AMPS

Ampere

1MA (mega ampere)=1000kA (kiloamp)=1000000A (ampere)

1A (ampere)=1000mA (milliampere)=1000000μA ( Micro-amp)

Simulation software

Introduction

AMPS-1D software is a solar cell simulation software researched and developed by the University of Pennsylvania.

Theoretical basis

AMPS-1D software is based on the first principles, the basic equations of semiconductors and solar cells: Poisson equation, electron continuity equation and hole continuity equation. AMPS first obtains three state variables from these three equations: electron quasi-Fermi level (or electron concentration), hole quasi-Fermi level (or hole concentration) and electric potential. These state variables are all functions of position. ; And then proceed from these three state variables to get a series of characteristics of the solar cell.

A brief history

AMPS was developed in cooperation with Professor Stephen Fonash, his students and visiting scholars of the Institute. The project was completed under the funding of the Electric Power Research Institute (ElectricPowerResearchInstitute) project. The AMPS-1D project was first run under the UNIX operating system. With the popularity of PCs and the improvement of software popularity, PC versions under the OS/2 operating system have also been developed.　In the beginning, the PC version was only based on UNIX and OS/2 operating system interfaces. Later Windows95, 98andNT versions were developed one after another.

Phone System

Introduction

AdvancedMobilePhoneSystem (AMPS) AdvancedMobile PhoneSystem.

The earliest cellular phone system standard developed by AT&T in the United States.

Cellular technology

AMPS is the first generation of cellular technology, using a separate frequency band, or "channel", to serve each conversation (see FDMA for details). It therefore requires considerable bandwidth to support a large number of user groups. In general terms, AMPS is often referred to as an earlier "0G" improved mobile communication service, but AMPS uses more computing power to select spectrum, switch calls to PSTN lines, and handle registration and call establishment.

What really distinguishes AMPS from earlier 0G systems is the final call establishment function. In AMPS, the cellular center can flexibly allocate channels to each handheld terminal according to the signal strength, allowing the same frequency to be reused in completely different locations without interference. This makes it possible for a large number of handheld terminals to be supported simultaneously in a region. The founders of AMPS invented the term "honeycomb" precisely because it uses small hexagonal "honeycomb" shapes in a system.

Technical defects

Until today's digital technology era, AMPS has been criticized for certain shortcomings. First of all, it is an analog standard, it is easily disturbed by static electricity and noise, and there are no safety measures to prevent scanning eavesdropping. In the 1990s, "plagiarism" became an epidemic in the industry, costing millions of dollars. Some unscrupulous eavesdroppers use special equipment to intercept the electronic serial number and mobile identification code (also called phone number) of the handheld device. An electronic serial number is a set of data, which is sent by the handheld device to the cellular system for registration purposes, effectively identifying whether the phone has been connected to the network. The system then allows or disallows calls or various characteristics based on the user's files. If an ESN and MIN number pair is intercepted, he can copy and clone it to a different handheld phone and set up a call elsewhere without paying.

Cell phone clones were gradually ignored after adopting three key elements at the end of the 1990s. Then, there was a wireless receiver that could be tuned to the uplink channel (the frequency band where the handheld phone sends data to the base station). By tuning to the appropriate frequency band, this device can decrypt the ESN and MIN digital pair, and then display it on the screen. The interceptor can input the data into the handheld device and restart it, and then the network cannot distinguish the clone from the original phone.

The problem later became so serious that some operators had to require customers to use a PIN before making a call. Gradually, the cellular network company established a system called RF fingerprint recognition, which can determine the subtle difference between one phone and another, and then cut off the phones of some clones. Although some legitimate users have set up their phones, they also have problems, such as when changing batteries or antennas.

Technology development

AMPS was originally standardized by ANSI to EIA/TIA/IS-3. This was later replaced by the provisional standard IS-91 of EIA/TIA-553heTIA. AMPS has been replaced by new digital standards, such as digital AMPS (D-AMPS), GSM and CDMA2000. These improved security technologies have also increased capacity. Although cloning eavesdropping is still a problem in the digital age, the cost of wireless services has been very low, and these problems have almost disappeared.

Product name

Introduction

English name: AMPS

Chinese name: 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid

Chinese alias: 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid; 2-acrylamido-2-methyl 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid; 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid; tert-butylacrylamidesulfonic acid; 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid; 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1 -Propanesulfonic acid; 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid; 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid; 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid

English name: 2-Acrylamido-2-MethylPropanesulfonicAcid

English alias: 2-Acrylamido-2-MethylpropaneSulfonicAcid;2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulphonicacid;2-Methyl-2-[ (1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-1-propanesulfonicacid;AMPS;2-Acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonicacid;AMPS

Molecular formula: C7H13NO4S

Structural formula:CH2=CH—C(O)—NH—C(2CH3)—CH2—SO3H

Molecular weight:207.24

Chemical properties:

2-Acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid is a vinyl monomer with sulfonic acid groups. It has good thermal stability, the decomposition temperature can reach up to 210°C, and the decomposition temperature of its sodium salt homopolymer can reach 329°C. In the aqueous solution, the hydrolysis rate is slow, and the sodium salt aqueous solution has the decomposing performance under the condition of high pH value. Under acidic conditions, the hydrolysis resistance of the copolymer is much higher than that of polyacrylamide. Monomers can be made into crystals or aqueous solutions of sodium salts.

