Antonio Grani

Character's life

Antonio Granssi is born in a middle and lower class family in the Ales of Sardinia, January 22, 1891. In 1911, I got a scholarship in Turin University. There was affected by the work of Italian idealist philosopher Benna Dalo Croati. Under the Sports of the Turin Workers' Class, he participated in the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) in 1913 and began writing for the socialist newspaper. He has an experience of backward farmers' culture and industrial cities, which affects his point of view, that is, it is considered to have a national point of view in Italy, and must have a national point of view and must make the working class and farmers to form alliances. In his work, it always consistently consists of such a subject, that is, the working class must get rid of its interests, and must emphasize the political role of culture and ideology.

After graduating from the University, he served as the editor of the Turin Social Weekly "People's Call". At that time, the First World War broke out. Glanxi responded to the slogan of Lenin "Improve the Trinist War as a Domestic War", launched Turin workers to hold anti-war armed uprising, win prestige in workers, was selected as the secretary of the Socialist Turin Branch.

After the end of the war, the Italian revolutionary movement is unprecedented, and workers and farmers are determined to go to the "Russian Road". Grani cheered the success of the revolution in October, and believed that this revolution was an example of social changes in society rather than some elite characters. He also thought that this revolutionary illustrated in Marx's "Capital On" The things have been invalid, because these things may prompt the revolution to wait until the capitalist productivity and production relationship (see productivity and production related entries) can only be achieved. In his work, socialist social changes are defined as the expansion of democratic management. In 1919, with the assistance of Granxi, Turin founded a new socialist weekly weekly - "New Order". The newspaper was advocated to be advocated at the time of rapidly developing, in order to transplant the lessons learned from the Russian revolution to the specific environment of Italy. In George Sorell, it is believed that the production area can provide the basis of a new civilization. Granxi believes that the factory committee will help the working class, let them know that they are in production and social systems. The status of the bourgeois is not able to ensure the skills of the working work in the period of the development of the productive forces to create a new society and the skills needed to create a new society and new countries. The only way to destroy the old society and maintain the class power of the working class is to set up a new order.

It can be seen that the roots of Granxi regarding the concept of leadership, you can find (see "reference book" 2) during this period. This new working class agency is generated under such a condition, that is, the weakening of individual entrepreneurs, the increase in investment in banks and countries, and due to changes in political, social, economic sectors. The crisis caused by the free democracy.

from 1920-1921 The offense of Fascinism has led Geranxi to analyze its mass base. He believes that fascist's foundation is some of the small bourgeoisie with dissatisfaction, and they are used by large landlords, some industrial bourgeoisies, and members of the national machine as a tool for tools. He also believes that fascism can provide a new foundation for the unity of Italy, and prophecy will have a coup, although he tends to estimate the vulnerability of the new system too high.

January 21, 1921 Italian Communist Party (PCI) was established. Granxi is one of the founders of the party. In May 1922, Granxi as a representative of the Convention was elected as Secretary of the Communist International Executive Committee. In October 1922, the fascist molecules headed by Mussolini seized the national regime in Italy. Granxi was commissioned by the Communist International to return to China to carry out anti-fascist struggle. Between 1922 - 1924, Granxi has worked in Moscow and Vienna for the Communist international work. At that time, when there was an argument in the Communist International, the assessment problem was to build socialism, as well as the West. What is the relationship between the social party and the newly established Communist Party? Due to the selected Italian Parliament in 1924, Granxi returned to Italy, serving as the party's leadership, committing the Italian Communist Party from its early sectarian transformation into a political party that rooted in the masses.

was arrested in November 1926 and was sentenced to more than 20 years. He strictly said in the court: "You have introduced Italy to destruction, and our Communists must save it." In the prison, he was suffering from all-in-law, he still studied the revolutionary theory with strong will, write 32 This "Jailing Notes", this is an important work in the history of Italian modern thinking. He wrote that the starting point of his research in prison is to investigate the political function of intellectuals. Granxi wrote a written creation in prison and engaged in the creation of various topics, and these works were inspected by prison officials, and the information available, but he finally wrote 34 books. Since each of his Notes, there are often a number of concepts, in depth, it is discussed to a particular argument, and many of them often have several statements, so they have to be "jail notes. "The idea of ​​the idea is not possible, it is impossible to describe the annual or phased.

