Plan introduction
The US Apollo program is the great project of mankind to moon, starting in May 1961, ending in December 1972, lasting 11 years 7
Apollo spacecraft (6 photos)
month. The purpose of the Apollo program is to send people to the moon and achieve people's field visit to the moon, and prepare for manned planet exploration.Apollo plans to manage the moon to choose the moon railway rendezvous plan, which is to launch a spacecraft containing three astronauts to the moon track, and then 2 astronauts take the moon on the moon. Falling, performing a moon. Another astronaut still stayed in the command cabin to fly around the moon, and conduct scientific experiments. When returned, two astronauts on the moon launched the rising segment engine of the moon, flew on the moon ball track, and docked with the command class. After the two astronauts entered the command cabin, they abandon the rise of the moon, and returned to the earth from the moon track. Before re-enter the atmosphere, discard the service cabin, only the command cabin splashed on the Pacific Ocean.
Apollo is developed, after successive 6 unmanned tracks and rural orbit flights, flying around, 3 times, the monthly flying, finally officially set up moon . The Apollo, launched on October 11, 1968 is the first Apollo spacecraft containing three astronauts. Prior to this, there was only no man-in flight test in the Apollo program. From Apollo 7, until Apollo -18, the United States launched 12 manned Apollo spacecraft.
Development History
In the 1950s, the Soviet Union and US space competition is extremely fierce. On May 25, 1961, President Kennedi announced the implementation of the "Apollo" manned moon plan, strive to send Americans to the moon and returned it safely within 10 years.
The United States has conducted 6 non-man-in-flight tests in 1966-1968, identified the command cabin, service cabin and the moon chamber of the spacecraft on the near-territory track, and test the power unit of the moon. In 1968-1969, the "Apollo" 7, 8, 9 spacecraft, carrying manned flight test, including landing simulation tests surrounded by the earth, moon flying and landing charters from the ring orbit, orbit mobile flight and simulation The combination, the simulation of the separation and docking of the moon and the command cabin, check the reliability of the spacecraft. Apollo No. 1 occurred in a fire accident in a launch exercise, causing three astronauts death. The "Apollo No. 10" ship launched on May 18, 1969 conducted the drill flight of the whole process, 31 rounds around the moon, and the two astronauts ride will also fall to 15.2km from the moon. Spend.
9:32 on July 1669, the "Apollo 11" spacecraft launched. Bear the first moon mission is to instruction for Changnier Armstrong, the Directive Cabin driver Mitchell Collins and the moon, Driver Edwin Oldlin. On the way, "Apollo 11" spacecraft has conducted two track corrections. After entering the moon flight track, it will fly around the moon, then start the speed of the service cabin engine, reduce the orbit, and the command cabin and the instruction cabin and The service cabin is successfully separated, and the moon is slowly dropped to the moon along the parabola, and the moon "Jinghai" is safe to achieve soft landing. Another astronaut remains in the command capsule, still flying along the ring moon. At 22:56 on July 21, 102 hours and 45 minutes and 43 seconds after the spacecraft took off, the moon is open, and the astronaut Armstrong became the first person to board the moon.
astronauts staying 21 hours 18 minutes on the moon. They placed a laser reflector on the moon, a moonlight and the aluminum foil sail, captured the solar wind particles, took photos of the sky, the sky and the earth, collect the moon soil and rock specimens, then drive the moon Return to the ring-moon railway, and it is connected to the maidger. Then the landing cabin is separated from the moon, and the main engine is started to speed up the aircraft, enter the moon transition track. When the spacecraft enters the atmosphere while approaching the earth, throws up the service cabin, and enter the low-altitude command cabin to reduce the falling speed, and finally splash on the Pacific Hawaii in the Pacific Hawaii. The entire flight last 8 days and 18 days and 18 minutes.
After the United States, the United States launched "Apollo" spacecraft, 5 of which were successful, with a total of 12 astronauts boarded the moon. Among them, "Apollo No. 13" launched in April 1970, although the accident due to the explosion of oxygen cylinders, it is still safe to return to the earth. The success of the "Apollo" moon plan has led to the first time to leave the earth, and it is a milestone in the new territory of humanity. It also creates favorable conditions for human beings in the future development and utilization of moon.