Use

2-Acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid has good complexation, adsorption, biological activity, surface activity, hydrolytic stability and thermal stability. It can be used for copolymerization and homopolymerization. It can be widely used in oil field chemistry, water treatment, synthetic fiber, printing and dyeing, plastics, water-absorbent coatings, papermaking, biomedicine, magnetic materials, cosmetics and the production of polycarboxylic acid water reducers. Kind of field.

How to use

When 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid is used in different application fields, the use method and dosage are different. The specific application field experts will determine the product characteristics according to the product characteristics. Certainly.

Packaging

The product packaging is 25kg in net weight, lined with a plastic inner bag, and stored in a ventilated, cool and dry place. The storage period is one year.

①, AMPS performance

AMPS is a copolymerization of acrylic acid and 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS). Since the molecular structure contains carboxylic acid groups with scale inhibition and dispersion properties and strong polar sulfonic acid groups, it can improve calcium tolerance, and has a significant scale inhibition effect on calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, zinc scale, etc. in water, and has dispersion performance. excellent. The combination of AMPS and organic phosphine has obvious synergistic effect. AMPS is particularly suitable for water with high pH, high alkalinity, and high hardness. It is one of the most ideal scale inhibitors and dispersants for high concentration operation.

②, AMPS technical indicators comply with HG/T3642-1999

③, AMPS application scope: AMPS is mainly used for scale inhibition and dispersion of open industrial circulating cooling water system, oilfield sewage reinjection system, metallurgical system circulating water treatment, and the cooling water of iron and steel plant leaching prevents Fe2O3 from sticking. Mud deposition can be used in combination with organic phosphonates and zinc salts, and is suitable for pH 7.0~9.5. This product can also be used as an auxiliary for textile printing and dyeing.

④, AMPS packaging and storage

Packed in plastic barrels, 25kg or 200kg per barrel, or according to user requirements. The storage period is ten months.

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AMPS:2-acrylamido-2-methyl Propanesulfonic acid

3. Antimicrobial peptides (antimicrobialpeptides), AMPs.

Analysis software

Introduction

English name: AMPS=AdvancedMulti-PhysicsSimulation

Chinese Name: Advanced multi-physics simulation

AMPS is a general CAE analysis software developed by AMPSTechnologiesCompany. The software uses unique Sefea (Strain-EnrichedFEA) technology and commercially applicable LSFEA (Least-SquaresFEA, least squares FEA) technology, which can directly couple stress, heat, fluid, electromagnetic physics, and is suitable for non- Linear problem solving, faster and more accurate simulation.

Features

• AMPS uses the original Sefea technology to: use low-level elements commonly used in improved CAD environment simulation, so that the analysis can reach the second-order element Accuracy, and the computational cost is only equivalent to a first-order element. In addition, it also has the advantages of automatic generation, more durable, no center and edge node noise, lower user threshold, and enable entry-level users to reach expert-level user analysis accuracy;

• Physical finite element integrated analysis technology, which can directly couple stress, heat, fluid, and electromagnetic physics, making it more capable of nonlinear problems;

• Use the finite element method based on least squares The flow force and electromagnetic field analysis technology has improved the accuracy of fluid and electromagnetic field analysis;

• Easy to operate, easy to learn and easy to use: use complete online documents instead of lengthy user manuals, in use If you encounter any problems, you can press the "F1" key to pop up the help file of the current setting page.

Composition

AMPS analysis software includes AMPSolid, AMPView and AMPSol.

• AMPSolid is a modeling and meshing program. It uses the standard ACIS geometric data standard library, which can exchange solid models with most CAD products. In AMPSolid, users can import, create, modify, and read/write solid models. It can automatically divide finite element meshes according to user instructions, and can generate triangle, quadrilateral, tetrahedral and hexahedral meshes. It can generate AMPS unique FlexMesh high-quality hexahedral mesh.

• AMPView is CAE pre-processing and post-processing software. It is an interactive graphics software, users can set FEA type, program control, material properties and boundary conditions through AMPView. The vivid graphical selection interface allows easy execution of various commands. Users can also output animation simulation results, emphasizing key calculation result data.

• AMPSol is a CAE solving software. It uses the latest computer science software engineering methods to provide the best finite element function, which can fully couple stress, heat, fluid, and electromagnetic physics. The software has comprehensive analysis functions, which can analyze static/transient/modal/frequency domain/buckling problems. The analysis can reach the best high precision standard. AMPSol uses the latest Sefea technology and is the most suitable tool for CAE analysis in a CAD environment.