremisethatelementscannolongerbedividedintosimplerobjects,acorrectlistofknownelementswasproposedin1890,butby1920,applyingthispremiseagainwouldexcludeallradioactiveelements.Nowthatthepremisehaschanged,themeaningoftheterm"element"hasalsochanged.However,thisfactdoesnotprovethatthesyllogismisuseless,norcanitbeconcludedthatmodernphysicsiswrong.

Intermsofmetaphysics,Aristotle’sphilosophyandtheologyhavehadaprofoundimpactonthetraditionsofIslamandJudaism.IntheMiddleAges,itcontinuedtoinfluenceChristiantheology,especiallytheacademictraditionofCatholicism.church.

UndertheauthorityofAristotle,thescientificcommunityinGreeceandtheMiddleAgesuseddeductivemethodstosaythatmanywrongauthoritieswereabsolutelycorrect,anduseddeceptivelogicalformstomakemanymistakes.inference.

Education

Aristotlebelievedthatrationaldevelopmentistheultimategoalofeducation,andadvocatedthatthestateshouldconductpubliceducationforthechildrenofslaveowners.Sothattheirbodies,virtuesandwisdomcandevelopharmoniously.Intermsofteachingmethods,Aristotleattachesgreatimportancetotheroleofpracticeandpractice.Forexample,inmusicteaching,heoftenarrangesforchildrentoperformonstage,experienceon-site,proficientintechnology,andimprovetheirlevel.Intermsoftheteacher-studentrelationship,Aristotleisnotblindlyobedienttothetutors,butonlypromises,butonthebasisofinheritance,daretothink,sticktothetruth,anddaretochallenge.Hischaracterof"IlovemyteacherandIespeciallylovethetruth"inspiredhimtopushtheteachingtheoryestablishedbyPlatotoahigherlevel.

Aristotle'steachingthoughtisbasedonhistheoryofhumannature,epistemologyandhisinvestigationofchildren'sphysicalandmentaldevelopment.Hedividedthehumansoulintotwoparts,oneistheirrationalsoul,whosefunctionsareinstinct,feeling,anddesire,andtheotheristherationalsoul,whosefunctionsarethinking,understanding,andcognition.Hebelievesthatintheprocessofhumancognition,themainfunctionofthesoulistofeelandthink.Thesoulperceivesexternalthingswiththehelpofsensoryorgans,andthesensedthingsarenottransferredbyhumanwill,thusacknowledgingthestatusandfunctionofsensationsintheprocessofcognition.However,healsobelievesthatfeelingsonlyplayaninducingrolehere,andtruthandknowledgecanonlybeobtainedthroughrationalthinking.Therefore,thepurposeofAristotle'steachingistodeveloptherationalityofthehigherpartofthesoul.

Althoughhisethicshashadaprofoundinfluencefrombeginningtoend,italsogainedanewlifewiththeadventoftheemergingmodernvirtueethics.

Aristotlesetupan"encyclopedia"curriculumforhisphilosophyschool.Headvocatedthatstudentsshoulddevelopcomprehensivelyinmoral,intellectual,physical,andaestheticaspects,withtheirownemphasisindifferentperiods.Earlychildhoodfocusesonphysicaldevelopment(sports);adolescentsfocusesonmusiceducation,withmorality,wisdom,andbeautyasthemaincontent;uppergradesmustlearngrammar,rhetoric,poetry,literature,philosophy,ethics,politics,andarithmetic,Geometry,astronomy,musicandotherdisciplines.Butinanycase,thefocusshouldbeonthedevelopmentofstudents'intelligence.Heparticularlyemphasizedtheroleofmusicincultivatingchildren'sgeneralcultivation.Itisbelievedthatmusichasthreefunctions:entertaining,cultivatingtemperament,andcultivatingrationality.Itcanrelievefatigue,refinethemind,shapethecharacter,agitatethesoul,andthenenterarationalandnoblemoralrealmthroughcontemplation.Inphysicaleducation,hedisagreesthatteachersonlyallowstudentstoconductharshorevenpainfultraining,andteach"easygymnastics"and"lightmartialarts",focusingonthenormaldevelopmentofchildren'sbodies.