The spacecraft system composition
The total weight of the spacecraft is 45 tons, consisting of most of the command cabin, service cabin and the moon moon. The command cabin is a conical shape and is the main body, astronaut life and work of the spaceship. The cabin is equipped with a variety of controller, astronaut equipment, food, water and waste treatment equipment. The service cabin is a cylindrical shape, and the tight command cabin is the spacecraft and warehouse, main rocket, fuel, power supply and oxygen, water, etc. are here. The spacecraft enters the moon orbit, and the moon track is detached from the lunar track by the moon track. The shape of the moon is like a four legs of monsters, which is a special equipment of the manned moon, divided into two parts of the decline and the rise, each with an engine. When takeoff, the moon can be installed in the aluminum shell under the service cabin. After entering the Burning Moon Track, it is coming out of the entire spacecraft from the shell. It can send two astronauts to the surface of the moon. There are life-saving systems, communication devices, and power supplies in the rising section. During the moon, two astronauts completed their tasks in the moon, and the rising segment engine made them flying away from the moon. There is a moon car in the "Apollo" 15, 16, and 17. There is a TV camera, radio transceiver and surfacing instrument on the car, and astronauts ride it in the moon.
Month process
Take "Apollo" No. 11 as an example, "Apollo" spacecraft settlement process.
July 16, 1969, the huge "Saturn No. 5" rocket carrying the "Apollo No. 11" spacecraft lifted from the US Kennedy launcher, starting the first time the moon . NASA Nir Armstrong, Edwin Oldlin, Michael Colinz driving a journey across Apollo No. 11 across 380,000 kilometers, carrying all human dreams embedding on the surface of the moon.
This is indeed a person's small step, but it is a great step in human beings. They witnessed the implementation of the Earth to the moon, this step crossed the time of 5,000 years. "Apollo No. 11" is a height of about 160 kilometers, and the earth is flying around 29,000 km / h. About the midway of the second orbit begins with the ignition of the super moon track. This is the last critical ignition of the "Saturn" Rockets, the ignition of the Rocket Engine will enable the spacecraft to escape speed - 40,200 km / h then away from the Earth track.
Question
July 21, 2014, "Apollodenden Moon" success has been 45th anniversary, but the question of Apollou is constantly, the question is believed Astronauts in the "Apollo" spacecraft never landed in the moon, the photo of the astronaut landing on the moon was photographed in the military restricted area called "Dreamland" in the Nevada desert, or is Photographing forged in the studio.
Apollo plans top ten discovery
1. The moon is not an original organism but is made up of rock. Moreover, these rocks have become uneven in different degrees of melting, volcanic eruption, and collision of meteorites.
2. The time of the moon produced for a long time
, like all land lines, the previous 10 billion years of history after the formation of the solar system has left a deep mark on the moon.
3. The youngest rock is more than the top of the moon than the Earth, the dark smoothing moon sea is some crater, and the rock is relatively young, age is approximately 32 billion years. Some rocks in some high and low highlands are relatively old, aged approximately 4.6 billion years.
4. The moon and the earth are close relatives
These two uglors are divided by a common substance in different proportions.
5. No life signs on the moon
No living organisms, fossils or origin organic compounds on the moon.
6. The moon rock is formed by high temperature
These rocks are almost indistinguishable, which can be roughly divided into 3: basalt, calcium long stone and beejresty rock .
7. Early moon ball is "magma"
The highland surface of the moon contains some early low-density rocks, which is some magma floating in the "magma ocean" surface. Residue.
8. Asteroid hits the large pit in the surface of the moon
Some huge, black basins is actually a huge crater that is generated after the impact. These are all formed in early moon, and the history of lava covered is approximately 320 million a year of 390 million.
9. Moon slightly asymmetrical
The volume structure of the moon is slightly asymmetrical, which may be due to its influence of Earth.
10. Surface is covered by rock fragments and dust
This is the so-called moon weathering layer, which can interpret the unique history of solar radiation. This is also an important factor in understanding global climate change.
Successfully mission meaning
"Apollo" success, undoubtedly has great scientific and technical significance, because it is the first time to leave the earth and reach another celestial body It is a new milestone penetrating to space to space. It is a leap. When humans continue to penetrate, the moon will also become a bridgehead when the mysterious mystery of the universe. The success of the moon is also for humanity to develop new strong domains, and the development and utilization of moon created conditions. Scientists said they understand many of the "Apollo 11" astronauts confirmed and revealed by the astronauts of "Apollo 11". In addition, the study of moon rocks and dust from the back of them also played a lot. Today, the moon is increasingly important for the development of human space technology. Apollo Moon, in addition to the investigation, will also establish a nuclear power science station on the moon; driving the moon car to conduct activities; the collected moon rock moon is 400 kg, brought back to the earth to further scientify analysis.
The Apollou is completed, the United States decided no longer in the next few decades. In this way, for the superior technical equipment developed in the moon, including Saturn carrier, spacecraft and many experimental equipment no longer need, this incident has aroused various discussion. As for why the United States makes this decision, it is a mystery.