On April 27, 1937, Granxi died in Rome due to cerebral hemorrhage.

Evaluation of the idea

Granxi analyzed Italy's unity, especially the role of Italian intellectuals, and how new national countries as a "negative revolution" As a result, the peasant masses in this revolution can only be negatively agreed to the new political order. He divided the intellectuals into organized and traditional. The former is required to organize the new social order, and the latter has a tradition of going back to an earlier historical period. He is very widely defined under the intellectual, and believes that intellectuals should include people who have organized function in a broad sense (see "Reference Bibliography" 5, page 97). He also believes that all people have rational and wisdom ability, although only some people play a knowledge in society.

Intellectuals organize the network of beliefs, organize the system and social relationship, which is the leadership of Grani said. Therefore, he also defines the national definition as a force agreed, or uses to force armed leadership (see "Reference Bibliography" 5, on page 263), in which political society organizes force, the civil society provides consent.

Granxi uses the word "country" in a different sense, uses it in a narrow legal and constitution as a balance between political society and citizen society, or It is used to summarize both. Some authors criticize Glacesi very "weak" in the country's point of view, think that he has excessively emphasized the factors that agreed (see "reference book" 1); other authors emphasize that Grants tries to try to act in modern countries in the intervention Analysis, however, the boundaries of the civil society and political society are more and more blurred (see "Reference Bibliography" EQ \ O \ AC (○, 12) 12).

Gerazzi claims that in advanced capitalist countries, due to the complex institutions and mass organizations, these countries have decided to destroy only such a strategy. Now order and lead to a thorough victory of socialist transformation. The battle, or war, as for sportswar or positive attack, it was successful in this very different environment of Tsar, Russia, which is just a special strategy.

Due to the influence of Marjaya, Golan Xi Dynasty "Modern Prince" (referring to the revolutionary party) is an organic organization that can promote a new society in the working class. The method is to help the class to develop it. Organized intellectuals and another leadership. However, capitalist political, social and economic crises may lead to the reorganization of leadership through a variety of negative revolutions, which is threatened to prevent workers' movement to handle political and economic conditions. Create conditions for further development of productivity. Granxi puts fascism, the shape of modification, and the scientific management and production flow operation lines used in Europe, which are included in this field.

In the idea of ​​intellectuals, Granxi also proposed: Although professional philosophers develop their abstract thinking skills, and in fact, all people are working in an explanation of the world. Philosophical practice, although this is often an unstroching and non-critical form. In the words of Marx, philosophy is becoming a "material force", which affects the "temperament" of an era. A philosophical system should be investigated under historical conditions, which means that it cannot be placed simply on abstract levels, but should link it to its ideological awareness formed by various social strength. As a "practice philosophy", Marxism can help the masses become the protagonist of history, because more and more people have a professional, critical knowledge skills and have a unified worldview.

Granxi has criticized two views on his era. He believes that these two views can be reflected in the "attitude we should have to be in the case", that is, gram. Luozi's idealist view and the interpretation of the Marxism in Buhalin (Granxi believes this explanation is simplified and mechanical). This attitude in Grani is also reflected in his critical perspective on his relationship between literature, folklore, and mass culture with "high-rise" or "official" culture. The analysis of the latter relationship is from such a point of view, that is, how the intellectuals of the society have been associated with the development of the people and the national mass culture.

After the Second World War, there has been a variety of disputes with the publication of his works (see "Reference Book"). Some questions are proposed: Is his key area of ​​his idea to have Italian characteristics or international? His thoughts have the relationship with Lenin's thoughts? Why did you contact between all different time? What is his relationship with the Communist Party of the Italian in prison? And what role in the development of the Soviet Union during this period? Recently, some contributions to his socialist embryo theory and its contribution to the experience of existing socialist society. His influence on the Italian Communist Party after the Second World War and his thoughts and communist relationships of communism, and also belong to the columns of debate.

Reference Bibliographic