Politics

LikePlato,hebelievesthatcity-statesarehigherthancitizens,buthealsoadvocatesthatpeoplehavetheirownrightsanddemandtherealizationofcity-statesandcitizens’interests.balance.Healsoestablishedtheprincipleofbalancedjusticebetweenfairjusticeandexchangejustice.Ontheonehand,peopleofdifferentbackgrounds,properties,status,andabilitiesshouldbetreatedequally;ontheotherhand,specialpreferentialtreatmentcanalsobegiventospecialtasks.Forthisreason,hehighlypraisedthecombinationofdemocracyandmonarchy,implementeddemocracyonlegislativeissues,andimplementedmonarchyonadministration.Hehopedtoguaranteethevariousinterestsofcitizenswhilesafeguardingtheoverallinterestsofthecity-state,andproposedthetheoryofdecentralization.

"Politics"isthemostimportantpoliticalworkoftheancientGreekthinkerAristotle.

Others

Heisalsoamasteroftypology.Hedividesthecity-statesintosixcategoriesbasedonthenumberofrulersandwhethertheyprotecttheinterestsofallcitizens.Italsodemonstratestheevolutionofvariouswholes,theevolutionofwhichisgraduallygettingworse,andthereasonisthatthecomprehensivejusticeprincipleisdestroyed.

Aristotleistheoriginatorofrealism.Unlikehisteacher,Plato,whomeasuredrealitybyhishypotheticalidealcountry,headvocatedstartingfromtherealisticcountrytopreventthecountryfromfallingandpromotethecountry'sdevelopment.Heisskepticalofhumannatureandrationalityandadvocatestheruleoflaw,andthesourceoflawisnothumanrationalityorscholars'thinking,butcomesfromwhatpeoplefollowandrecognizeinhistoryandtradition,thatis,historicalrationality.Hetookaverycautiousattitudetowardsreformsandreforms,andreformsshouldnotbemadeasalastresort.

Socialinfluence

Asanencyclopedicscientist,Aristotlehasmadeagreatcontributiontotheworld.Heisalsoatruephilosopher,andhehasmadecontributionstoalmosteverydisciplineofphilosophy.

Intermsofphilosophy,Aristotle'sthoughthashadaprofoundimpactonthefundamentaltendenciesandcontentofWesternculture.Intheancientandmiddleages,hisworksweretranslatedintoLatin,Syriac,Arabic,Italian,Hebrew,GermanandEnglish.LaterGreekscholarsstudiedandadmiredhisworks,asdidtheByzantinescholars.HisideasarethebackboneofmedievalChristianthoughtandIslamicscholasticism.Aveiroi,themostimportantthinkerintheIslamicworld,integratedthetraditionalIslamicdoctrineandAristotelianrationalismintohisownideologicalsystem.Maimonides,themostinfluentialJewishthinker,usedrationalismtoexplainJudaismandmadegreatachievementsinreconcilingscience,philosophy,andreligion.

AristotleshowedaturningpointinGreekscience.Beforehim,scientistsandphilosopherstriedtoproposeacompleteworldsystemtoexplainnaturalphenomena.Hewasthelastpersontoproposeacompleteworldsystem.Afterhim,manyscientistsgaveuptheattempttoproposeacompletesystemandturnedtostudyspecificproblems.

WiththecontinuousdiscoveryofAristotle'sworks,aneweraofstudyingAristotelianismemergedintheMiddleAges,andscholarsusedthisasthebasisforobtainingtrueknowledgeinallaspects.

Publishingbooks

Seemorebooks

CharacterQuotations

·Excellenceisahabit.

·Lawisreasonwithoutpassion.

·Livinginaccordancewiththemoralcodeisahappylife.

·Happinessbelongstosatisfiedpeople.

·Happinessisperfection.

·Happinessliesinself-sufficiency.

·Lifeisrichinopportunitiesandchanges.Whenpeoplearemostproud,theyhavethegreatestmisfortunetocome.

·Theultimatevalueoflifeliesintheabilitytoawakenandthink,notjustinsurvival.

·Inmisfortune,usefulfriendsaremorenecessary;inluck,noblefriendsaremorenecessary.Inmisfortune,findingfriendsisoutofnecessity;inluck,findingfriendsoutofnobleness.

·Birdswiththesamefeatherscometogether.

·Atruefriendisasoulbredintwobodies.

·Careeristhevividunityofphilosophyandpractice.

·Therootofeducationisbitter,butitsfruitissweet.

·Therearemanykindsoffallacies,butthereisonlyonekindofcorrectness.Thisiswhyfailureiseasytosucceed,anditiseasytomissthetargetanditishardtohitthetarget.

·Peoplewhoarescientificallyadvancedandmorallylaggingbehinddonotmoveforward,butbackward.

·Anyonewhoisgoodatthinkingmustbeapersonwhocanpursuewhatismostbeneficialtomankindthroughactionbasedonhisthinking.

·Goddoesnothingbetterthanallimaginedhappinessbehaviorsthanpurethinking,andtheclosestthingtothiskindofhappinessinhumanbehaviormaybetheactivitymostcloselyrelatedtothinking.

·Manisthemostoutstandinganimalamongallanimalswhenhereachestheperfectionofvirtue;butifheinsistsongoinghisownway.Withoutlawandjustice,hebecomestheworstbeastamongallthebeasts.

·Forvirtue,itisnotenoughforustojustknowit.Wemustalsoworkhardtocultivateit,useit,oradoptvariousmethodstomakeusgoodpeople.

·Habitshaveactuallybecomepartofnature.Infact,habitissomewhatlikenature,becausethedifferencebetween"always"and"always"isnotbig,naturebelongstothecategoryof"always",andhabitbelongstothecategoryof"always".

·Virtuecanbedividedintotwotypes:oneisthevirtueofwisdom,andtheotheristhevirtueofbehavior.Theformerisderivedfromlearning,andthelatterisderivedfrompractice.

·Truevirtuecannotbewithoutpracticalwisdom,andpracticalwisdomcannotbewithoutvirtue.

·Humansarebornsocialanimals.

·Compassioniscausedbyapersonsufferingfrombadluck,andfeariscausedbyapersonsufferingfrombadlucksimilartous.

·Politicsdoesnotcreatehumans,butitseparateshumansfromnatureandcontrolsthem.

·Someoneasked:Isitgeniustowriteagoodpoem?Stillrelyonart?Myviewis:hardstudywithoutrichgenius,geniuswithouttraining,areuseless;thetwoshouldbeusedforeachotherandcombinedwitheachother.

·Ilovemyteacher,Ilovethetruthevenmore.

·Awarcanbringpeace.

·Lawisorder,andgoodlawisgoodorder

·Itisdutytobehumbletosuperiors,tobekindtoordinarygenerations,tobenobletosubordinates,toallHumanhumilityissafety.

·Happinesscomesfromourselves.

·Wisdomexistsnotonlyinknowledge,butalsointheabilitytouseknowledge.

Thereisareasonforalie,butnoreasonforthetruth.

Characterevaluation

ThestatueofAristotle(4photos)

Hisacademicresearchinvolveslogic,rhetoric,physics,biology,pedagogy,psychology,politics,economics,aesthetics,naturalhistory,etc.,andhaswrittenalargenumberofworks.Hisworkisanancientencyclopedia.

Histhoughtshavehadaprofoundimpactonmankind.Hefoundedformallogic,enrichedanddevelopedvariousbranchesofphilosophy,andmadegreatcontributionstoscience.Hewasthefirstpersontoprovethattheearthisspherical.

SomeofAristotle’sthoughtsseemabitextreme.Forexample,heagreeswithslaveryandtheunequaltreatmentofwomen,andbelievesthatthisisanarrangementofnature.Ofcourse,theseideasareaportrayalofhistime.However,manyofAristotle’sthoughtsstillseemtohavetimelinesstoday,suchas:"Povertyisthemotherofrevolutionandsin","Legislatorsshouldfocusoneducatingyoungpeople;ignoringeducationwillinevitablyendangerthecountry."Aristotle'sthoughtsoneducationareobviouslyadvanced,andtherewasnopubliceducationinhistime.